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Psychology of Drugs and Human Behavior, 2008.
This paper discusses whether psychoactive drug use is synonymous with dependence.
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 83.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that psychoactive drugs act upon the human central nervous system, altering brain function and impacting on mood and behavior. The writer discusses that though some psychoactive drugs are legal and prescribed as medication, while some are illegal and are used as a form of recreation for users. The writer then points out that current research suggests that these drugs can sometimes lead to dependence and addiction issues. The writer also discusses that mood and behavior-altering drugs have therefore garnered significant media attention as harmful solutions to problems which could be solved through non-medicinal methods.
Outline:
Introduction
Psychoactive Drugs: Theories of Addiction
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Though the researchers agree that this is true, they believe that psychoactive drug addiction is a real issue that has numerous causal factors. The most notable of these, according to Nesse and Berridge, is the tendency for psychoactive drugs to create a brain signal that creates a false indication of a huge fitness benefit. This then changes behavior propensities, increasing drug-seeking behaviours in frequency and displacing more adaptive behaviours. This issue is seen by the researchers as being part of an overall addiction modern society has to fitness-decreasing incentives such as video games and snack foods. Such addictions, Nesse and Berridge maintain, are a mismatch between our bodies and our modern environments, which causes behavioural and medical problems."
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Psychological Effects of Drugs and Alcohol, 2004.
Discusses the psychological effects of drugs and alcohol on the human brain.
2,872 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 30 sources, APA, AU$ 136.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses in detail the psychological effects of drugs and alcohol on the human brain and how those effects play a role in the overall psychological constitution of the user/addict. The topics included in this paper include a brief yet detailed overview of substance dependence in conjunction with the evidence for psychological dependence as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-IV and other pertinent scientific sources. In addition, a number of recommendations for future research on the psychological effects of drugs and alcohol are discussed at the conclusion of this paper.
Substance Dependence
Substance-Induced Disorders
Alcohol
Cocaine and Amphetamines
Caffeine
Cannabis
Hallucinogens
Inhalants
Nicotine
Opioids
Phencyclidine
Sedatives
Recommendations
From the Paper
"The study of the psychological effects of drugs and alcohol on the human brain, as compared to other medical conditions, is relatively new in the field of medical research. Only within the last fifty years or so has the medical community focused on how drugs and alcohol affect the human brain and the conditions that arise from prolonged abuse of the various associated substances. As Dent J. Yerbury points out, "literally hundreds of substances cross the brain barrier to influence human behavior and psychology" (June,1986), especially those connected to substance abuse. Reflecting those substances that are most widely abused and that cause the most significant problems to the abuser, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM--IV) has divided the universe of substances into eleven specific drug classes--alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, cannabis (marijuana), hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine, and sedatives. Most recently, one other category has been included for less commonly abused substances, being over-the-counter medications."
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The Physical and Psychological Effects of Drugs, 2006.
An analysis of the uses and effects of drugs.
1,299 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the physical effects of drugs, as well as the effect that they have on the psychological state of the people who take them. The paper discusses the most common types of drugs - depressants, stimulants, opiates, and antidepressants. The author then describes his personal feeling about the use of drugs.
From the Paper
"The psychological affects of alcohol can be similar to those of depression. Alcoholics are usually moody, aggressive, and can even become violent. Some of the other psychological affects include lack of inhibitions, uninhibited sexual behavior, lack of interest in sex, depression, impaired memory and sensory motor coordination. (1) Psychologically, barbiturates and tranquilizers can cause dependence. When people stop taking or doing these drugs they will experience withdrawals. These withdrawals cause irritability, rebound nightmares, hallucinations, disorientation, restlessness, and life threatening convulsions. Tranquilizers have all the same effects as barbiturates, however, they are not as powerful. (1)"
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Drug Abuse: Psychology and Sociology, 2005.
An overview of drug abuse from different perspectives.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
It is common knowledge that abuse of substances, be they illegal drugs, prescription drugs, or completely legal things such as alcohol, tobacco, etc., is widespread, rampant, and becoming an intolerable problem in the United States. This paper deals with the various causes of drug use and drug abuse, be they physical, sociological, or psychological, as well as the several inclinations toward crime and overall misbehavior that said drug use and abuse may lead to, especially in the young people of today.
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The History of Behavioral Psychology, 2003.
A comprehensive examination of the history of behavioral psychology and its impact on modern psychoanalysis.
4,048 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 174.95
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Abstract
During the early part of the 20th century, the distinction between learned and inherited behavior seemed much clearer than it does today. The view that any type of behavior was either learned or simply developed without learning seemed straightforward. This paper explains that studies based on these expectations led investigators to conclude that rat-killing behavior among cats is learned rather than instinctive, that human fears are all acquired, or that intelligence is completely the result of experience. Learning theorists were maintaining, at this point, that most behavior is learned and that biological factors are of little or no importance. The behaviorist position that human behavior could be explained entirely in terms of reflexes, stimulus-response associations, and the effects of reinforcers upon them, entirely excluding ?mental? terms such as desires, goals and so forth, was advanced by J. B. Watson in his 1914 book, "Behavior: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology." This paper provides a discussion of Watson?s life, followed by an examination of behavioral psychology and an assessment of its impact on modern psychoanalysis in the conclusion. Also includes a graphic.
From the Paper
"John B. Watson was an American psychologist who was responsible for codifying and publicizing behaviorism. From Watson?s perspective, behaviorism was an approach to psychology that was restricted to the objective, experimental study of the relations between environmental events and human behavior. Watsonian behaviorism became the dominant psychology in the United States during the 1920s and '30s. Watson received his Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Chicago (1903), where he then taught. In 1908 he became professor of psychology at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., and immediately established a laboratory for research in comparative, or animal, psychology. About this time he articulated his first statements on behaviorist psychology, and in the epoch-making article ?Psychology as a Behaviorist Views It? (1913) he asserted that psychology is the science of human behavior, which, like animal behavior, should be studied under exacting laboratory conditions."
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Psychology and Behavior, 2007.
An analysis of anti-psychotic drugs, Freudian psychoanalysis, universal interventions and behavior therapy.
1,458 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper describes various aspects of psychology, behavior and treatment options. It begins by discussing anti-psychotic drugs and a few of their typical side effects. It then briefly describes the category of anti-anxiety drugs called benzodiazepines and their side effects. The paper then lists and explains the four basic techniques of Freudian psychoanalysis. It concludes by discussing different types of therapy, such as the mental hospital as a therapeutic community, universal interventions and systematic desensitization and modeling.
Table of Contents:
Anti-psychotic Drugs
Freudian Psychoanalysis
Behavior Therapy: Systematic Desensitization And Modeling
Universal Interventions
The Mental Hospital As A Therapeutic Community
From the Paper
"Therapeutic communities are important and valuable tools, but certainly not for all patients. Often, the community is made up of a certain ward or unit of the hospital, rather than the entire facility. Clearly, some patients, such as those suffering from serious debilitating diseases such as dementia or severe schizophrenia might not be physically or mentally able to exist in such a facility. However, for others, who have specific issues or health problems, and are in the facility hoping for a cure, the community concept can help them become more sure of themselves, more able to function outside the facility, and give them confidence in their decision-making abilities."
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Historical Development of Educational & Clinical Psychology and the Evolution of Behaviorism, 2005.
A discussion regarding the influence Freud has had on the field of psychology.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 212.95
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Abstract
This paper examines behaviorism and the roles of educational and clinical psychology in association with behaviorism.
From the Paper
" Psychology, in all of its branches, has its roots in theories that originated with Sigmund Freud. His work with the theories behind psychoanalysis opened the gates for other theorists, some of whom agreed with Freud and expanded on his work. Other theorists diverged from Freud's work, removing the psyche almost entirely from their own work. These theorists studied the field of behaviorism. Some notable behaviorists were John B. Watson, Edward L. Thorndike, and Burrhus Frederick (B.F.) Skinner. "
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Community Psychology And Traditional Psychology, 2002.
Examines the differences between the two schools of psychology.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
Examines the differences between the two schools of psychology. Community as grounded in roots of ecological psychology & the social sciences. Traditional as based upon principles of psychoanalysis, behaviorism & humanistic psychotherapies. Uses actor Robert Downey, Jr. and his chronic substance abuse problems to illustrate how both schools of psychology would analyze his difficulties.
From the Paper
"Community psychology is a specialization within a larger realm encompassing psychology and the social sciences that is grounded in the roots of ecological psychology (What is community psychology..., 2000). Traditional psychology, on the other hand, is based upon fundamental principles of psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic psychotherapies (Garfield & Bergin, 1986). The two approaches differ in terms of views, values, and focus. The purpose of this report is to examine the differences between these two schools of psychology with reference to a specific individual seeking help for a life problem. The individual selected is the well-known actor, Robert Downey, Jr., whose substance abuse problems have been tracked in the popular press over the course of the last several years."
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Psychological and Behavioral Processes in Humans and Animals, 2002.
This paper compares and contrasts psychological and behavioral processes of human and animals; knowledge of animals gains a deeper comprehension of the similar processes in humans.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that both humans and animals have strong psychological needs that modify attitudes and behaviors. The author states that cognitive processes, including thinking, feeling, memorizing and perceiving, strongly influence the entire welfare of animals and humans. The paper concludes that there are acute differences between the humans and animals in their psychological processes that mutate their behavior.
From the Paper
"Research demonstrates that learning about psychological and behavioral processes of both animals and humans can greatly assist psychologists, physiologists, biologists and most of all general public in ameliorating human/animal interaction and in the successful management of all animals. Over the years, physiological processes have been studied thoroughly and paid much attention to, however, psychological needs and behavioral processes associated to them have neither been examined nor researched, thereby neglecting the most cardinal facet of both animal and human behavior for exploration of the same proves that animals like humans have strong psychological needs that modify and determine their behavior."
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Drug Use and Deviant Behavior, 2004.
An analysis of a journal article on drug use and deviant behavior in adolescents.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes a 1999 journal article that shows that preteens and teens of addicted parents have a high rate of substance and alcohol use and other deviant behaviors.
From the Paper
"In "Early Deviance and Related Risk Factors in the Children of Narcotic Addicts", Nurco, Blatchley, Hanlon and O'Grady report the results of a meta-analysis on the self-reported behaviors of male and female adolescents ages of narcotic-addicted parents participating in methadone programs. The results of the self-report measures found that early deviance is related to current adolescent drug and alcohol use, association with deviant peers, a negative view of self and psychological symptomatology. There are a number of risks and protective..."
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Is Drug Court Really Effective: A Review of Current Drug Laws and Drug Courts, 2002.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 169.95
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Abstract
This legal analysis examines the American drug courts in order to assess the effectiveness of existing policy in dealing with crimes associated with drugs in the United States. This paper evaluates the scientific validity of resources that are used to determine drug policy, and in the critique finds these systems of information ineffective. The author of this essay then offers recommendations for a drug policy that includes a description of drug court environments, and rehabilitation programs for women.
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Psychology and the Psychological Study of Human Aggression, 2000.
A look at various psychological studies and opinion on human aggression.
1,695 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 86.95
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From the Paper
"Psychology is a science dealing with behavior and mental processes. It concerns the hows and whys of individual human behavior. Psychological research employs the scientific method, which utilizes the techniques and procedures of naturalistic observation and experimentation to deal with facts, data, and their interpretation according to certain principles. In a given study, the dependent variable under study is considered to be a function of the 'independent variables. Typically, one independent variable is manipulated - the experi-mental variable, while the other independent variables are controlled. Statistical methods are then employed to anal, the research data to ascertain if the findings support or refute the experimental hypothesis......."
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How Do Drugs Affect Human Behavior?, 2004.
Examines the short-term and long-term effects that cannabis and cocaine have on behavior.
2,188 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 109.95
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Abstract
The essay begins with a concise definition of drugs. It then proceeds to detail the emotional and behavioral effects of both cannabis and cocaine, charting the physiological, behavioral, and cognitive effects in reference to research in the area. The essay also examines the social consequences of the drugs, the addiction process, and resulting psychological damage.
From the Paper
"A drug is defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as ?any chemical entity or mixture of entities other than those required for the maintenance of normal health (like food), the administration of which alters biological function and possibly structure? (1981, p227, cited in Maisto, Galizio, and Connors, 1999). The definition provided therefore covers drugs such as caffeine and alcohol as well as medicinal drugs such as antidepressants and ant psychotics. This essay, however will focus on the behavioural effects of recreational drugs, particularly that of cannabis and cocaine."
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Adolescent Television Behavior and Actual Behavior, 2002.
Examination of adolescent behavior as depicted on television; compared with actual adolescent behavioral patterns.
4,838 words (approx. 19.4 pages), 20 sources, APA, AU$ 196.95
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Abstract
This study uses content analysis to examine adolescent television drama program behavior as compared to actual adolescent behavioral statistics from the National Center for Health Statistics. Issues of sexual behavior, alcohol usage and drug usage were analyzed. This work contributes to cultivation theory; the culmination of similar messages on fictional adolescent television drama programs re-enforces impressions that are not based on reality.
From the Paper
"Media can be described in many ways and forms. It is the dissemination of news, events, and information as well as a portrayal of America. It contains movies, sitcoms, dramas, comedies, news, and world events that all shape our reality of what the world is. Television more specifically is so popular because its function is to be a mirrored image of what America is, its beliefs, and ideas. Because it performs this function, it is considered entertainment. This industry is a multi-billion dollar industry that centers around two words: money and people. It does not necessarily have to be accurate for people to believe it. People will believe what they find to be interesting whether it is true or not, based upon no actual proof. This is why the media can get away with straying from the truth, because people do not care whether what they absorb is true. Truth is a very powerful concept that most people take too lightly. Most people will not admit that what they watch on television, hear on the radio, or read in the newspaper affects them. However, it has been proven through the cultivation theory that this effect is present, it does occur, and it subsequently affects the way a country perceives itself. This is how the media ultimately controls the power of thought."
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Neurophysiological and Psychological Aspects of Criminal Behavior, 1981.
This paper examines the neurophysiological and psychological roles in criminal behavior: Brain's influence under normal & abnormal conditions, Research, psychosurgery and drugs.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 189.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of the following research is to examine the neurophysiological and psychological roles in criminal behavior. Emphasis will be placed on explaining how various structures of the brain influence behavior under normal and abnormal conditions.
The organization of the research is as follows. First, a general background of the human nervous system and organs of the brain is presented. This will acquaint the reader with certain physiological aspects which are partly responsible for human behavior. Next, various theories and experimental findings are discussed and analyzed with regard to their pragmatic value and/or controversial nature. Finally, there are a few summarizing remarks made on brain and behavioral research.
The nervous system of the human body can be divided into two ... "
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Psychological Depression and Human Behavior, 2002.
A look at the effect of depression on human behavior.
1,427 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that depression is a severe condition that affects every aspect of a person's life. It discusses signs and symptoms of the condition and possible treatment. It looks at how it impacts a person's social, personal, and professional life.
From the Paper
"One of the most common illnesses, depression afflicts 20% of human beings worldwide across age, sex, race, religion, culture, sexual orientation or socio-economic strata (Ainsworth, ix). Unlike physiological or biological illnesses that can be treated by clear-cut clinical, therapeutic regimes, depression is an illness that manifests itself in different ways and degrees that affect an individual?s normal functioning ability to lead a productive and rewarding life. Leading from the very nature of the illness, therefore, the treatment of depression disorders can involve both clinical treatments as well other psychiatric treatments such as cognitive and behavioral therapies: ?It is doubtful that psychiatric categories can correspond to the taxonomies of physical diseases. There is the issue of the heterogeneity of each category?the lack of clearly identified underlying pathological processes?some of the presenting characteristics of a depressed patient do not always belong in the category of depression, and, in practice, no individual, depressed patient resembles another.? (O?Connor & Stravynski, 606-9)"
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