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Property Tax, 2007.
This paper explores the issues pertaining to property tax in Canada.
2,137 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 105.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that, in Canada, taxes are higher across the board than in many other developed markets, thus property tax issues are especially problematic. The paper explains how property tax is calculated and why property taxes are continually under attack from various public and private entities. The paper discusses areas that a tax authority or municipality can consider for reform and maintains that the methodology behind property tax determination is a process that should be under constant official scrutiny in order to create not only consistency but faith in the system.
Outline:
Introduction
Property Assessment
Assessment Characteristics
Local Perspectives
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Property tax in general, no matter the market, is generally a contentious issue. However, in Canada, where taxes average higher across the board than in many other developed markets, they are especially problematic. In Canada, property taxes are usually determined by two factors: 1) an overall tax rate which is determined by the local taxing authorities or the local municipal governments within the Provinces, and 2) a property's given value which is assessed by the local municipal assessing agency ("Property" a). The fact remains that property tax no matter how contentious is still Canada's primary source of local and provincial revenues. Statistics Canada reports that as recently as 2003 property taxes constituted 35% of local municipality revenues in all provinces ("Property" b). Yet, this burden on the average citizen appears to be on the increase rather than the decrease and there is much speculation as to how the Canadian economy can continue to expand in such a heavily taxed environment."
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Property Tax, 2002.
An overview of property tax from a theoretical and practical view, focusing on Ontario.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the issue of property taxes. It outlines theoretical views of the tax such as an excise tax, a user fee, etc. It also examines property taxes and recent changes in Ontario in light of these theoretical perspectives.
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Property Taxes in Dallas County, 2005.
A discussion on the property tax increase in Dallas County.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how residents of Dallas County are currently experiencing grave concerns over an issue that will affect the lifestyle and home ownership capabilities of thousands within the area. The paper discusses the proposition of a 7.99% increase in property taxes. The paper further discusses how this consideration is scheduled to take place in September of 2005 and residents are being asked to attend public meetings to support this tax increase.
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Sales Tax Versus Property Tax, 2005.
A comparison of the merits of South Carolina's sales tax versus the state's property tax.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that South Carolina's property tax is more preferable and more indispensable than the state's sales tax. While the latter has certain things operating in its favor, at least one observer has accused it of being inefficient, and the paper suggests that, from the available literature, it does not serve the state's most important functions, chiefly education, as well as does the property tax.
From the Paper
"South Carolina's Sales Tax versus the State's Property Tax Taxation is a major concern in many jurisdictions, and South Carolina is no different. The following paper will examine the relative merits of South Carolina's sales tax versus its property tax. As should become clear, there are things to commend the state's sales tax as well as items that call it into question. Conversely, the state's property tax may not be welcomed by home-owners, but it does serve the vital function of strengthening South Carolina's education system. As well, it appears to be easier to enforce and to implement than a sales tax (at least at the present time) and property taxes in general are more efficiently administered because they are so much more difficult to evade."
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Property Taxes, 2001.
Examines commercial and residential tax structure in Toronto (Canada). Political & economic issues; deferral programs.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 88.95
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From the Paper
"Property taxes can be a contentious economic issue for individuals and commercial interests, alike. Such taxes are levied only on those who have achieved at least a minimum level of wealth (since they are able to purchase the property being taxed), and failure to pay property taxes can result in the loss of the property itself. It is therefore in the self-interest of individuals and organizations subject to property tax to pay as little as possible. At the same time, however, property taxes are a primary source of revenue for most municipalities, and politicians are eager to ensure that they receive the maximum benefit from this type of taxation while appearing to have an equitable strategy in place (since taxes are always an issue at election time). Add to the mix the need both to attract businesses to ..."
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Property Taxes & Public Education, 1994.
Theory & practice of this issue and looking at court decisions, fairness, advantages & disadvantages and examples.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 23 sources, AU$ 126.95
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From the Paper
"FUNDING EDUCATION IN NEW JERSEY
Introduction
The Supreme Court of the State of New Jersey ruled in July 1994 that the funding plan for public education in New Jersey was unconstitutional.. Simultaneously, the State Supreme Court ordered that parity in public educational funding be established within the state. The reasoning underlying the Court?s ruling was that schools located in poor areas of New Jersey were being ?shortchanged.?.
This ruling came at a time when Republican Governor Christine Whitman was attempting to carry out her election promise to reduce taxes in New Jersey.. New Jersey?s legislature at the time of the ruling had been attempting to provide property tax (the primary source of school funds in the state) relief to.."
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Federal Income Tax Receipts and Overall Tax Rate, 2008.
An analysis of the significant relationships among the individual income tax rates and the federal income tax receipts.
2,533 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 121.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates whether and how the federal income tax receipts change given the overall tax rate for individual income taxes. The paper also investigates whether the tax receipts exhibit a diminishing return as marginal tax rates increase. The paper concludes that there exists a meaningful relationship between the marginal income tax rate and the marginal income tax receipts.
Outline
Introduction
Model
Model Results
Initial Model
Alternative Model
Alternate Model End Notes
Initial and Alternative Model Results
Data Mining
Data Mining Results
Conclusion
Appendix A: Figures
Appendix B: Data Sources
From the Paper
"Now, disregarding all the statistical minutia that may or may not be relevant the author will make the following observations regarding the alternate model. This model is depicting the predictive power of the variance of the marginal individual income tax rates among all five income quintiles to the income tax receipts at the federal level. It is apparent from the model that nearly a quarter of the variation in the marginal tax receipts can be predicted through the marginal tax rate, ceteris paribus."
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Flat Tax & Tax Reform Act Of 1986, 1996.
Compares specifics, effects, benefits of 1995 Congressional flat tax proposals & 1986 tax format.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 75.95
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From the Paper
"This research compares, contrasts and critiques the U.S. Congress 1995 flat tax proposals with the 1986 tax format. The research also discusses the benefits and disadvantages of each for taxpayers. The Armey-Shelby flat tax, the most well known of the flat tax proposals, is based on the supply-side economics of former Housing and Urban Development Secretary Jack F. Kemp, who co-authored the Reagan tax cuts in 1981. Most of the flat tax proposals are similar in nature. All make major changes to the current tax code, which is based on the Tax Reform Act of 1986. The flat tax propositions are the first major proposed revisions of the Tax Code since that act.
The Tax Reform Act of 1986 was the first significant revision of the tax code since World War II, when the tax code was converted into a broad-based tax (Snow, 1992, p. 139). It..."
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Flat Tax and Sales Tax, 1999.
Examines pros and cons of the fairness and effectiveness of two consumption-based reforms to correct deficiences and injustices in the tax system.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 17 sources, AU$ 126.95
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From the Paper
"This research paper examines the potential advantages and disadvantages from a public policy standpoint of various types of consumption-based taxes which have been proposed to remedy the deficiencies of the current federal tax system. A flat tax, rigorously applied, would be far superior to the present system because it would be simpler, fairer, a more efficient way of collecting public revenues and consistent with optimizing economic growth. However, it would benefit disproportionately higher income individual taxpayers, certain property owners and business generally and impose crushing burdens on lower income and many middle income taxpayers who depend on personal services income for maintaining their way of life and who consume most of..."
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Real and Intellectual Property Law Briefs, 2006.
A case study reviewing a real property case and an intellectual property case.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
This essay contains two case briefs, one for a real property case and one for an intellectual property case. Furthermore it answers six questions which the customer wanted included. The questions deal with real and intellectual property law.
From the Paper
"Facts: The city of New London, Connecticut was in need of economic revitalization so when the Pfizer corporation began to construct a new facility on the outskirts of a residential neighborhood, the city reactivated "the New London Development Corporation, a private entity under the control of the city government, to consider plans to redevelop the Fort Trumbull neighborhood and encourage new economic activities that might be brought by the Pfizer plant" (Kelo, 2006, p. 3). The corporation came up with a development plan which the city approved. The corporation offered to purchase the lots of Fort Trumbull which it would need, however some owners of the properties did not wish to sell."
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The Origins and Consequences of Private Property, 2001.
This paper is a comparison and contrasting of Locke and Rousseau's ideas on how private property came about.
2,375 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the different philosophies of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke with regards to the origination of the concept of private property. The author discusses how the philosophers differed in terms of defining human nature. The paper explores Locke's "Second Treatise of Government" and Rousseau's "Discourse on the Origin of Inequality".
From the Paper:
"In John Locke's book, "Second Treatise of Government," Locke sketches out a brief history of man in the state of nature and his progression from simple land dweller to land owner. In this description, Locke explains how the concept of property is necessary to human preservation and that property becomes property by having applied work, or effort upon an object. Locke explains that every man has property in his own person, and that nobody has any right to that property but that person."
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Locke And Hobbes On Property - A Natural Right?, 2002.
This paper discusses property as discussed by John Locke and Thomas Hobbes.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
It focuses mainly on the latter's views, but uses Hobbes as a point of comparison. In his "Two Treatises of Government" (1690), Locke sets forth a view that the state exists to preserve national rights of citizens. This was significant in his views on property, as we will see. Property is inherently the joining of the earth - which is common to all men - and the application of one's body - or his/her labor. The fruit of that union is considered property by Locke, who goes onto argue that property was, therefore, a natural right. Hobbes, on the other hand, argued that property was the effect of the commonwealth, which exists only through civil laws given by the sovereign. This essay will argue that Locke's account of the methods of and limits of property acquisition in the state of nature differ from those of Hobbes. Locke argued that property was a natural right; Hobbes did not.
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The United Kingdom Property Market, 2004.
An analysis of the property market trends in the United Kingdom.
11,806 words (approx. 47.2 pages), 23 sources, MLA, AU$ 364.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the current trends in the British property market. The paper examines the possible contributors to the problems evident in the market, including governmental, business and even societal factors. It does this by searching the business and consumer press to elicit insights into the operative factors affecting the property market in the U.K. at present. The paper then assesses the marketing strategies used or proposed for property or other similar service industries to arrive at two conclusions: The probable shape of the property market vis-a-vis letting agents in the near and medium terms and the probable best marketing strategies for success in those markets.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Current Influences on UK Property Market
The State of Commercial Properties
Possible Aftermath of Government Actions
Causes of Boom, Bust and Static Property Markets
Approaching Marketing from the Product Development Level
Literature Review
Housing Per Se
Property Marketing
Interviews
Conclusion
Recommendations
From the Paper
"The past several years have seen a booming property market in the UK, with some interesting effects on the rental market. An unusually large number of upscale young people comprised a new segment of the rental market as they found themselves priced out of ownership. These would-be UK buyers have tended to buy where it was affordable to do so, and rent back home. It is possible, however, that in the predicted near-term economic correction, a sort of entry to a new level of stasis, that this trend may also level off, or even disappear. However, that is not certain: it may be that the correction, due to other market forces either cultural or generational, will help things remain, in rental housing, much as they were in 2001 through 2004. On the other hand, virtually all economists predict a trend change in 2005, so it would be wise for rental agents to be aware of the shape of that trend change, and to have at hand the tools and skills needed to surmount whatever changes occur."
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John Locke and Private Property, 2002.
Examines the views of philosopher John Locke on the subject of property.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
John Locke wrote at a time of social unrest and questioning, at a time when the long-standing sovereignty of kings as ordained by God was being questioned. Locke did not see the power of kings as derived from the will of God but rather as developing as the result of some social condition. The paper shows that Locke asked first what state man would be in if there were no government and he found that human beings originated in the state of nature, the state that existed before human beings came together to form a society and a government. It shows that Locke saw this state of nature as placing the individual into a state of perfect freedom, with no necessity to ask any other person before determining his or her own actions or disposing of their own property. Property was an essential element in Locke's thinking, with the relationship of the individual to his property as being of paramount importance. The paper shows that the ownership of property was seen as a fundamental right, meaning that it was a right born in the state of nature. For Locke, the defense of individual liberty is inseparable from the defense of private property.
From the Paper
"The individual in society does not have absolute freedom, showing that something has been lost from the state of nature. Locke sees human beings as having agreed to give up certain rights and powers through some form of agreement. Society is thus formed when men cede certain powers to a central authority. Private property rights are to be protected by this state that has been created--human beings have given up certain rights in order to assure the protection of their property from the depredations of others. Locke traces the concept of private property from the time when God gave the world to Adam and his posterity. Locke sees political power as being "for the regulating and preserving of property" (Locke 4), among other things."
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Intellectual Property Rights, 2006.
An overview of intellectual property rights and how they affect businesses.
1,270 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
Several countries, while ratifying the agreement with regard to establishment of the World Trade Organization, also ratified the inherent Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. The paper shows that intellectual property rights can conveniently be divided into two main fields - copyrights (or rights related to copyright) and industrial policy. The paper explains that the safeguard of intellectual property is considered as a crucial factor for economic growth and advancement in the high technology sector; they are beneficial to business and assist the public as a whole. The paper shows, however, that several problems arise from the enforcement of intellectual property rights particularly with regards to ownership of information. These include copyrights, patents, trademarks, trade secrets, design rights and plant breeders' rights for which an alternative has to be found.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Intellectual Property Rights
What are Intellectual Property Rights?
What National and Global Directives Govern their Enforcement?
What are the Implications for Business?
What Can/Should be Done?
References
From the Paper
"The intellectual property rights have been guaranteed by law and can conveniently be transferred, sold, authorized for rent and in some nations even mortgaged, in much the same way as physical property particularly real property. However, the rights have some confinements incorporating the limitations and other considerations of issues like their contradiction with the fundamental rights and the codified provisions in force. The legal issues involving intellectual property rights have two dimensions."
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Intellectual Property.
This paper discusses intellectual property and its protection.
3,465 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 25 sources, MLA, AU$ 155.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, based on the U.S. Constitution, intellectual property law protects under six categories, including 1) copyright, 2) patent, 3) trademark, 4) trade secret, 5) misappropriation of information at state levels, and 6) semiconductor chip protection at the federal level. The author points out that the concept of intellectual property originated in Venice, where the government granted some form of exclusive rights to the respective inventors in the 15th century. Copyright laws have existed in the United States since the late 18th century, but it was only in the beginning of the 20th century that Congress realized the importance of revising the laws. The paper relates that an effective knowledge management system allows a business to effortlessly keep track of innovation in its earliest research and development stage, allowing the company's upper hierarchy to identify innovation and maintain its confidentiality.
Table of Contents
Intellectual Property
Intellectual Property Violations
Protection of Intellectual Property
Knowledge Management System
Patent
Trademark
Trade Secrets
Copyrights
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Intellectual property is an important asset for a company. According to Su (2000) "Intellectual property rights are defined as governmental protection of private innovations and creativity." Every company has to fight to retain and protect its intellectual property. Intellectual Property is hypothetically a reference to the creation of the mind. It is an intangible piece of property that solely belongs to the company that developed it. They have the legal right to own it as a lot of time and resources have been spent developing it. Intellectual property can be anything like copyrighted work, patented invention or a trademark."
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