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Stereotyping and its Effect on Minorities, 2006.
A discussion on stereotypes and racism of minority groups.
3,471 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 156.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how racial profiling can affect the way people expect that person to act, the way his or her actions are taken by others, and the way that person sees him or herself portrayed. The paper further examines how the media is responsible for disseminating racial stereotypes, and how the media and entertainment can also help to combat racial stereotyping by forcing people to look at caricatures of themselves to promote discussion. The paper analyzes how the film "Crash" is an example of this, exploring racism from all angles in such a blatant way that it could not help but spark discussion. The paper concludes that while racism may not be as blatant as it was before the Civil Rights Movement it still has a presence in today's society.
Table of Contents:
What does Stereotyping do to Minorities?
Racial Stereotyping in the Media
What Does Racism do to Minorities?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Racial stereotyping can have many negative affects on an individual. The effects can come in the form of the way people expect that person to act, the way his or her actions are taken by others, and the way that person sees him or herself portrayed. And these stereotypes can have many damaging consequences."
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Social Stereotyping, 2005.
This paper discusses the inevitability of social stereotyping and the way the stereotyping can be changed.
1,490 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that stereotypes have existed since the dawn of time; since man was first able to become a member of a group or society, man has had a tendency to conjure negative associations of people that were 'outsiders' or not members of their own society. The author points out that social psychologists have suggested that man's tendency to judge members of groups that are different from ones own is unconscious, which leads to the belief that stereotyping is behavior that is inevitable. The paper offers several steps to reduce the likelihood of stereotyping: (1) Acknowledge fears and tendencies to be prejudge towards others (2) remember that members of outside groups are unique individuals and (3) evaluate from where judgments and perceptions about a particular person or group of people come.
From the Paper
"It is important to note that not all stereotypes are considered negative, but many are misleading,too general and inflexible to offer an accurate assessment of a group or members of a group. Even if a stereotype is considered positive, it allows misconceptions of a particular person or groups of people, and any assumptions or misperceptions of a particular group can be harmful or damaging over time. Most social psychologists agree that stereotyping is overall negative because it is harmful to human relational processes. It often leads to false beliefs and assumptions about other groups."
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Impediments to Health Care Access for Low Income Visible Minorities, 2002.
Identifies causal factors for the gap in health care access for lower-income Americans and visible minorities and the more affluent members of America's majority.
29,350 words (approx. 117.4 pages), 135 sources, APA, AU$ 400.95
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Abstract
As the American population continues to become more diverse racially, members of visible minority groups within the population become more prominent. Simultaneously, with the increase in diversity, income distribution in the American economy has become more distorted. While economic growth in the United States has surged over the past decade, the income gap has widened; not only between the richest and poorest Americans, but also between moderate-income and low-income Americans. Members of visible minorities in the population tend to be represented disproportionately in the low-income and poverty classifications in the United States. While there is an abundance of implications of this state of affairs, one of the more crucial ones is access to health care. Individual and household financial capacity, the scarcity of employer-paid health insurance among small businesses, cultural differences based in social psychology and other factors frequently act as impediments to health care access for low-income individuals and households among visible minority population groups in the contemporary United States. This problem and these issues are investigated in this study. The study identifies causal factors for the gap in health care access between lower-income Americans and members of visible minorities in the United States, on the one hand, and more affluent Americans and members of the majority segment of the population, on the other hand. The initial chapter of this study delineates the problem investigated. Specific research questions are formulated and stated to provide greater focus for the investigation.
Social psychological theory and applied social psychology literature are reviewed in the second chapter. Literature relevant to the functioning of low-income and visible minority population groups in the United States within a social psychological context are reviewed in the third chapter. The fourth chapter is devoted to a review of literature relevant to both the health care system in the United States and the experiences of low-income and visible minority population groups in relation to health care access and health care delivery in the United States. An assessment of the problem investigated, performed within the structure of the research questions, is presented in the final (fifth) chapter. Conclusions drawn from the study findings are stated and recommendations for further research are made. The summary conclusions reached through the conduct of this study relate both to health care access and health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities. With respect to health care access, the summary conclusion reached is that a universal system of health care entitlement is required in the United States. In relation to health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities, the summary conclusion reached is that extensive education is required for both low-income persons and members of visible minorities, on the one hand, and health care providers, on the other hand. Low-income persons and members of visible minorities require education on the benefits and function of health care services, while health care providers require education in the social mores of the diverse populations they must serve.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Problem Delineation
Background on the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Review of Relevant Social Psychology Theory and Literature
Introduction
Sociological Theory and Health Care
The Welfare State
Accessing Contemporary Health Care
Role of Ethics in Accessing Health Care
Alternative Health Care Delivery Systems
Chapter Conclusions
Social Functioning of Low-Income and Visible Minority Population Groups
Introduction
HIV/AIDS Related Behavior
Initiatives to Improve Health Care
Access and Behaviors
The American Health Care System and the Experiences of Low-Income and Visible Minority Groups
Introduction
The American Health Care System
Analysis of Health Care Delivery Systems
Care Quality
Alternative Approaches to Health Care
Bioethical Issues
Problems of Accessibility
Initiatives to Improve Minority Access
Chapter Conclusions
Assessment of the Problem Discussion, Recommendations for Further Research
Appendices
Annotated Bibliography
From the Paper
"Social Cognitive Theory [self-efficacy] emphasizes the role of expectancies, self-efficacy, peer normative influences, and social competency skills as key components affecting adolescents? behaviors (DiClemente, Lodico, Grinstead, Harper, Rickman, Evans, & Coates, 1996). The applicability of models based on social psychological principles for understanding African-Americans? decision-making and sexual behavior has been questioned because most such models tend to be individually-focused and do not take into account the social context in which the behavior is embedded (Cochran & Mays, 1993). Social cognitive theory, however, explicitly integrates behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors as reciprocally interactive. Thus, given the hypothesized multi-factorial nature of sexual decision making and the potential impact of the high-risk social environment of the study population, approaches based on social cognitive theory are thought to be particularly relevant for understanding the myriad factors that may affect African-Americans? sexual behavior."
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Minorities in Sports: Performing to the Public Eye, 2002.
This paper addresses how the advent and the history of minorities in sporting events has actively promoted the gradual acceptance of minorities in society as a whole.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses how the advent and the history of minorities in sporting events has actively promoted the gradual acceptance of minorities in society as a whole. However, this paper also examines how sporting events has actively served to decrease social stereotypes in many respects but also has served to encourage these stereotypes in several prominent and avoidable ways.
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Minorities and the U.S. Judicial System, 2008.
This paper argues that the overpopulation of minorities in the U.S. judicial system is attributed to the unfair treatment and bias against minorities.
1,545 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the reasons why about two thirds of the prison population consists of minorities. The author points out that all races of people are more likely to report crimes committed by minorities than crimes committed by whites, which leads to more minorities in the judicial system. The paper relates that more minorities live in poverty, which contributes to their inability to post bail or afford a good lawyer. The author states that, under sentencing guidelines, judges are expected to tailor sentences according to specific characteristics of individual offenders. The paper suggests that white people commit crimes because of social influence, which have a lesser sentence: whereas, blacks commit crimes because of attitude and personality, which have a harsher sentence. The paper recommends that the Sentencing Reform Act must be amended and society must find a better means of regulating arrests.
From the Paper
"To start, a crime would have had to been committed. From that point, one of two things may happen. An investigation begins or a witness reports what they have observed. If a suspect is detained they are questioned, or searched depending on probable cause. If enough evidence is gathered a suspect is then put under arrest and is booked, fingerprinted and waits for arraignment. After an arrangement, a suspect is given a bail and if met the suspect is released until their trial date. From this point, a suspect is tried in a criminal court to be judged by either a judge or a jury of his/her peers."
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Minorities During the War, 2002.
An essay on the changing roles of minorities and women during the second world war.
3,308 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 151.95
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Abstract
This paper explores how minorities and women were affected by the second world war, specifically focusing on three areas where their role was changed due to the war effort. The first is the active repression that existed for women and minorities during this time, and the barriers that existed to their participation in the war effort. The second is the way in which women and minorities were actively recruited to get involved with the war effort on the home front. Finally, the paper explores the role played by women and minorities, who served in the national dialogue and propaganda campaigns which colonized so much of the thought of the era. This paper explores these three topics.
From the Paper
"It must be recalled that before the Second World War, racial minorities and women were very much second-class citizens. The civil rights movement had yet to really get underway, and segregation was still a common and even expected practice in many states. Those who got out of hand were actively punished by society, lynchings were common, and restrictive legislation of one sort or another was on the books in most locales. Blacks suffered the most far-ranging and systematic legal repression, though the social constraints put on women to remain in the home were also significant and the dual-wage system prejudiced. Japanese minorities also suffered extensively during World War II, though for quite separate reasons. Other subgroups, such as Hispanics and Jews were also persecuted to varying degrees. Each group experienced repression and patriotism in very different ways."
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Republican Minorities, 2002.
Examines the trend of minorities within the American Republican party to be elected to leadership positions.
5,240 words (approx. 21.0 pages), 25 sources, APA, AU$ 209.95
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Abstract
When Congressman J.D Hayworth of the Republican party lost his campaign to fellow-Republican Deborah Pryce, he believed that it was due to the fact that her campaign was helped by the Democrats electing another woman, Nancy Pelosi as their leader and her nomination as the first woman Speaker nominee. This paper questions whether unqualified minorities are unfairly promoted over more qualified majorities in the House Republican Party to try to promote an image of diversity. It questions too whether Pryce really more qualified to be the Republican Conference Chairman then Hayworth or others. By creating a baseline for how a member of Congress could rise into a House Leadership post, this paper examines how minority Republican and Democratic members of leadership have been elected into leadership, with a special focus on comparing Pryce and Pelosi. This analysis also proves that while minority Republicans are encouraged more often than non-minorities to run for a leadership post, a majority of the time the minorities that are elected are qualified for their posts.
From the Paper
"Hoops? guidelines can generate an effective roadmap for any Member of Congress that is interested in becoming a leader among leaders, but it can also serve as a tool of analysis. Six out of the seven Members of Congress that were examined in this thesis fit Hoops? guidelines and were or are successful leaders in the House. The only one did not fulfill these criteria, Watts, was an unscuessful leader. The elections of Nancy Pelosi as the House Democratic Minority Leader and Deborah Pryce as the House Republican Conference Chairman were not because of their gender, but because of their qualifications. Their elections may have been historic, but they were well earned, thus it can be concluded that while the House Republican Party has at times attempted to promote minorities over majorities, these minority candidates are just a qualified if not more qualified than their majority counterparts to leader. This conclusion is proven and supported by Hoops? guidelines."
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Health Care Access for Low-Income Minorities, 2002.
This paper is a qualitative thesis, which assesses the impediments to health care access for low-income visible minorities in the United States.
30,578 words (approx. 122.3 pages), 135 sources, APA, AU$ 400.95
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Abstract
This paper, based in sociological and social psychology concepts, identifies the causal factors for the gap between lower-income Americans and members of visible minorities in the United States and more affluent Americans and members of the majority segment of the population with respect to health care access. The author concludes, after an extensive review of the literature, that a universal system of health care entitlement is required in the United States. The author suggests that an extensive education is required for low-income persons and members of visible minorities to know the benefits and function of health care services, and health care providers require education in the social mores of the diverse populations they must serve.
Table of Contents
Problem Delineation
Background on the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Review of Relevant Social Psychology Theory and Literature
Introduction
Sociological Theory and Health Care
The Welfare State
Accessing Contemporary Health Care
Role of Ethics in Accessing Health Care
Alternative Health Care Delivery Systems
Chapter Conclusions
Social Functioning of Low-Income and Visible Minority Population Groups
Introduction
HIV/AIDS Related Behavior
Initiatives to Improve Health Care Access and Behaviors
The American Health Care System and The Health Care Experiences of Low-Income and Visible Minority Population Groups
Introduction
The American Health Care System
Delivery of Health Care to the Poor
Care Quality
Alternative Approaches to Delivery
Bioethical Issues
Problems of Accessibility
Initiatives to Improve Access
Chapter Conclusions
Assessment of the Problem
Discussion
Recommendations for Further Research
Annotated Bibliography
From the Paper
"One of the major impediments to the attainment of universal access to healthcare in the United States is the functioning of for-profit Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) and managed care organizations (MCOs). These organizations are investor-owned organizations that are in business to make a profit on healthcare delivery. Non-for-profit healthcare organizations also must earn a profit on their operations in order to be able to compensate and train staff, acquire new technology, and generally improve the quality of their services. Unlike investor-owned healthcare companies, however, non-for-profit organizations are not driven by share prices and the bottom-line mentality of for-profit companies. Thus, patient-centered care in not-for-profit healthcare organizations may be contrasted with the investor orientation of the for-profit healthcare companies. Recent decisions by for-profit healthcare companies to drop their Medicare healthcare groups because of substandard profit growth illustrates as no amount of rhetoric can the precedent of investor concerns over patient concerns in the for-profit healthcare companies."
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Gender Stereotyping in the Workplace, 2007.
This paper is a step-by step research proposal to explore gender stereotyping in the workplace.
1,385 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that social psychology knowledge leads to the identification and challenge of gender stereotypes, to the identification of other ways of thinking about stereotypes and to the breaking of stereotypes. The author points out that an experimental design can be drawn to test the hypotheses that there is a difference in gender stereotypes for higher position and lower position employees and that there is the possibility that human resources management employees are more prejudiced by (more affected by) concerns about gender roles. The paper suggests a questionnaire describing an ambiguous workplace situation, which is followed by a series of specific questions to be rated on a five-point Likert scale.
From the Paper
"The study of social psychology can be of a great help to identify the stereotypes and the way they interact with our lives. A great body of research suggests that stereotypes are implicit, unconscious. In the workplace, however, they are more obvious, due to the fact that they appear repeatedly, and generate aversive behaviors as an outcome of unfairness. This is also true in socio-political context. Because stereotypes are implicit, the social psychology research and methods or simply the great amount of information on this subject would be very helpful for at least to gain awareness on the existence of such processes."
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Minorities in Medicine, 2006.
A study of minorities in medical school and the medical profession, with an emphasis on analyzing affirmative action policies.
2,411 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 15 sources, APA, AU$ 118.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the recruitment of minorities to medicine. The author discusses the importance of minorities in the field, especially for certain communities, and then studies the varying approaches to recruit minorities that medical schools and teaching hospitals have implemented. Specifically, the paper looks at the role of MCAT entrance exams and grade point averages in determining admission, as well as the efficacy and ethics of affirmative action policies.
From the Paper
"There is now some empirical evidence, which focuses on the potential role of minority physicians in increasing the health status of the nation. Komaromy, et al. describes what his research yielded in regards to African American and Hispanic physicians. He found that African American and Hispanic physicians cared for a larger percentage of minority patients than did White physicians. Furthermore, they were more likely to practice in communities with insufficient numbers of primary care practitioners and to care for Medicaid patients and uninsured patients. Similarly, in 1993, the American Association of Medical Colleges reported that 39.8% of medical school graduates from underrepresented minorities reported that they intended to practice in underserved areas, compared with only 9% of other graduates."
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Asthma Control and Treatment in Racial and Ethnic Minorities, 2008.
A literature review of asthma treatment in ethnic minorities.
2,607 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 30 sources, APA, AU$ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a literature review on the subject of asthma in racial and ethnic minorities. The review focuses on the risk factors that contribute to greater asthma prevalence and poorer asthma control and treatment in racial and ethnic minorities.
Outline:
Introduction
Asthma Prevalence, Morbidity, and Mortality
Factors Contributing to a Higher Prevalence of Asthma in Minorities
Disparities in Asthma Control and Treatment
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Minorities, the poor, adult women, and children under the age of 18 are disproportionately affected by asthma (ALA, 2007a). According to the Kaiser Family Foundation (2007) African American children had a 17% prevalence of asthma, compared to 12% in Non-Hispanic Whites, 10% in Hispanics, 10% in Native Americans, and 6% in Asians. In adults however, Native Americans had the highest rates of asthma, with a 16% prevalence compared to 11% in African Americans, 10% in Whites, 8% in Asians, and 8% in Hispanics. Puerto Rican adults had a higher prevalence of asthma than most races, with an 11.6% prevalence (CDC, 2004). This fact is masked by the lower rates of asthma in other Hispanic subgroups.
Regardless of age, African Americans were more likely to be hospitalized and to die because of asthma complications compared to all other races, even when taking into account the higher prevalence rates of asthma in this group. Compared to Whites, African American children were 4-5 times more likely to be hospitalized due to asthma, while African American adults were 3-4 times more likely to be hospitalized, and they were also five times more likely to use the emergency department (ED) to seek asthma care (KFF, 2007). African Americans were disproportionately represented in deaths due to asthma even when socioeconomic status was accounted for --they represent only 12.1% of the population, but they account for 25% of all asthma deaths (ALA, 2007a)."
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Childhood Development of Sexual Minorities, 2004.
An examination of the childhood development of sexual minorities.
1,318 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper explores how children with gender dysphoria, who will, as adolescents and adults, form what is known as the sexual minority group, represent a particularly needy segment of the minority population. It explains that, unlike many other minorities, this one is partly defined by problems with the developmental process. It argues that, in itself, this might not be such a problem if the surrounding society did not heap additional baggage upon the young, who are just beginning to express themselves and their place within this minority group.
From the Paper
"One might originally think it odd to approach a question about the experienced childhood development of minorities by opening a discussion of the children who will grow to be sexual and gender-identity minorities. Unlike most other minorities, these children are not generally being raised in a minority culture and family, and do not have the immediate support of their own race or culture about them to help prepare them for life as a minority. So in some ways, this is actually the ideal place to start such a discussion, because in this area one has unmitigated access to the experience of being a minority on the child?s development, without the sheltering environment that surrounds other minorities. These children will, a majority of the time, emerge from the crucible of childhood as homosexual or possibly bisexual adults. A few more will go on to actually have their gender physically altered. (Ceglie) Gender Dysphoric children experience many of the developmental difficulties of other minorities, in addition to (obviously) specific developmental problems regarding gender roles and body image, they also experience setbacks in other areas: attachment and social development, aggression and victimization, unique problems with their parents, and general social dysfunctions."
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Minorities in Police Departments, 2002.
An analysis of the role of minorities in law enforcement in the United States.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 11 sources, AU$ 214.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the issue of minorities in police departments across the United States. The author discusses the history of minorities and women in law enforcement, examines police department racial diversity statistics, analyzes the influence of Affirmative Action in law enforcement, and measures its affect on minority communities.
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Journalistic Gender Stereotyping, 2005.
The paper investigates how "Time" magazine stereotyped First Ladies Laura Bush and Hillary Clinton during their husbands' first term in office.
13,116 words (approx. 52.5 pages), 72 sources, MLA, AU$ 400.95
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Abstract
This study investigates media stereotyping of American First Ladies Laura Welch Bush and Hillary Rodham Clinton principally using quantitative and qualitative content analysis. The research explores the amount and qualities of "Time" magazine's news coverage during their husband's first terms of office to establish, (i) who between Mrs. Clinton and Mrs. Bush is framed as most often politically active and (ii) who between them is more negatively stereotyped. Hypotheses predict that the most politically active First Lady will attract more media coverage and more negative stereotypes. Both hypotheses were supported by the research, which indicate that Hillary Clinton was framed both as the most politically active and negatively stereotyped of the two.
Table of COntents
I.Introduction
Etymology of Stereotypes
Scholarship on Gender Stereotypes
Stereotypes & America's First Ladies
II.The First Lady in American History
Early Interest in First Ladies
Scholarship Since the 1980s
Hillary Clinton & Laura Bush
III.Methodology
Data Collection
Setting
Coding
IV.Findings
V.Discussion and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Across the globe, women are poorly represented in many facets of life - economic, political and scientific - despite the fact that they constitute the majority of the world's population. For example, females represent only about three per cent of all historical figures in Western civilization (Catell, 1903; Eisenstadt, 1978). In addition, only about one per cent of the notable contributors to science and technology are female (Simonton, 1991a)."
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Feminine Stereotyping, 2002.
Examples of feminine stereotyping in the popular TV show, "The Simpsons".
3,500 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 158.95
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Abstract
This paper concerns instances of feminine stereotyping in "The Simpsons". It covers Marge, the dutiful wife; Patti and Selma, the spinster sisters; and Lisa, the overly moral daughter. Conclusions about each woman and her stereotypes are supported by several examples that have been drawn from episodes from several seasons. Quotes are plentiful. This paper supports the claim that "The Simpsons" provide likeable stereotypes that women can identify with.
From the Paper
"?I need some liposuction, just enough to make me attractive to this man,? said Marge Simpson. (?Large Marge?) This instance is just one of many in the long running animated series The Simpsons?, which showcases a particular stereotype of women. Although there are undoubtedly many women who share Marge?s fears, most will not resort to such extreme measures as plastic surgery. So despite the fact that most women will probably not go the same route as Marge, they can and will empathize with her character. By providing a likeable stereotype with which women can identify with, The Simpsons? manages to entertain people and ease some of the painful memories women carry of times when they too have been pigeonholed into a particular role."
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Minorities and HIV Vaccine Trials, 2004.
Discusses why minorities are unwilling participants in HIV vaccine trials.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
In recent years, HIV has begun to move away from being an automatic death sentence and toward the status of being a chronic, but manageable illness. This paper presents an examination of HIV vaccine clinical trials and examines whether or not minorities are comfortable participating in them. The writer examines the historic Tuskegee syphilis trial and applies some of the problems there to the current hesitancy by minorities to participate in HIV vaccines clinical trials. The paper is based on a literature review.
From the Paper
"The medical community has a documented lack of minority volunteers willing to participate in clinical trials for HIV medications and other treatments. There are several factors that contribute to this trend including a basic mistrust that the minority will be given a fair amount of the treatment in question, as well as historic problems with medical trials and minorities in the past.
(Timeline http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/tuskegee/time.htm)
The need to recruit minority participants for clinical trials is obvious. Minority people get ill and they get disorders. They are part of the population that the medical community is attempting to assist and their participation in clinical trials can help that process move more quickly and efficiently."
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