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The Turkish Economy, 2001.
This paper is an in-depth look at the history of the Turkish economy and the economic problems faced by the country today.
2,535 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 122.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the economic weaknesses of modern Turkey as well as the political strife between Islamic Arabs and non-Islamic Arabs. The author provides the country's current demographic situation and looks at the problems of the economy in relation to the population rates. The paper also examines Turkey's shift from central planning to a market economy and other economic reforms implemented by the government.
From the Paper
"Before beginning to look specifically at the nature of the country?s current economic problems, it will be useful to provide the briefest sketch of its current cultural and political structures. Ironically, many of Turkey?s current political and even cultural problems ? which feed into and in many cases worsen its economic problems ? are actually the result of genuine constitutional reforms made two generations ago.
"While we in the West like to think that constitutional reform that results in a more genuinely representational government must be a good thing, in fact in the case of Turkey such reform had unintended but still deeply troubling consequences. The constitutional reforms that went into effect in 1961 produced a system of electoral policy and governance that made it difficult (and in actual practice nearly impossible) for any one political party to gain the majority needed to enact effective legislation."
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Turkey's Economy, 2008.
An overview of Turkey's budget deficit from 1980 and its growth outlook, as well as its current economic situation.
1,228 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the Turkish economy from the 1980s to the present day. It looks at Turkey's budget deficit over the years from 1980, inflation in the country and its growth outlook. It then discusses Turkey's purchasing power parity (PPP). The paper then focuses on the economic situation in Turkey from 2007 and provides expansion plans for the economy of the country.
Table of Contents:
Inflation
1980s and Later
Budget Deficit
Inflation and Growth Outlook
Purchasing Power Parity
PPP and the Exchange Rate
2007 and Beyond
Short-term Interest Rates
Interest Rate Spreads
Interest Rate Projections
Turkish Expansion Plans
From the Paper
"While the Turkish economy is still fragile and highly susceptible to external shocks, it is just as clear that the government has done a remarkable job in gaining control of the economy. The short-term interest rate is at historically low levels and the Turkish Lira is trading strongly on the foreign exchange markets. Inflation too is relatively low for the market and GDP is on a growth trend. The greatest risk to market entry is actually not from internal economic instability but rather from the external geo-political climate in the region. The company should pursue market entry into Turkey but needs a well thought out exits strategy integrated into the project plan."
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Turkish Immigration in Germany, 2006.
An analysis of the impact on Germany of Turkish immigration.
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the phenomenon of Turkish immigration to Germany, which began in the 1960s. The paper explains that the Turks were originally allowed to immigrate as guest workers, with the intention that their presence was transient. However, the Turks stayed and today make up 4 percent of Germany's population. This paper assesses the impact of the Turks on Germany society and the success -- or failure -- of the Turkish community to be absorbed into German society. The author focuses in particular on youth and education issues for the community.
From the Paper
"There are 1.8 million Turks in Germany, 139,000 of them in Berlin alone, making them the largest group of foreign workers. The second most commonly spoken language in Germany isn't French, Spanish or even English. It is Turkish, the language of the 2.5 million ethnic Turks who live and work in Germany as a postwar legacy of its guest-worker program. The first workers often brought their families with them. In 1973 after the oil crisis, recruitment stopped, and many did go home to Turkey. But, despite some returning and no more guest works being hired, the continued flow of family members from Turkey and a high birth rate has kept the population of Turks in Germany high. But, they are Turks, and will always be regarded as outsiders by Germans. Despite every effort by children of immigrants who were born in Germany, attend German schools and speak only German, they are still second-class citizens with few good job prospects. It really is Germany's fault that this situation exists."
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Turkish Kurds, 2002.
A discussion of the Turkish Kurds' stuggles.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed description of the Turkish Kurds and the struggles they are going through. The author works to objectively illustrate their point of view as well as the history of their lives.
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Turkish Revolution, 2007.
An analysis of the causes and effects of the Turkish Revolution.
1,939 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of the causes and impact of the Turkish Revolution. The writer explores what led up to the revolution and discusses its primary causes. It then examines who the key players were at the time and how the revolution led to the new law, educational system and other changes in the nation that still exist today.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
How it Changed Things
Reconstruction
From the Paper
"They felt a new government would mean new opportunities for them and they would have a chance at joining those who were in the upper class. Because both the upper and the lower class were discontent they banded together to create a revolution and were successful in the endeavor. The reconstruction process was not without its problems but once it was complete there was a new education system and law system in place. The revolution showed upper and lower class members of society that they actually had much in common other than the bottom line financially which helped its society become more cohesive."
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Turkish Culture, 2006.
This paper reviews four articles that examine Turkish art through an Islamic perspective.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 171.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that all four of these articles were chosen to reflect the major points of Islamic art and to illustrate why this cultural topic was chosen in regards to the country of Turkey. By understanding Allen's perspectives on figural drawing and iconography in Turkish Islamic art, the paper explains that one can realize why Muslim artists chose not to depict human forms, since it disgraced the more cosmic power of Allah across the universe. The paper relates that this cultural idiom was forged though the intensive military victories led by Muhammad and successive Islamic governments that followed after AD 600.
From the Paper
"In this cultural study, one can analyze the varying forms of Turkish art that rely on a great quantity of religious and localized beliefs in this region of the world. This evaluation will summarize four articles related to the religious background of Turkish culture through an artistic focus."
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Turkish Political Business Cycles, 2006.
An in-depth look at political business cycles focusing primarily on Turkey and the effects of government fractionalization on the Turkish economy.
8,884 words (approx. 35.5 pages), 30 sources, MLA, AU$ 297.95
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Abstract
This in-depth paper discusses how if the number of parties in a coalition government, such as Turkey's, increases, public debt also increases. Additionally, if the government applies expansionary economic policies in order to influence voters and maximize its chance of reelection before election, then budget deficits and public debt increase. This paper focuses on ways the management of various government structures affected diverse fiscal and monetary variables, inflation and output in Turkey during the period of 1983 - 2005.
Contents:
Title page
Hypothesis
Table of Contents
Chapter I: Introduction
Chapter II: Literature Review
Chapter III: Methodology
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Electoral Political-Business Cycle "argues that a government would like to apply expansionary economic policies in order to influence voters and maximize its chance of reelection before election. Structure which analyzes the effects of the fractionalized governments (coalition or minority governments versus majority governments) on their economic policies. Roubini and Sachs (1989, Roubini, Nouriel and Jeffrey, D. Sachs. Political and Economic Determinants of Budget Deficits in The Industrial Democracies. European Economic Review,33, pp.903-938) present evidence, which suggest that the higher budget deficits are characterized by a short-term coalition or minority governments. Similarly, Andrabi (1997.Andrabi, Tahir. Seignorage, Taxation and Weak Government. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 29,pp.106-26) shows that fractionalization and political divisions tend to raise government expenditure and lower taxes. All of these studies argue that this result holds due to veto power on specific projects, spending cuts that interfere with the interests of their respective constituencies, and instability of coalition governments. More fractionalized and more polarized polities! Differences in ideological preferences face greater difficulties in coordinating action over fiscal policy (Roubini and Sachs, 1989). This causes an overexploitation of fiscal resources, especially in the form of public debt that falls on the shoulders of future generations (Velasco, 1999. Velasca, Andres. A Model of Endogenous Fiscal Deficits and Delayed Fiscal Reforms. Fiscal Institutions and Fiscal Performance, NBER Conference Report Series, pp. 37-57.) In order to enhance their re-election prospects and concretionary policies after the lections, governments in developing countries engage in expansionary fiscal policies before elections."
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Turkish Neutrality in WWII, 1994.
This paper discusses Turkish neutrality in WWII: Geopolitical background, leadership, foreign relations, weak military, authoritarianism, treaties with Allies and Germany, opportunism and trade.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 179.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will discuss Turkey during the Second World War, focusing upon how Turkish leaders kept their country neutral. The first part of the paper will present a background of Turkey's geopolitical position in the middle of the Twentieth Century; the second part of the paper will examine the role played by Turkey in the Second World War.
Centrally located in the Near East and controlling the only waterway connecting the Black Sea with the Mediterranean Sea, Turkey was both an asset and an obstacle in the Allied and Axis strategic plans.. At the beginning of the war the Turkish government maintained diplomatic relations with both sides, asserting its position as being strictly neutral. Both sides wanted control of the Straits and a presence in the Balkans. The British ... "
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Disrobing the Turkish Towel, 2002.
An insight to the Armenian genocide and the Turkish response.
2,686 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 129.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the atrocities that befall the Armenian people in the early 1920s and how the Turks responded and were responsible for these acts. It also looks at the historical and nationalistic background to the conflict and how the western world reacted.
From the Paper
"During World War I, the Ottoman Empire began a mass deportation of Armenians from war zone areas to the desert. The Armenians had been split for centuries, with some in Russia and some in the Ottoman Empire. When the Ottomans joined in the war on the side of Germany and Austria-Hungary, they had to fight against the Russians. When war was declared in the beginning, Russia, like so many other countries, enlisted men through the draft. Many of those drafted were Armenians. The Armenians on the other side of the border begged the Ottomans to remain neutral, but agreed that they would do their civic duty to their country if the Empire joined the war. This meant that Armenians were fighting against Armenians, with some on Russia?s side and some on the side of the Ottomans and Turks."
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Turkish Foreign Policy, 2005.
Assesses the tensions in Turkey's post-Cold War era foreign policy.
1,890 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 97.95
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Abstract
As Turkey has tried to find its place in the post-Cold War system, it has encountered problems stemming from its geopolitical position straddling both East and West. The paper shows that, in desiring both close ties to the West-particularly membership in the European Union and friendship with the USA, and Middle Eastern trade without involvement in Middle Eastern politics, it has frequently found itself at cross-purposes with regard to foreign policy. These competing goals of foreign policy have come to a head most notably in the Gulf War and the American invasion of Iraq. The paper shows that this situation is complicated by Turkish concerns over how foreign policy might affect the Kurdish population. The paper shows that the tensions between the competing goals of Turkish foreign policy-its eastern and western goals and its concern about how foreign policy might affect the Kurds--have caused some paralysis; Turkish foreign policy since the Cold War has been primarily reactive and in support of the status quo.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
The Kurds
The Gulf
The United States
The Middle East
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The biggest sources of competing goals in Turkish foreign policy are Turkey's concern over Kurdish nationalism and its position between East and West. Since the Cold War its concern over Kurds has been notably at odd with its alliance with the United States. Turkey's connection to the US has been winning out. The second source of tension, that of East and West, has intensified since the end of the Cold War. Since the 1950s, Turkey has tried to disengage from Middle Eastern politics and keeps its relationships in that region mainly economic, with the exception of Israel, with whom it has strategic and military ties."
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A Sociological Study of Greek and Turkish Relations in Cyprus, 1998.
A discussion based on the sociological hypothesis that " external conflict promotes internal cohesion".
1,515 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
This is paper bases its discussion on the sociological hypothesis that " external conflict promotes internal cohesion". The author looks at the study by sociologists Kyriacos Markides and Steven Cohn who found that the effect that the Turkish invasion had on the Greek Cypriot community showed the hypothesis to be untrue, and suggests factors that may have produced this result.
From the Paper
"Within the world of Sociology (specifically the world of social conflict theory) there exists the hypothesis that ?external conflict promotes internal cohesion" within a group that is antagonized by another. Yet in order for this to happen certain conditions by the oppressed group must be met. The group must be a ?going concern?, in other words members of the group must feel that its preservation is important and ?the threat must be perceived to be against the group as a whole, not just a part?.
In regards to this hypothesis a study was done on the country of Cyprus by Sociologists Kyriacos Markides and Steven Cohn. Their findings on the effect that the Turkish invasion had on the Greek Cypriot community showed the hypothesis to be untrue. Dominance by an antagonistic group did not bring Greek Cypriots together but rather split them apart. Their analysis of Cyprus took the hypothesis one step further, insisting that ?one factor determining whether external conflict produces internal consensus is the degree of preexisting unity,? thus arguing that this unity did not exist within Greek Cypriot society."
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The Turkish Embassy Letters, 2005.
This paper considers Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's perception of Islam.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's perception of Islam. The writer shows how these ideas are presented in 'The Turkish Embassy Letters', written by Lady Montagu. The writer explains that these letters were written when her husband was English Ambassador to Turkey in the 18th Century. In this paper, the writer points out and discusses Lady Montagu's ideas and beliefs concerning Islam, as shown in her writings.
From the Paper
"In Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's 'The Turkish Embassy Letters', the author provides a detailed account of her travels through Europe to Turkey where her husband served as Ambassador. While her letters confirm some of the notions that Europeans held of the Ottoman Empire and its peoples in the early eighteenth century, the most striking aspect of Montagu's writings is that she often goes out of her way to shatter widely held stereotypes of Turkish and Islamic culture. Indeed Montagu is quick to point out the positive characteristics of Islam ... "
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The Turkish Republic and the Struggle for Human Rights, 2001.
A look at Turkey's human rights abuses of the Kurdish people.
2,485 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 13 sources, AU$ 121.95
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Abstract
This essay looks at the modern Republic of Turkey and human rights abuses of the Kurdish people and suggest measures the Turkish government should take in order to be eligible to join the EU.
From the Paper
?Since the 1920?s, the Turkish response to expressions of Kurdish identity? whether it was PKK terrorism or any nonviolent actions such as publishing Kurdish newspapers ? has often been excessive, resulting in violations of the most basic human rights. Right after the establishment of modern Turkey, in 1924, Ataturk banned all Kurdish schools, publications, associations and any use of the Kurdish language?.?
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"The Turkish Bath", 2002.
Analysis of the Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres oil painting.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
Analysis of the Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres oil painting. Discusses the title and content of the 1859 painting, and its revision in 1863. Representation of women. Frankness of the artist's expression; sexual fantasy. Implied message of painting regarding French colonialism. Art historian Walter Friendlaender's account of the painting. John Berger's "Way of Seeing."
From the Paper
"John Berger's Ways of Seeing makes many suggestions about how to look at works from the great period of Western oil painting (1500-1900). He argues that the traditional ways in which art history looked at painting involved a great deal of mystification, that is, "the process of explaining away what might otherwise be evident" (Berger 15-16). In Berger's view mystification involves explanations of the meanings of pictures, the reasons why they were painted, and what they meant to the painters and the owners. Analyses that mystify cover up certain aspects of this art; specifically those related to domination--domination of women by men, of the weak by the powerful, and of the not-rich by the rich. A closer look at one picture demonstrates how careful interrogation of what is in front of the viewer brings out information and possible meanings that are not ..."
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Turkish Economy, 1994.
An examination of its foreign trade, politics, development, unemployment, consumption, debt and products. Tables.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 16 sources, AU$ 114.95
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From the Paper
"Turkish Foreign Trade
Introduction
This research examines Turkish foreign trade with a view toward assessing the significance of exports and imports to the Turkish economy, and in order to assess the foreign trading position of the United States with respect to Turkey. The following section of this research analyzes the economic and political environments in Turkey. This analysis is followed by an evaluation of Turkey's foreign trade.
Political and Economic Analysis
Political stability in modern Turkey began to crumble in..."
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Turkish Kurds, 2000.
Examines the history of this ethnic group together with culture, politics, repression of, nationalist hopes and economics.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 89.95
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From the Paper
"The Kurds are one of the largest stateless ethnic groups in the world. Their traditional homelands take in parts of several nations, but the largest number of Kurds (12-14 million) live in Turkey, primarily in the southeast. The Kurds of Turkey are not united in their desire for an independent nation. But all are in favor of a change in their status within Turkey where their language, culture, ethnicity, and minority status are not just officially nonexistent but, paradoxically, repressed. Yet until they acquire sovereignty, autonomy, federation status, or merely recognition as a legal minority within the nation, the Kurds will remain the Turkish nation's greatest political problem and its most serious impediment to European Union membership and other associations and developments that the government officially desires in order to achieve parity with other modern states."
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