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Theories of Democratic Governance, 2007.
This paper explores the nature of the relationship between democratic governance and economic development in Africa.
6,841 words (approx. 27.4 pages), 24 sources, MLA, AU$ 247.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how poverty is known to create conditions that prevent democracy. The paper provides an in-depth analysis of theories of democratic governance to identify key elements in the historical evolution of democratic theories as they relate to development in Africa. The paper compares democratic theories from the perspectives of human nature, socioeconomic standing, politics, morality, ethics and culture. The paper also contrasts actual country events and experiences with assertions of theorists in the field, including Aristotle, Robert Dahl, Thomas Hobbes, Immanuel Kant, Niccolo Machiavelli, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Joseph Alois Schumpeter and Alexis de Tocqueville.
Outline:
Democratic Theorists
Application of Relevant Democratic Theories to Key Development Issues in Africa Today
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In his essay, "Consolidating Democracy on a Troubled Continent," Oko (2000) notes that, "In the dawn of the new millennium, the quest for a durable democracy in Africa remains largely unsolved. As democratization efforts that engulfed Africa immediately after colonial rule quickly atrophied, authoritarian rule supplemented them, mostly in the form of military regimes and one-party states" (p. 573). Today, Africa is in the latter stage of its so-called "third wave" of democratic reforms, but many international observers question whether these initiatives are too little too late to solve the enormous and complex problems facing the continent in the 21st century."
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Democratic Governance, 2008.
This essay is a thesis paper on democratic governance and public service motivation divided into the three subdivisions of breadth, depth and application.
18,098 words (approx. 72.4 pages), 30 sources, APA, AU$ 396.95
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Abstract
This paper is a thesis essay on public service motivation and is divided into three components. The breadth component provides a theoretic analysis of both public service and volunteer motivation as well as explores the historical correlation between public service motivation and volunteer motivation. The findings of major theorists specializing in public service motivation theory are presented as well as their empirical research, which analyze and synthesize the implication of motivation in light of public service and volunteerism. These findings are related to the study of the public health operations of the Virgin Islands Department of Health (VIDOH) in order to propose a model that will increase volunteers and motivation levels. Public service motivation theories are examined as appropriate for possible integration into the outreach efforts of the VIDOH. This is significant as a result of the federal's government's ten year health plan for the VIDOH that relies substantially on societal outreach services. The Depth component contains an annotated bibliography, which evaluates current literature on public service motivation and volunteer motivation theories with a discussion on motivating employees in the work environment. This section analyzes literature on motivation in general and discusses the role of the manager/leader; identifies problems pertaining to low morale and motivation; answers to the question, "Why should employees be motivated?" and explores keys to employee motivation. Employee motivation is crucial to the activities of the VIDOH due to the public service nature of its operations. The federal government has promoted a ten year health plan that will operate on and depend on societal outreach. As a result, the future success of health care services depends on community-based interaction founded on strong public policy initiatives. The application component assesses the public health community outreach operations of the Virgin Islands Department of Health (VIDOH); discusses the level and history of volunteerism within the VIDOH, and proposes a model that will increase the level of volunteerism based on the key characteristics identified by both public service and volunteer motivation theorists. Recommendations are made on what key characteristics drive individuals to volunteer and how this can affect recruiting as well as outreach efforts of the organization.
Outline:
Public Service Motivation
Socio-Historical Overview
Construction of the Public Service Motivation Theory
Implications of Public Service Motivation
Volunteer Service Motivation
Historical Overview
Functional Approach to Volunteerism
Role Identity Theory and Volunteerism
References
Depth Component
Annotated bibliography of current articles to accompany the Depth Section of KAM Democratic Governance
Reference
Depth Discussion
The Role of the Manager
Problems Pertaining to Low Morale & Motivation
Keys to Employee Motivation
Case Studies
Reference
Application Component
Tying it all Together: Public Service Motivation & Volunteer Motivation in the Workplace
Reference
From the Paper
"Consistent with prior research, which concludes that the strength of a person's role identity correlates with the voluntary donations of time, money, and even blood. Penner (2002) suggests that a combination of the functional and role identity approaches might explain the processes that underlie long-term volunteering. Farrell, Johnston & Twynam (1998) in studying special event volunteers found that volunteer motivation falls in four categories: purposive, solitary, external traditions and commitments. The results of their research suggested that the motivation for special events volunteers was much different than more traditional types of volunteering.
"Finklestein & Penner (2004) examined role identity theory as it applies to volunteering in accordance with the work of prior researchers. In a different approach to volunteerism, these researchers proposed that because volunteering occurs within a social structure, it is best understood in the context of identity theory. According to this perspective, one's self-concept consists of a hierarchy of social-role identities that guide behavior. (Finklestein & Penner, 2004). The more others identify one with a particular role, the more the individual internalizes the role and incorporates it into the self-concept. Additionally, according to Finklestein & Penner (2004), carrying out the role of a volunteer not only shapes how an individual views himself or herself, but it also drives future behavior as the individual strives to make his or her behavior consistent with the volunteer-role identity. The research in this area concludes that in regard to role identity theory, the concept of "self" has a direct causal effect on future activity."
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Democratic Government, 2002.
A discussion on the conditions necessary for democratic government to flourish.
2,630 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the relationship between a free-market economy and a representative government, exploring the values implicit in a capitalist society that are conducive to democratic rule. Using the United States as an example, the paper then moves on to examine other cultural values that may be necessary for the creation and maintenance of a democratic society. It looks at the concept of majority rule without compromising the rights and desires of the minority and concludes with a study of voter participation in the USA.
From the Paper
"Current definitions of representative democratic government ? which we might more properly call republican (but not Republican) government ? are far more likely to include ideas about economics as well as ideas about the purely political. It is the consensus today of many political scientists ? and many just ordinary citizens ? that democracy cannot exist in the absence of a free or at least a nearly free market. (There are certainly those that disagree that a free market is a requisite for representative government; the electorate of Brazil that just voted a socialist into the country?s highest office, for example.)"
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Germany's Christian Democratic Government, 1991.
This paper examines the Christian Democratic government of Chancellor Helmut Kohl in Germany: Helmut Kohl's leadership, political philosophy, economic perspective and role in German reunification.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 88.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines the Christian Democratic government of Chancellor Helmut Kohl in Germany. Kohl's government was in power in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), or West Germany, prior to its unification with the German Democratic Republic (GDR), or East Germany, (Paxton, 1990), on 3 October 1990, and, in mid-November 1990, heads the government of the newly united Germany.
The findings of this examination are presented in four separate, but related, discussions. The topic area of these discussions are (1) West Germany under the Kohl Government, (2) Kohl's political philosophy, (3) economic conditions in Germany, and Kohl's economic perspective, and (4) Kohl's role in German unification."
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Analyzing the Theory of Democratic Peace, 2002.
A comparison of liberal and realist political philosophy.
1,510 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the validity of the Democratic Peace theory is still debated by scholars who either refute or support the normative and structural models of democratic peace. Some scholars uphold the theory of Democratic Peace on a liberal foundation, whereas others discount it on the basis of realist principles. The author takes a look at the various arguments with focus on the liberal argument.
From the Paper
"The validity of the Democratic Peace theory continues to be zealously debated by scholars who either refute or support the normative and structural models that purport to explain why democratic states rarely engage one another in militarized conflict. Bruce Russett, Zeev Maoz, and Michael W. Doyle uphold the theory of Democratic Peace on a liberal foundation, whereas Christopher Layne and David E. Spiro discount the theory on the basis of realist and realpolitik principles. Neither theological position is flawless in its analysis, yet the liberal argument is more compelling and makes better use of available data."
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U.S. Democratic Government, 2001.
This paper analyzes the democratic policy of the U.S. government and compares the American version of "liberal democracy" to other suggested forms of rule.
980 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that, if the U.S. government were to adopt policies designed to universally guarantee housing, food, clothing and medical care to its citizens, rather than enhance democracy, it would undermine certain of the fundamental principles of democracy and individual rights.
From the Paper
"What does the concept of democracy specifically denote, when applied to the American system of government? Although often simplistically referred to as ?majority rule?, since the Declaration of Independence (1776) it has been generally accepted that, ?the nature of American democracy has been the balancing of a government that protects and promotes the liberty of each individual,? ( Roper, qtd. in Maidment 9) which, in effect, declares that democratic government does not exist to ?rule? its people, but to assist in the securing and protection of their ?unalienable rights.? This American ideal of liberal democracy defines that all individuals, and groups, should have the ability to exert control over their own political, economic and social situations, within a society that is based on the ideals of competition, pluralism and meritocracy. This led classical liberalism of the nineteenth century, and a brief revival in the 1980's by the ?New Right? administration of Ronald Regan, to interpret this definition as limiting the state?s duties to that of protecting citizens? rights through defense and law and order policies, with all other responsibilities and decisions being left to the individual. Although, the state plays a far more extensive role in the liberal democracy of modern America, one significant concept of the original concept remains true, that the individual is the basic unit of politics."
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Democratic Transition Theories, 2007.
This paper researches how political scientists explain political regime changes.
3,432 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 155.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how major democratic transitions have been successfully achieved in some countries, but not in others. The paper explores why this so and discusses whether there is a link between economic development and democracy.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Economics and Democracies
Authoritarian Transitions
From the Paper
"An article by Herbert Kitschelt ("Political Regime Change: Structure and Process-Driven Explanations?") of Duke University - writing in the American Political Science Review - examines two ways in which political scientists attempt to explain political regime change. It's an effective way to examine the changes of regimes, by first learning the style and structure of how they change."
"Kitschelt points out that while there have been "profound political regime transformations" in many places, including Latin America, Eastern and southern Europe, East Asia and even in Africa, political scientists are nevertheless divided as to how to explain these dramatic changes in power structure. Kitschelt writes that there are political scientists who take the "structural" and "configurational" point of view as far as explaining the regime changes; on the other side of the coin, there are political scientists who "focus on the process of change itself," Kitschelt explains. The latter group simply follows the order of events and the "strategic" moves of the key players."
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Democratic Peace Theory, 2003.
The so-called democratic peace theory is evaluated.
2,760 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 151.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an evaluation of the democratic peace theory. It contends that in modern times there is no unambiguous case of a war between democratic states, even in situations where great-power rivalry was to be expected.
From the Paper
"Since the end of the Cold War a good deal of attention has been given to the so-called DPT or democratic peace theory. This theory proposes that states with democratic political ..."
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John Adams' Political Theory of Government, 2002.
This paper explains step by step John Adams' theory of government.
1,775 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 106.95
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Abstract
John Adams' theory was based on the notion that there are three elements of government: monarchy, aristocracy and democracy, in Adams' definition, the governments of one, of few and of all. Adams' system of government posits a tripartite legislative structure composed of executive, senate and representative branches, with no one branch stronger than any other. Adams proposes this system so that no one branch, or the interest in society they represent, can consolidate too much power to themselves and begin to tyrannize the populace. Adams believed that this golden means of monarchic, aristocratic and democratic tendencies was the only way to ensure that the liberty of all citizens would be maintained.
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Democratization: A Democratic Audit of Russia, 2006.
An audit of the emerging democracy in Russia using the principles outlined on the website, DemocraticAudit.com.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper uses the DemocraticAudit.com website in order to to audit democracy in Russia. The paper assesses whether the principles of democracy outlined by the site are being honored and administered in Russia as it emerges from its totalitarian past. These principles are identified in four blocks: Citizenship, Law and Rights; Representative and Accountable Government; Civil Society and Popular Participation; and Democracy beyond the State.
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The Government that Governs Best, 2004.
Asks the question: does the government that governs least govern the best?
1,338 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
There are many who believe that a true, freedom-loving democracy consists of a government that stays out of the business of its citizens as much as possible. This paper questions whether a government that does not govern much at all can really be an effective government. Even more importantly, it questions whether a government that does not govern much can protect and preserve the very democracy and freedom that created it in the first place. This paper looks at the writings of Alex de Tocqueville, specifically, his book, "Democracy in America", in order to determine if the government that governs least really is best.
From the Paper
"For most of the history of the United States, the idea that the government should not be very strong and should leave the people mainly to themselves has been a common theme of opinion among both the people and the politicians. It was certainly the common idea of the day when the Articles of Confederation were installed as our first constitution. The Articles of Confederation created a weak, loose league of friendship between the states, but established no real sort of federal government. The federal government it did create had no power beyond what the states gave it. As a result, nothing much ever got done, and the government and the states soon found out that the United States as a whole was not able to pay its bills, regulate its commerce, or ensure domestic tranquility."
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The Government and the Governed, 2004.
Compares and contrasts John Locke's and Jean Rousseau's theories about government and the people it governs.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 151.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the theories put forth by John Lock and Jean Jacques Rousseau concerning the ways that government and those governed should interact. The paper compares and contrasts both theories and examines their differing ideas on ways in which government must act to ensure a stable, orderly, just and prosperous society.
From the Paper
"Two philosophers who have contributed a great deal to an understanding of the relationship between citizens and government are Jean Jacques Rousseau and John Locke. The purpose of this report is to compare and contrast Rousseau's and Locke's theories regarding the ways in which the governed and the government must and should interact in order to ensure the continuation of a society that is stable, orderly and conducive to prosperity, equality and justice for its members. To that end ideas advanced..."
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Turkey: Militaristic to Democratic, 2002.
A look at the evolving democratic government in Turkey
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 212.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the role of military and remal rights in the Turkish politics. The country has been trying to create a democratic form of government while at the same time not giving up the ideology of its founder Kemal Ataturk; this has however resulted in serious political, social and religious problems.
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A Democratic Audit of China, 2008.
A look at the forces that have hindered China's movement towards a democratic government in the past 20 years.
2,515 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 121.95
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Abstract
Through a detailed analysis of 3 key topics from the democratic assessment framework in application to China, this paper attempts to understand how China is today a country still far removed from the promise of democracy. The paper looks at how important the issues of collective identity/citizenship, the rule of law, and economic rights are to the future of China and recognizes that it is difficult to come to a conclusion since China is still fundamentally an authoritarian state in which power is monopolized by the political-economic elite.
Outline:
Introduction
Nationhood and Citizenship
The Rule of Law and Access to Justice
Economic and Social Rights
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It must be acknowledged that this development of an authoritarian economic state was essential to the survival of China's ruling elite in the wake of the global collapse of communism in the early 1990s (Huang 54). In this analysis, it is was primarily through the ruling political elite's reaching out to the emerging business classes and co-opting them that allowed the Chinese system to survive the collapse of communism as an ideological system. However, it must be acknowledged that this has occurred at a great cost as one of the consequences of the development of this new elite has been a marked increase in corruption that parallels economic dislocation for much of the population (Fuller 152)."
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Athenian Democratic Thoughts, 2002.
A look into the belief system of Athenians that enabled them to elect a democratic government.
2,572 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 123.95
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Abstract
Athenians thought their democracy to be based on their unique characteristics of temperance and justice, the core of political virtue. The paper explains that by teaching and continually reinforcing this political virtue they could utilize everyone and confidently make the wisest decisions. It explains how this form of government forced the citizens to act for the common welfare so as to ensure their personal freedom. The Assembly, Council of 500, court system, and military appointments, all reflect these ideologies. Since everyone had political virtue, all were welcomed to participate and advance if they displayed the necessary abilities.
From the Paper
"In order to fully understand Athenian democracy it is necessary to explore the Athenian tenets and ideologies that ultimately created this government. Athenians believed that: certain human qualities made democracy a more functional solution than other constitutional alternatives; there was a practice that best nurtured these qualities; democratic governments were more likely to make wise decisions than other forms of government; and one factor ensured that citizens would act for the common good. Athenians thought justice and temperance, the human qualities that rendered democracy more practical than other governments, embodied political virtue. The community nurtured this political virtue by teaching and continually reinforcing it in every day life. This established democracy made wise decisions because it believed that everyone had political virtue and so utilized everyone when legislating. Athenians would act for the common good solely to ensure that they retained their personal freedom. Consequently, the Athenian democracy reflected their ideologies in its institutions and practices, namely in the Assembly, the Council of 500, the court system, and the appointment of military generals."
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E-Government, Information Technology and Governance, 2002.
A paper which discusses ways in which E-governments can be seen as a threat or an opportunity to developing countries.
6,296 words (approx. 25.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 232.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the concept of E-Government as a strategy used by governments in and around developing countries to use new technologies to provide people with more convenient access to government information and services. These are for the improvement of the quality of services and to provide greater opportunities to participate in the democratic institutions and processes.
The paper provides an in-depth, critical appraisal of the opportunities and threats ushered in by the new concept and practice of E-Government as transferred to developing countries. Ways in which developing countries may cope with the phenomenon of E-government as well as advances in information technology and governance, are discussed. In addition, it also examines the strategies and tools that policymakers use to preserve the benefits as well as to avoid or lessen the costs involved.
From the Paper
"The issue of Electronic Government (E. Government) , with particular regards to the advantages and disadvantages of its implementation and use, has been the subject of considerable debate and numerous studies in both the developed and the developing worlds. This paper seeks to explore the capacity of the developing world to fully utilize the opportunities E-government presents. However, to obtain maximum effect it is also necessary to determine what negative impacts might be and how best to approach them. In the discussion, an attempt will be made to explain why many of these negatives may not be totally eliminated as some are intrinsically intertwined with the benefits to be gained, while others derive from social conditions such as cultural differences, lack of resources, training and education. Consequently, development managers and policy makers in the developing world have come under severe pressure as it is their duty to find ways to sustain the opportunities presented by E-government while at the same time reducing the harmful effects. The paper postulates that this can only be achieved through technical changes such as trained personnel, increased availability of technology and conditional changes such as rules and regulations, social capital, capacity building etc."
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