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Organized Crime in Russia, 2004.
This paper discusses the problems, in terms of crime, that have and are still facing Russia, the operation of organized crime in Russia, and the way it has molded the people and society of Russia.
5,185 words (approx. 20.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 207.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the Number One problem the post-Soviet society is facing today is not a new problem, but one that was dormant and concealed: organized crime. The author points out that, by the time of the fall of the Communist regime, the largest source of capital and wealth inside the Soviet Union was in the black market, with capital owned, manipulated, and governed by the Communist Party. The paper states that one of the ways this criminal environment can be remedied is by pressure on Russia and incentives from the international community to start to solve this problem.
From the Paper
"The new organized criminals differ in character from the criminals of the traditional syndicate due to the fact that the new organized criminals are more like a jack-of-all-trades. They are characters with many masks. These new criminals have many acquaintances with the old black market world, the old criminal world. They are acquainted with the official world of politics as well as the old structure of the communist party. These new types of criminal are the people that are now classified as the Mafia."
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Russia and Europe, 2005.
This paper discusses that Russia will never become an integral part of Europe.
1,810 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, after the collapse of the once all-powerful communist system in the Soviet Union in 1991, the natural progression seemed to be the prompt absorption of Russia into Europe; however, despite Russia's attempt to adopt a central government, the enlargement of negotiations with the European Union and the fact that most Russians want this integration, it hasn't happened. The author points out that geography is a major reason because (1) Russia, the world's largest country and more than twice the size of the entire continent of Europe, is seen by the European countries to be overpowering and (2) the border countries of eastern Europe--Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Poland-are now strongly anti-communist. The paper contends that the most important reason that this merger has not yet happened is because of (1) the difference in normative values, including psychological characteristics, behavioral patterns and cultural orientations, and of (2) Europe's remaining conception of Russia as an intimidating military "superpower".
From the Paper
"The security issue is two-fold, as well. In fact, there is a growing apprehension in Russia that Europe may come to dominate Russia economically, and may exclude it from the life of Europe and deny Russia access to Eastern Europe and former parts of the USSR, and that a new "encirclement of the Motherland" may start forming. These worries are not limited to the extremist camp and are spreading through the entire establishment of the Russian Federation. Many believe that this will lead to a new division of the continent, which is dangerous to peace and Russian development."
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Russia and the WTO, 2006.
An analysis of several factors that have contributed to Russia's current interest in joining the World Trade Organization (WTO).
1,080 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Russia's relationship with the World Trade Organization (WTO). It looks at some of the major political and economic implications after accession and the potential effect of this process on the future.
Outline
The World Trade Organization
Russia's Path to the World Trade Organization
Major Political and Economic Implications for Russia
Russia's WTO Accession and Georgia
From the Paper
"According to the accession rules, to become a WTO member at least two-third of member countries should give their approval. However Georgia has important leverage with which to block Russia's entry. For membership, the applicant country should reach bilateral agreements with those countries with which the applicant has some trade and/or political disputes. The findings of these negotiations are then presented to the General Council of the WTO and if the Council approves the results, the accession process will continue. Evidently, if Russia does not meet all of the requirements, then the general council will not refer to the findings as the country's entry will be automatically blocked. "
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Russia and America, 2002.
A review of America's policy on foreign aid and programs of assistance to Russia since the collapse of the Communist regime.
7,424 words (approx. 29.7 pages), 29 sources, MLA, AU$ 262.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the use of and shifts in American foreign assistance policy to Russia and how those shifts and uses have impacted upon the former Soviet Union, or Russia herself. The paper addresses the following questions: 1.What has been the effect of American foreign aid to Russia since the collapse in 1989? 2.What are the specific efforts or programs initiated by the United States to provide assistance to Russia? 3. What are the functional powers that allow for such aid? 4. How does American foreign aid to Russia since 1989 reflect or deviate from past examples of American bilateral assistance? The paper offers a brief overview of the key transformations taking place in the former Soviet Union over the past 11-plus years. The paper argues that American foreign assistance to Russia has not succeeded in bolstering the country's emergent democratic institutions to the degree anticipated, largely as a consequence of internal Russian corruption and ineptitude and of America's failure to properly assess the Russian situation.
From the Paper
"Any nation, including the United States, requires the ability to deal with its international environment in a flexible and effective manner. In practice, this often necessitates assuming the position of global peacekeeper or "policeman," as the U.S. has done in the cases of Grenada, Haiti, Panama, Bosnia, and Somalia (Nincic, 1988). Nincic (1988) notes that policy-making in a democracy must have three principal attributes: 1) it must be based upon the policy preferences of the public; 2) the powers of a democracy's managers must be constrained; and 3) policy must not violate rights and liberties."
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Russia and the U.S., 2002.
A look at the evolution of the relationship between the United States and Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
36,352 words (approx. 145.4 pages), 118 sources, MLA, AU$ 400.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States has struggled to develop and to articulate a comprehensive and coherent foreign policy toward the fifteen states that have taken its place. It analyzes the relationships between the different presidents of both countries, as well as their different policies, and attempts to identify some of the foreign policy initiatives and strategies that the United States should consider adopting towards Russia over the course of the next few years.
Outline
The Collapse and the Gorbachev Years
The Yeltsin Regime
The Current State of Affairs
Struggles of the "New" Russia
Russia and the U.S.: Future Policy Directions and Implications
From the Paper
"Both the United States and the Soviet Union must share the responsibility for the start and continuation of the Cold War in the period between 1945 and 1963. During World War II, the U.S. and the Soviets were allies committed to the defeat of mutual enemies - Japan and Germany. At the end of World War II, as the Allies struggled to reconfigure the European polity and establish a new order in the East, the interests of the Soviet Union and the United States came into direct collision. For western leaders and their diplomats, World War II had a successful but hardly "neat" ending; too many questions were left unanswered, such as the future of Poland and Germany, which had been opened at Yalta and Potsdam but left unresolved (Kennedy, 1987; Keohane, 1984)."
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Economic and Political Progress in Russia, 2002.
A look at the challenges facing Russia's economy and political structure.
3,400 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 200.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Russia as facing the greatest challenge in the transition from plan to market. It might even be argued that Russia faces the greatest political and economic challenge the world has ever known. As the mother of communism, Russia was longer steeped in its tenets than its satellite states. And as a geo-political behemoth, creating social consensus and moving towards democratic consolidation has always been next to impossible. In the end, Russia is an un-natural economic and political unit. To present, this has made success impossible, and more of the same can be expected in the future. Russia's next leader will inherit a legacy that is unwieldy, corrupt, bankrupt (morally and financially), and almost doomed to failure. Only if you have the hands of a magician, Mr. Primakov, can you make something of this disaster.
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Russia and The European Union, 2006.
This paper examines the various reasons why Russia is still not a member of the European Union.
1,274 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the evident rise of Russian nationalism, which is a result of the domestic media and various political players who want to keep Russia isolated from western influences. This is only one of the reasons Russia has not yet joined the European Union (EU). The writer of this paper analyzes the Russian government's displeasure with the EU due to the addition of several countries from the former Soviet bloc, including: Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Slovakia and Slovenia, which resulted in Russia abstaining from joining the EU. This paper also discusses the EU's dissatisfaction with Russia's handling of their ongoing conflict with breakaway Chechnya as well as Russia's federal control which signals a departure from democratic decision-making.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Why Did the Russian Government Decide Not to Join? (Reasons & Primary Sources)
Domestic Debate: Press, Positions by Major Political Actors, Parties, Interest Groups and Prominent Opinion Makers
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"A recent survey conducted by the Russian Center for National Problems and Reforms yielded an insight into Russian domestic ideology as it pertains to the west. Twenty-two percent believed that Russia is a superpower and that any problems should be solved independent of the west. Twelve percent believed that closer ties to the west are imperative is necessary if there is to be economic reform. Eighteen percent want to return to socialism as existed during Lenin's regime. Fifteen percent are centrists and pragmatists who believe that Russia should foster relationships with the west and with middle eastern and Asian neighbors when it suites the country's needs. A look at these domestic statistics reveals that the liberal democrats are losing ground, and the Radical Conservative/Nationalist political position is taking greater hold even over more moderate positions."
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Russia, Ukraine and the WTO, 2005.
A discussion on Ukraine and Russia and their attempts to become members of the World Trade Organization (WTO).
5,290 words (approx. 21.2 pages), 25 sources, MLA, AU$ 217.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of the WTO in globalization and free trade and focuses on its benefits to Russia. It also examines Russia's position on the Ukraine and the Ukrainian government. Includes outline.
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Russia, 2006.
An overview of political, social-welfare, health and demographic conditions in modern-day Russia.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 110.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a thorough overview of the present conditions in Russia, from political and regional issues to health concerns and ethnicity challenges. Detailed, encyclopedic information underscores the current demographic and statistic realities in the country, while an analysis of political and other issues helps to create a picture of the challenges and opportunities for Russia.
Outline:
Key Recent Developments in Russia
Main Challenges or Problems
Key Regional Issues
Relations with Neighboring Countries
Health Statistics
National Health Accounts
Increase in Disease
Health Commitment
Nutrition, Water and Smoking
Coping With Poverty
Ethnicity & Religion
Demographics
Post-Soviet Period
Generational Groupings
Social Structure
From the Paper
"Pervasive government corruption, very high criminal activities ranging from petty street crimes to mafia controlled criminal rings, and a weak judicial and banking system that has failed to protect consumers and businesses alike, have combined to undermine the Russian public's faith in the prevalent economic system. The security issue in Russia is another major problem, highlighted by the downing of two passenger planes and the massacre of 300 people in a school in Beslan last summer. ("Russia at a Glance," 2005) This lack of faith is reflected in the alarmingly declining trend of the country's population, which could fall to 135 million by 2020 from its current level of approximately 146 million if the present problems continue."
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The EU and Russia, 2005.
A critical evaluation of the European Union's policy towards Russia since the end of the Cold War.
5,074 words (approx. 20.3 pages), 33 sources, MLA, AU$ 204.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the impetus behind the European Union's (EU) policies towards Russia since the end of the Cold War. It looks at how it has been twofold with institutional reform to promote democracy and economic aid to assist in the integration of the former communist countries into the global sphere.
Outline
The End of Empire?
EU/Russia Policies in the 1990s: Institutional Reform and Economic Aid
The EU, NATO and Russia
Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
EU Enlargement 2004 - New Borders, New Neighbours
Four Common Spaces
Kaliningrad and the Schengen Regime
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The impetus behind the EU's policies towards Russia since the end of the Cold War has been twofold: institutional reform to promote democracy and economic aid to assist in the integration of the former communist countries into the global sphere. Behind these policies there is fear: an apprehension regarding the mere size of the Eastern countries and the potential threat of a reawakening of Soviet economic and military might; a concern for the possible exodus of immigrants into the EU and the social and economic ramifications for the EU as a whole and individual member states near the borders; an unease at the possibility of an almost never-ending enlargement of the EU and the consequences for the existing community; and the unpleasant notion that without assistance, the former countries of the USSR will fail to develop into in a democratically and economically acceptable way - i.e. following the orthodox neo-liberal capitalist ideal of the West - and the possibility that this may lead to a more confrontational, antagonistic division once again. "
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Agricultural Produce in Inter-war Russia, India and Japan, 2007.
This paper looks at trends and changes relating to agricultural produce in Russia, India and Japan during the inter-war period.
1,452 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer outlines the main trends in agricultural produce in the three economies of Russia, India and Japan in the inter-war period. The writer discusses how far changes in output and prices affected the standard of living of the agricultural population and notes that, during the inter-war period (1914-39), Russia, Japan and India experienced similar but at times varied fluctuations in how much produce they cultivated agriculturally. Generally-speaking, Japan and India maintained outwardly stable, but far from spectacular levels of production, while Russia and later the Soviet Union witnessed greater disparities in what she produced for the commercial market. The writer concludes that what is clear from all three cases is the extent to which change in agricultural output and prices invariably failed to benefit the rural population - and, in the case of the Soviet Union, change in fact proved to be catastrophic.
From the Paper
"When one takes the example of rice production - the main staple - as the chief indicator of agricultural output, with reference to Japan and India, and that of wheat production for Russia, one can observe the following. By 1914, Japan quickly reached production levels of 8.5 millions tonnes, levels that remained pretty much constant during subsequent years. Some twenty years later, in 1933, she reached a peak of 10.6 million tonnes, ending with a modest 10.3 million tonnes of rice in 1939. During the post-war era, India similarly witnessed marked increases in production. By 1914 she saw 42 million tonnes of rice harvested nationwide. But production proved erratic thereafter. During six of the following fifteen years output did exceed the 50 million tonne threshold; but the trend nevertheless was downwards, so that, by 1932, production dipped below the 40 million mark, only struggling to transcend this figure in two of the remaining seven years. What heavily contrasts with the case of India and Japan is that of Russia which witnessed not a levelling-off but a massive reduction in her wheat production following the First World War. By contrast to 28 million tonnes, which was recorded in 1913, the amount for 1921 plummeted to a mere 5.6 million tonnes. By 1925, however, production kicked back quickly to normal levels, with the Soviet Union reporting that 20.8 million tonnes of wheat had been harvested."
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Civil Society and NGOs in Russia, 2004.
A discussion on how non-governmental organisations represent the essence of civil society in Russia.
17,787 words (approx. 71.1 pages), 44 sources, MLA, AU$ 400.95
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Abstract
This paper aims to assess the concept of civil society through the system of public organisations which are believed to be the essence of civil society. It provides a short overview of existing theoretical trends in terms of relation of civil society with state and economy. It also looks at the theoretical school that presents civil society as a sphere of social interactions between the state and economy and how it is found to be the most acute and reflecting the true relations between society structures.
Outline
Content
Abstract
Introduction
Part I. Theoretical Background
A Historical Overview of the Concept of Civil Society
The Reasons For Civil Society?s Existence
The Middle Class in Russia
Economic Conditions
Private Interests
Part II. From Civil Society to NGOs
Civil Society is Vital for a Sustainable Democracy?
Society Structure
The Essence of the Third Sector. Main Definitions
Distinctive Features of the Third Sector in Russia
Classifications of the Third Sector Organisations
Ngo Reality In Russia
Empirical Studies of the Third Sector
General Representation and Possible Tendencies
Conclusions
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Since the beginning of the transformation in the countries of Eastern and Central Europe, as well as in the former USSR, the new wave of attention arose in regards to the issue of civil society, its necessity for the building democracies and making society and the regime stronger. Today, an endless number of books are devoted to the problem of the concept of civil society, its history, the way it influences the democratic transformations and making democracies sustainable. Also attempts to define the term and find a proper and perfect place for it in the society system are made. In this paper, I will not try to write another textbook or go into deep criticism of selected works on civil society. Only a brief overview of the theories is necessary to present as a background, or the first ?basement? level of the work."
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The Rise of Russia, 2006.
A discussion on the influences and inspirations of the rise of Russia.
1,261 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the impact of Western Europe on the social growth of Russia during the eighteenth century and its making of an empire. It explains the actions of Peter the Great, his expeditions and finally his extensive modifications within Russia. It continues to expand on Catherine the Great's modernization and further growth of Russia.
From the Paper
"Russia saw a number of changes in the eighteenth century under Peter the Great, many of which can be attributed to the influences of Europe. As it became stronger, the "church subordinated to the state, patriarche was formally abolished in 1721, church property was put under control of a government department and church theology taught obedience to the state. There was a new educational program to train soldiers, which included schools of navigation, mathematics, artillery, languages, medicine and engineering, the Academy of Sciences was established in 1724 and the first Russian newspaper was published in 1703."
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U.S. Foreign Policy with Russia, 2004.
A brief analysis of America's foreign policy towards Russia.
1,354 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the foreign policy of the U.S. since the end of the Cold War with Russia. The paper looks at how Clinton and Yeltsin formed their relationship at the beginning and the attitudes taken by the U.S. government at the beginning in an effort to integrate Russia into the Western world. The paper then explores the cooperation between Russia and the U.S. in creating an undivided Europe.
From the Paper
"The U.S. original intention was that they would aid Russia in integrating itself into the Western-based international system. As believed, this integration would reap two positive effects. The international system would offer not only financial, but political and security resources as incentives to Russia for reform and transition towards a market and democratic government. In addition, United States could profit from this integration by being a considerable influence in their societal and economic interests. Russia?s national and security interests could be shaped in such a way that would form common interests with western countries."
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Russia's Social Contract, 2002.
Examines whether things have improved in Russia since the end of Communism.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 114.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a brief look at the transition from communism to capitalism in Russia from the perspective of the social contract. It finds that, while there has been a shift from rule by conquest to one by consensus and while Russia does have a functioning electoral democracy, there remains no liberal democracy. Coupled with the lack of economic hope, it is difficult for the polity to feel any confidence in the new social contract. Some anticipate a return to authoritarian rule, others suggest that this is no longer possible. In any case, Russia is again in a situation where the state may be unable to deliver on its end of the bargain.
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