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Theories of Personality, 2006.
A comparison of the theories of the ways in which personality may form.
879 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the various ways of describing how personalities form. It then compares three of the ways in which personality may form, as described by Freud, Bandura and Skinner. This is then followed by a consideration of which theory seems most likely to be correct, as analyzed by the literature.
From the Paper
"The first theory that will be considered is that of Sigmund Freud. This theory is known as the psychodynamic approach. The basic idea of the theory is that personality is created due to an ongoing conflict between a person's subconscious biological drives and the needs of society imposed on a person. The common drives that Freud considers that everyone is born with are known as the id, the ego, and the superego. The id are the most basic drives and include the need to protect oneself and the need to reproduce. According to Freud, the id is completely selfish, has no logic, and has no awarerness of the outside world. The ego is the next part of an individual and works by controlling the id."
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Theories of Personality, 2004.
Examines theories by Albert Skinner and Sigmund Freud on anti-social behavior.
1,586 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 82.95
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Abstract
Anti-social personality disorder is defined as ?a psychiatric condition characterized by chronic behavior that manipulates, exploits, or violates the rights of others. This behavior is often criminal.? (A.D.A.M., 2003). Another source describes adds that individuals with anti-social personality disorder violate the rights of others ?without remorse or loyalty to anyone? (Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley, 2004). The causes of anti-social personality disorder are not known, though many sources have provided theories that can be used to explain the development of the disorder. Two of these theories are considered in this paper. It begins with a consideration of Sigmund Freud?s theory and then looks at the theory of Albert Skinner. In each case, the theory is first described. This is followed by a consideration of how an individual would develop anti-social personality disorder based on the theory.
From the Paper
"In Freud?s theory, the focus is on the subconscious mind. Freud?s theory describes how every individual is born with a basic set of desires, which he calls the id. These are essentially selfish drives. Individuals then develops an ego, which works to control the id. As one source explains, the ego?s function involves ?seeking optimal compromises between the demands of biology and those of the real world" (Seamon & Kenrick, 1994, p. 421). The next stage of development is the superego, which is described as being developed at around age five. One source describes both the superego and its development saying, ?young children form a superego, or conscience, by identifying with the same-sex parent, whose moral standards they adopt? (Berk, 2004, p. 253). These three parts of the subconscious then combine and interact with the outside environment. This means that an individual determines their behavior based on both the subconscious and the demands of the outside world."
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Rogers? Theory of Personality., 2005.
An evaluation of Rogers' theory of personality.
1,606 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Carl Ransom Rogers (1902 -1987) was the forefather of client centered therapy and how his approach was humanistic and how he believed that all individuals had the basic capacity for good. In particular, it critically appraises his theory of personality.
Outline
Actualizing Tendency
Self
Self - Actualizing Tendency
Organismic Valuing and Conditions of Worth
Fully Functioning Person and the Self
The Maladjusted Person
Evaluation of Rogers' Theory of Personality
From the Paper
"As Rogers' theory of personality was compiled by means of his clinical work and his work on client centered therapy there have been questions raised as to how free from professional bias the research is. In any research that is carried out in psychology it is possible that results can be manipulated merely by facial or verbal expressions that are displayed by the researcher. Psychologists have questioned how much of the information in therapy has come from the clients and how much the therapist has influenced the individual."
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Franz Von Papen and Theories of Personalities, 2006.
A review of the life of Franz Von Papen, analyzed using Dr. Earnest Hartmann's theory of personalities and boundaries.
2,438 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 118.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the life of a Nazi diplomat, Franz Von Papen, who was a lifelong apologist for the Nazi regime, through his autobiography. The writer applies Hartmann's theory of personalities to an analysis of Von Papen's life, in particular to various apologetics and excuses that Von Papen offers for his actions. The paper shows Von Papen to have "thick" boundaries in Hartmann's usage, and shows that this application is corroborated by one of Maslow's theories. In conclusion, the writer shows that Von Papen was culpable for his own actions, despite any excuses or apologies he might have made to the contrary.
From the Paper
"The key to understanding people like von Papen, who were high-born, a sort of non-royal elite, was that the Germanic trait they inherited was obedience to authority. Von Papen considered himself a Monarchist who ended up serving a non-monarchist government. Dr. Earnest Hartmann, whose theories define much of personality in terms of "boundaries", would consider von Papen as having a "thick boundary": "people who strike us as being very solid and well organized... They seem rigid, even armored; we sometimes speak of them as 'thick-skinned'."
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Social Cognitive Theory on Personality, 2007.
An analysis of the different cognitive factors that affect personality.
2,497 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 120.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the study of social cognitive theory and personality. It describes the different cognitive factors that affect personality beginning with children and continuing into old age. The paper analyzes the processing of social and emotional information, whether it is looking at people's faces, their nonverbal communication or the way people gain and access information about others.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Social Cognitive Theory in Relation to Personality
Social Cognitive Theories in Relationship to Personalities
Looking at Children's Cognitive Knowledge and Personalities
The Effects of Age on Social Cognition
Social Cognition Theories on Social Cognitive Processes
From the Paper
"The social-cognitive knowledge an individual has is used in different ways and often this cognitive knowledge is used to decide if a person wants to associate with someone based on the type of personality the person has and the knowledge of this type of personality schema that is stored in the individual's mind. Social-cognitive psychologists believe that simple things such as posture, faces, attitudes, or motor behavior of an individual can conflict with the cognitive knowledge of an individual and make them not like another person who has similar features. "A second property of knowledge that may be important in this inference process of judging whether an attitude is an informative guide to behavior is the complexity of the knowledge underlying the attitude" (Fabrigar, Smith, Petty, and Crites 2006, 556). Both children and adults use cognitive knowledge and experience to decide whether a person is worthy of trust or if they do not like a person based on the individual's personality."
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Object Relations Theory in Personality Disorders, 2005.
Examines how object relations impact personality disorders.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the role that object relations plays in the development of narcissistic and borderline personality disorders by examining various theories of WRD Fairbairn, Ogden, Melanie Klein, and Winicott. The paper shows that these theorists borrowed from Freud and built their object relations theory based on traditional psychoanalytical theories and approaches.
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Adlerian Theory and Its Personal Application, 2007.
This paper looks at Alfred Adler's theory of psychology, personality and development.
1,041 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that Alfred Adler argued, intriguingly, that all motivation is a product of a singular drive to achieve individual perfection or a personal ideal. The writer notes that this approach to psychological motivation and development has its critics, largely because few believe that achieving such an ideal is even remotely possible. Further, the writer points out that worse, many people who struggle towards perfection are left frustrated and depressed when they find they cannot achieve their goal, despite their best efforts. On a personal note it is related that the writer has been motivated to transcend the limitations of the past and make a better, more fulfilling life, in the truest tradition of Alfred Adler.
Journal Entry: Adlerian Theory and Its Personal Application
Journal Entry: An Adlerian Perspective
From the Paper
"Adler also differed from other psychologists of the day - and today -because of where he placed his focus and emphasis in studying individual motivation. Other theorists see motivation as the product of one's past. In other words, if an individual experiences Event A during childhood, then we should expect that that individual would perform Behavior B as an adult. This is one approach to the question of a motivation's origins. Adler, however, advocated teleology, which states that motivation is the act of moving towards the future, not being mechanically driven by the events of the past. Teleology is future-oriented and requires an individual to concede that while life may be hard or uncertain, one always has the ability to make choices that will change the nature of that life. Adler, then, saw motivation as a function of an individual's desire to achieve a particular goal, not simply as the product of past events beyond the individual's control. This differing perspective places a greater emphasis on the free agency of the individual to take control of his or her life and change it for the better."
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Personality Theories, 2006.
A comparative essay on personality theories.
1,319 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper examines different personality theories and explains that, just as psychology is the study of behavior, personality is the study of individual behavior. The paper considers the nature vs. nurture theory of personality and the psychoanalytic approach to personality development, which include Freud, Jung and Adler's theories of personality development. The paper concludes with the author's own opinions about personality development, suggesting that people seek out or even create environments to which they are both genetically and psychologically predisposed.
From the Paper
"The word personality is taken from the Latin root persona, meaning "mask," an implication that the acts we put on for others, are an indication of who we really are. If our outward behaviors reflect our true personality, a complete picture of personality necessitates consideration of thoughts, feelings, (both conscious and unconscious) genetics, and societal influences."
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Personality Theories Applied to John Lennon, 2001.
A psychology case study on John Lennon using the personality theories of Karen Horney, Abraham Maslow, Gordon Allport and Erik Erikson
5,665 words (approx. 22.7 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 218.95
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Abstract
This paper applies the personality theories of Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Abraham Maslow, and Gordon Allport to the life of John Lennon. The author gives a detailed analysis of the development stages of each theory, how they apply to John Lennon and how they are used to explain, understand as well as predict behavior.
From the Paper
"Personality is the term used to describe the enduring, stable characteristics of our lives as they are perceived by ourselves and others (Schultz, D. & Schultz, S.,2001). It is consistent throughout our lifetime and across varying situations, and is the driving force behind all our decisions and actions. Formal personality theories are created by psychologists, and are used to explain and understand behavior, as well as predict it. Useful personality theories should be able to be tested, and the results should be used to accept or reject parts of the theory. The best way to test a personality theory is to apply it to a real person, someone who has gone through all the proposed stages or sections of the theory, to see if the components of the theory hold true in real life. A good theory should provide explanations for the various actions and choices that a person has made in their life, a poor theory would leave these questions unanswered."
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Personality Theories, 2005.
An analysis of personality psychology and the theories of Sigmund Freud and B.F. Skinner.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper is an exploration of personality psychology, and the various methods different theorists have to approach it. Freud, a psychoanalyst, believes that all personality is based upon the mind, while Skinner, a behaviorist, believes that all personality is based upon behavior. As the paper addresses these psychologists, it also attempts to address the personality of the writer.
From the Paper
"Personality psychology is as broad in nature and approach as it is in the emotions which we typically use to describe it. It can focus completely on the mind (as with psychoanalysis) or on the body and behavior (as with behaviorism). Through these separate approaches to personality, one can analyze themselves, their emotions, and their actions in entirely diverse methods of scrutiny. The following will discuss the central theories of Sigmund Freud and B.F. Skinner to evaluate the personality and motivations of the author. One important personality theorist whom even those who are unacquainted with psychology are familiar with is Sigmund Freud, who lived from 1856 to 1939. Freud published extensively during his life."
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Searching for the Definitive Personality Theory, 2002.
This paper represents the author?s search for the ideal personality theory, which then is applied to a therapeutic approach.
2,920 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 137.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews many prominent personality theories:
William James, Carl Jung, Sigmund Freud, Abraham Maslow, Alfred Adler, Margaret Mahler, Otto Kernberg, Buddhists, Carl Rogers, Heinz Kohut, Erik Erikson, Karen Horney, Albert Bandura and Rollo May. The author believes that these theories are broad and simply defined, but there is not yet a collective theory of personality that can be applied to everyone.
From the Paper
"William James believed in the psychology of the consciousness. James understood, unlike many of his predecessors, that consciousness is selective. ... Sigmund Freud felt consciousness was anything that a person is aware of at a particular time. Alternatively, John B. Watson believed that the consciousness does not exist and all human behavior is conditioned. Overall, this writer feels that the consciousness does exist as a personality construct and is, therefore, difficult to define. Consciousness should be seen as a state of being, a factor of living and experiencing life. A person making a conscious decision has made that decision based on the knowledge presented and using the processing that is unique to that particular personality."
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Personality Theory, 2002.
An examination of the key concepts of personality theory.
2,341 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses personality theory and looks at ideas from eight different theorists, applying one concept from each to the author's own circumstances. While it is not intended as a comprehensive view of the many different approaches to studying personality, it instead focuses on the ways in which each perspective can be useful in shedding light on how individual personalities develop. It uses the book "Theories of Personality" by Duane Schultz and Sydney Ellen Schultz as its text.
From the Paper
"For Maslow, the highest need, the one that can only be addressed once all other, more fundamental needs are satisfied, is that of self-actualization, "the maximum realization and fulfillment of our potentialities, talents, and abilities" (p. 291). At this stage in my life, I feel as though I am finally ready to aim for this level. I have spent much time achieving the other levels, those of basic physical comfort, safety, and belonging. Satisfying the fourth level, that of esteem needs, has been harder, but now that I have a good job and am making steady progress toward my undergraduate degree, I finally feel secure on that level, as well. I now have a clear idea of who I am and what I am capable of, freeing me to begin to "aim higher," right to the top of Maslow's pyramid. I do not know if I will make it, but I am excited by the challenge."
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Alfred Adler?s Personality Theory, 2000.
A biography and description of Alfred Alder's personality theory.
2,055 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
Alfred Adler developed a theory of personality that describes how social interaction, birth order, life style, and family influences combine to form the personality of a person. Besides these things he also used the terms ?finalism,? which describes a goal or ambition that drives a person, and ?superiority,? which is a persons drive to be perfect. Different studies will are used to verify and expand his original work.
From the Paper
"Alfred Adler, born in 1870, was the second of six children. He had a self-described ?bad? childhood. He dealt with illnesses and accidents and he witnessed one of his bothers die (Engler, 1995). His father thought that Adler would amount to a lot. He later went to school where he was only a mediocre student. After coming close to quitting school, he turned his academic career around and became an outstanding student. He then went to medical school and became a neurologist (Engler, 1995)."
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Personal Theories, 2006.
Describes two of the most common and widely accepted personal theories used by clinicians in diagnosing mental disorders.
4,056 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 174.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, despite considerable efforts placed by leaders in the field of clinical psychology to keep diagnoses objective, clinicians' theoretical beliefs still exert a major influence on their diagnoses. The paper then discusses and describes the two most common and widely accepted personal theories used by clinicians, Adler's theory and the existential theory, and takes a look at the differences between these two theories.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Introduction
Personal Theories - Adler and Existentialism
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Adler. - Adler was born in Vienna, Austria on February 7, 1870 (Boeree 1997). He could not walk until he was four years old because of rickets and also nearly died of pneumonia at five. His physical condition impelled him to acquire a medical degree from the University of Vienna in 1895. He began working as an ophthalmologist and then switched to general practice in the lower-class part of Vienna.. Most of his patients were circus performers who suffered from organ inferiorities and this led to an interest in organ deformities and compensation, clearly also because of his own experience of deformity and disability as a child. He later shifted to psychiatry and joined the discussion group led by Sigmund Freud. Adler wrote papers on organic inferiority, an aggression instinct and children's feeling of inferiority."
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Nursing and Personality Theory, 2007.
An overview of Erik Erickson's personality theories as applied to nursing.
778 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of personality theories by famed theorist Erik Erickson and looks at how the theory applies to the field of nursing. The paper also explores the theory of locomotor development and explains how it is used in the author's daily profession as a nurse.
Outline:
Introduction
The Theory
Using it in Nursing
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the field of pediatric nursing, the understanding of Erickson's personality theory can be extremely useful. Knowing what the theory believes and what the various stages of childhood development entail, provides an excellent backdrop for nurses to be significantly more equipped when it comes to handling their young patients.
When children are seen in the office, it can be a scary and sometimes overwhelming experience for them. If they are between the ages of 2-6, a nurse who understands the locomotor theory of Erickson can use it to help the child feel comfortable and in control of their environment and the medical events of their lives. "
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Adler Personality Theory, 2007.
A case study that examines Adlerian psychology and counseling.
1,699 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 88.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Alfred Adler's theory of personality which is based on the need to strive for power and superiority and addresses lifestyles. The paper presents a case study and shows the relevance and application of Adler's theories. The paper describes the antisocial behavior and suppressed aggression in the case and discusses Adlerian treatment, which seeks to return the client to normative behavior in the community. The paper relates that Adlerian behavioral and marriage therapy would be recommended for this client.
Outline:
Alfred Adler's Theory: A Summary
Presenting Problem
Case Formulation
Treatment Recommendations
From the Paper
"Alfred Adler was a neo-Freudian. He was also a member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, along with Freud and others. Like Freud, Adler had a theory of personality. Unlike Freud, however, who based his theory on sexual needs and development, Adler based his theory of "individual psychology" on the need to strive for power and superiority. Adler's theory focused largely on the social interest and social interactions."
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