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Rwanda Genocide Trial, 2004.
This paper discusses the effects of the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) sentencing two Rwandan journalists to life imprisonment for their role in fanning the flames of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda.
815 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the ICTR decision comes almost a decade after the genocide in Rwanda, which began in April 1994 and continued for over 100 days; during this period, members of the Rwandan Hutu majority slaughtered over 800,000 members of the minority Tutsi tribe, mostly using machetes. The author points out that, though the trials are not over, the decisions are having an important impact on the future of Rwanda, such as the new Constitution, which prevents both the Hutus and the Tutsis from dominating the legislature or the cabinet. The paper stresses that one of the biggest challenges remaining is in the health service sector, in general, and among Rwanda's rising AIDS population, in particular.
From the Paper
"Economic analysts like Ford (2003) thus suggest that rather than trying to recapture the markets it lost in crops such as bananas, beans and sorghum, Rwanda could instead concentrate on trying to revive its coffee trade. This suggestion holds much merit, considering how the Rwandan landscape is covered with coffee plantations, much of the population lives in rural areas and the current boom in specialty and fair trade coffees. It is unrealistic to expect Rwanda to have any active tourism trade in the near future. Instead, Rwanda could capitalize on the coffee trade and should take care to diversify its export crops. Thus, after the coffee crops are underway, Ford (2003) suggests plantations could also cultivate tobacco and the government could look into developing Rwanda's mining industry."
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Rwanda Genocide, 2007.
This paper looks at the Rwanda genocide, concentrating on the failure of the United Nations to fulfill its peacekeeping role.
3,341 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 153.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the causes and events that led to the failure of the United Nation's peacekeeping mission in Rwanda. The writer points out that, as the United Nations peacekeeping contingency embarked on its mission, it arrived in Rwanda to find the country in a crisis, composed of civil unrest between the Hutu and the Tutsi, that eventually deteriorated into genocide. The writer maintains that the evidence shows a complete failure on the part of the United Nations and in its ability to intervene or control or have any significant impact on the genocide taking place in Rwanda. Further, the writer claims that there is some evidence that contributions were made by individuals or small groups of individuals who were able to assist in saving a few number of lives, but nothing compared to the 800,000 Rwandans who lost their lives in one of history's darkest times.
Outline:
Introduction
Rwanda
Genocide
United Nations in Rwanda
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The policies of the government are set by the president in consultation with the Council of Government, which is composed of 17 cabinet ministers. The president introduces laws, which are then submitted for approval to the CND. During its first year, this parliamentary body passed 49 laws, including new tax laws, commercial regulations, and modifications to the criminal code. The government is characterized by political moderation and fiscal conservatism and has focused on development problems, especially food production, education, health care, housing, employment, and infrastructure. Ethnic harmony is the government's stated objective, though an objective that has clearly failed to date."
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Rwanda Genocide, 2002.
An examination of the UN's responsibility for the Rwanda genocide.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the United Nation's responsibility for the genocide in Rwanda in 1994 and analyzes why the UN did nothing while the worst mass atrocities since the Second World War were perpetrated by the Hutus against the Tutsis.
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Rwanda: Recovering from Genocide, 2005.
This paper discusses Rwanda's response and recovery from the genocide that took place in 1994.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the 1994 genocide perpetrated in Rwanda. Further, the paper discusses the current government's response to same and the ongoing ethnic/racial tensions within the nation. The paper relates the manner in which the government currently is dealing with the issues that caused the genocide and the efficacy of same. While no final conclusions are made -- given that trials are ongoing -- the government appears to be largely giving lip service to the need to unify a historically non unified nation.
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Rwanda: Genocide, 2005.
An overview of the horrendous genocide against the Tutsi tribe in Rwanda in 1994.
885 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a timeline of events and conceptual analysis of the events leading up to the genocide of the Tutsis by the Hutus in Rwanda in 1994. The paper examines causes of, as well as events which occurred during the genocide. It also looks at the reaction of the international community and what can be done in the future to prevent such a tragedy happening again.
From the Paper
"Many of the early requests and pleas for help were denied. There
was a peacekeeping force in Rwanda called the United Nations
Assistance Mission for Rwanda, but when Force Commander General
Dallaire became aware of the genocide and asked for soldiers and
logistical support, the UN Security Council refused and voted to
reduce UNAMIR down to 260 men. The international community did not
believe that they had any place or any reason to help in Rwanda.
Senator Robert Dole stated, "I don't think we have any national
interest here. I hope we don't get involved there." This was the
thought process of many government officials at this point."
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Rwanda & Genocide in the 20th Century, 1999.
Critical review of account of causes & effects of massacres of half a million Tutsis by Hutus. Examines the international reaction as compared to other genocides.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, AU$ 76.95
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From the Paper
"Alain Destexhe, in Rwanda and Genocide in the Twentieth Century, describes the massacres of half a million Tutsis in Rwanda, places that genocide in its historical context, explains how such a holocaust could occur just fifty years after Hitler, and calls for punishment of the guilty by an international tribunal to forestall another genocide in the future. The book is brief but powerful, leaving the clear impression that what has happened in Rwanda is truly among the three most horrible mass murders in the century. The author is relentless in focusing on the fact that the international community allowed this horror to occur, did little to stop it, funnelled its efforts into largely after-the-fact humanitarianism, and failed to punish the guilty and thus deter future genocide. The author suggests that the world has learned little from the genocides of the Armenians and..."
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Human Rights and Genocide in Rwanda, 2003.
An overview of human rights issues concerning the 1994 genocide in Rwanda.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 127.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the human rights issues surrounding the 1994 genocide of almost one million Tutsis in Rwanda. It looks at how the genocide demonstrates the failure of human rights organizations to respond and also discusses the lack of overall action regarding the genocide.
From the Paper
" The genocide that occurred in Rwanda in demonstrates the failure of human rights organizations to act in the face of clear evidence that human rights abuses were about to occur as well as their failure to address .."
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Genocide in Rwanda, 2006.
This paper examines the massacre and issues relating to the genocide in Rwanda.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 143.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the topic of the genocide in Rwanda. The writer looks at statistics at details of this massacre. The writer makes use of various sources to show that this was one of the worst cases of human genocide in history.
From the Paper
"In 1994 Rwanda was the site of one of the worst cases of genocide in human history. For example, in Rwanda, Ten Years On when talking about the Genocide, Filip Reyntjens states, ...about 1.1 million dead, 2 million refugees abroad, over 1 million internally displaced, tens of thousands of deeply traumatized Genocide survivors, and over half a million 'old caseload' (i.e. Tutsi) refugees returned in a chaotic fashion. When a massacre of this magnitude takes place it is not surprising that everyone began to search for answers."
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The Genocide of Rwanda, 2005.
A paper about Rwanda and the lack of United States and United Nations intervention.
969 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the genocide in Rwanda and why neither the United States nor the United Nations ran to help those in need. It describes some of the events of the war including the true victors, the Rwandan Patriotic Force.
From the Paper
"During the conflict, the UN managed to extract non-Rwandans from the nation before the killings became uncontrollable by the government. American, Belgians, French and all non-Rwandans were escorted to safety, but those being slaughtered were left behind to die. This method is really unacceptable. Really, why did the UN not get the hint that militaristic forces were needed when their own men were becoming trophy kills? When the Rwandan Hutus would manage to kill a UN soldier, they celebrated in the streets. Crowds roared; there was celebration all for the killing of one UN soldier."
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Genocide in Rwanda, 2008.
This paper relates the culture and history of the Tutsi tribe.
1,727 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that the distinction between the Hutu and Tutsi tribes was fundamentally based in land, cattle and political access. The paper further relates that Hutu and Tutsi people on an individual basis were able to overcome their differences and develop friendships and even marital alliances. The paper explains, however, that with the incursion of European colonialism, first Germany and then Belgium, European considerations of power came to the forefront and they introduced racial and ethnic tensions that linger until this day.
From the Paper
"Today, the Tutsi tribe is most famous as the victims of one of the most notable acts of genocide of recent memory, in the Hutu-lead African nation of Rwanda. But the history of the Tutsis is a long and complicated one that cannot be surmised in a news article or a caption below a sad photograph. More than four hundred years ago, the Tutsi tribe settled in an area of what is now predominantly known as the African nation of Rwanda, while they were searching for more fertile land on which to graze their cattle. The land was then populated by the more numerous Hutu tribes and the less populous Twa tribe."
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Genocide, 2007.
This paper examines the genocide in Rwanda and how the tragedy could have been avoided.
1,116 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that in 1994, more than 750,000 individuals were killed in Rwanda as a result of genocide. In an effort to understand the events of Rwanda, the paper focuses on the eight stages of genocide, as presented by Genocide Watch's president George Stanton. The paper shows how the Rwanda genocide followed each stage precisely. The paper attempts to show that, had the measures outlined in Stanton's stages to combat genocide been followed, the terrible situation could have been avoided.
From the Paper
"According to the Genocide Convention, adopted by the United Nations in 1948, genocide is "any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group": killing, causing serious bodily or mental harm, or inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction to the group, and imposing measures intended to prevent births or forcibly transferring children between groups (United Nations General Assembly, 1948). The Convention also dictates that attempts or conspiracy to commit genocide are punishable. Further, the Convention notes that any individual, whether political or citizen, is punishable for genocide (United Nations General Assembly, 1948)."
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Genocide in Africa and Kosovo, 2008.
An examination of genocide in Darfur and Rwanda and Kosovo.
2,523 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 122.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the genocide in Darfur, and also brings in information about other genocides in the past. The paper explains that even though the United States calls what is happening in Darfur "genocide" and the United Nations refers to it as "...the worst humanitarian disaster in the world today," little is actually being done to stop the slaughter of innocent people. The paper points out that there are no clean hands in this conflict - many rebels have turned to being bandits and just steal and sack villages wherever they wish to make trouble. The paper then looks at how innocent civilians, peacekeepers and humanitarian aid workers are caught in the crossfire.
From the Paper
"Journalist Hunter-Gault did her homework prior to coming to Sudan, and was aware that tensions had been building for a long time between the Arabs (Muslims) and Black Africans; indeed, there were ongoing issues including land and grazing rights in the area. A "rebel Darfur group" - mostly Black Africans - actually took up arms against the government in Khartoum, which is principally ruled by Muslims. Africans wanted a bigger share of the wealth that they claim the government was enjoying, but Hunter-Gault continues, instead of inviting a discussion of how life could be made better for the native Africans, the government responded with "a vengeance." They bombed rebel positions and began supplying arms to the Janjaweed militia (Janjaweed means "men on horses"), which is the marauding force that rapes women, kills men, and burns villages."
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Colonialism and the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, 2007.
A look at the link between the 18th century 'scramble for Africa' and the 1994 genocide in Rwanda.
11,473 words (approx. 45.9 pages), 14 sources, APA, AU$ 360.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the legacy of 18th century racist colonial ideology, and how this evolved into a justification for genocide two centuries later. It looks at the origins of this ideology, and the way it was used, first by Europeans and then by Rwandans themselves, and how it finally created the basis for segregation, racism and the murder of 100,000 Tutsi's. Central to the work is the argument that this racist ideology was imposed upon the citizens of Rwanda by the colonial powers, and in turn this ideology was used as justification for the atrocities committed in 1994.
Outline:
Introduction
Chapter One : Creating Political Identities From Hutu and Tutsi
Chapter 2: The Impact of the Structure of Colonial Administration
Chapter Three: The Legacy of Colonial Rule up to and After Independence
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The Tutsi-led RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front) invaded Rwanda from Uganda in 1990, demanding the right of return for Tutsi exiles, as well as the end to President Habyarimana's single party regime. This forced the international community, who had for long ignored the plight of Rwanda, to commit to a programme of democratisation within the country. The powerful elite, frightened for their political and material position, settled on a genocide to solve the 'problem' of democracy. The extremists used a propaganda campaign to incite the population to murder, and when the President's plane was shot down on 9th April 1994, the massacres followed immediately."
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The Roots of Genocide, 2005.
A review of genocide, focusing primarily on the atrocities of Rwanda.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 128.95
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Abstract
This essay examines and defines genocide in general with the emphasis on Rwanda. The essay analyzes the general causes of genocide and the particular causes of the genocide in Rwanda. It also looks at the various actors that were involved in the genocide: the victims, the perpetrators and the bystanders.The bystanders are especially important, as in the case of Rwanda they were the 'international community'.
From the Paper
"The 20th century may be called 'the century of genocide', despite all our technological achievements and strives towards a 'civilized', tolerant and global society. In fact it was in the 20th century that this term 'genocide' came into existence. Never before in the history of humankind were so many people killed or their culture destroyed on the grounds of their descent and ethnic affiliation. The Jews, Bosnians and the Rwandans are only three well-known examples. What compels one group of people to 'suddenly' destroy another group, killing men, women and children without any discrimination?"
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The Rwandan Genocide: A Book Critique, 2004.
A critique of "We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families: Stories from Rwanda" (1998) by Phillip Gourevitch.
917 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
The chilling title of Phillip Gourevitch?s book, "We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families" (1998), is a reference to a group letter from members of the Tutsi clergy to an Adventist church leader, Elizaphan Ntakirutimana, pleading for his protection from the Hutu majority in Rwanda. Gourevitch?s book concerns the genocide that took place in Rwanda in 1994 in which the Hutu majority systematically massacred the minority Tutsi population. As a result of this effort at ethnic cleansing, an estimated 800,000 Tutsi were killed over the course of a 100-day period from April to July 1994. In fact, during the height of the massacre, Gourevitch reports that members of the Tutsi tribe were being massacred three times as fast as the Jews had been during the Nazi Holocaust. To better understand the events that contributed to this horrific slaughter in modern times, this paper provides a critical review of Gourevitch?s book, including a discussion of how the religious, national, racial, and ethnic groupings in Rwanda were used as tools for the genocide. A discussion of how European colonialism, Rwandan politics, and the role of different aid organizations also contributed to the genocide is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"In this book, Gourevitch paints a grim picture about the events that led to the 1994 genocide in which hundreds of thousands of Tutsis were massacred to the point where the Hutus almost succeeded in completely eliminating the Tutsi segment of the Rwandan population, as well as countless members of the Hutus themselves who opposed the slaughter in the first place. The systematic and institutionalized method by which this slaughter took place was not unique to Rwanda, of course, but Gourevitch suggests that a combination of a cultural acceptance of violence, the nefarious roles played by NGOs, Rwandan governmental agencies and the nation?s churches, all contributed to the genocide that took place during those terrible months of 1994."
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Genocide, 2002.
An historical look at the genocides perpetrated in Rwanda and Kosovo and the UN's involvement.
1,705 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the historical context of these two ethnic cleansing genocides that occurred in the late twentieth century. It looks at lessons the world should have learnt from the Holocaust in World War II and analyzes the United Nations' involvement and role in preventing these atrocities.
From the Paper
"Many people who lived through World War II will never forget the sights of thousands of Jewish bodies thrown into mass graves after the Nazi Holocaust. To most people it was unimaginable- the extent of the death and destruction. Winston Churchill called it a ?crime that has no name? (www.un.org 2001). Winston Churchill was correct in his observation. Despite the numerous occurrences in history, the word ?genocide? as a legal term and an international sanction did not exist until 1951 (www.un.org 2001). It was 1951 that the U.N. made a treaty defining and criminalizing genocide, entitled The Convention of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. In the last fifty years, the world has witnessed many horrendous massacres of civilian populations, in Cambodia, Bangladesh, and elsewhere, for which the political will was lacking to organize a war crimes tribunal. Now, the international climate supports the creation of the first two war crimes tribunals since the Nazi?s at Nuremburg, those for Rwanda and Kosovo."
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