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Pharmaceutical Public Relations, 2005.
This paper examines the public relations practices of three pharmaceutical companies: Merck and its product VIOXX, Pfizer and its product Celebrex and Johnson & Johnson and its Direct-to-the-Consumer (DTC) marketing campaign.
3,000 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 148.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that companies often encounter ethical issues and product problems, which open them to criticism and challenge; therefore, the way they handle the issue can help or hinder their public relations process and the image the public has of the company. The author points out that, in general, companies, which take responsibility quickly and work to get out all the facts, fare better than those that stonewall, which for many executives seems to be their first action as in the case of both Merck and its product VIOXX, Pfizer and its product Celebrex. The paper praises Johnson & Johnson's Direct-to-the-Consumer (DTC) marketing campaign because it shows concern for what concerns its customers and offering the consumer information to be used in making decisions; however, the same danger applies if a problem erupts, but the strategy fits well with current public attitudes and with business methods that burnish a company's image.
From the Paper
"Critics of Pfizer note not only that the company may have had information on the dangers long before the issue was revealed and did nothing but that the company advertised in a way that minimized any risks and so lulled the public into accepting the safety of the product:
Several of the medical experts convened last month by the Food and Drug Administration to review Vioxx, Pfizer Inc.'s Celebrex and related painkillers lashed out against advertising that minimized the risks of the medicines and led many patients to use them unnecessarily."
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Crisis Communication in Public Relations, 2005.
This paper discusses the crisis communication strategies used by Merck, Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson in problems marketing their specific controversial products.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 123.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Merck's culpability lies in the fact that fully six years before the drug VIOXX was withdrawn from the market, they continued to attempt to dodge and deny rather than holding detailed studies on the cardiovascular risks of the drugs, which has made Merck so vulnerable to court action today. The author points out that when Pfizer Pharmaceuticals found itself in similar trouble with Celebrex, it should have re-submitted Celebrex for safety trial specific to cardiovascular events to the FDA; instead Pfizer, like Merck, bet that marketing the risk versus benefit profile of the drug would be sufficient. The paper relates that Johnson and Johnson plans to make direct to consumer (DTC) advertisements for drugs, such as Levitra and Viagra, more informative; however, the paper stresses that the best decision about whether or not a drug is right for a patient should be left to the physician and his or her patient, not a 30 second television advertisement.
Table of Contents
Merck and VIOXX
Pfizer and Celebrex
Johnson & Johnson and DTC (Direct to Consumer) Marketing
From the Paper
"In this case, it is difficult to asses whether Pfizer was being coy surrounding the potential risks of Celebrex or was simply under the impression that the drugs, while sharing the same class and mechanism of action, did not hold the same cardiovascular risks. This assumption could be held up when one thinks of the release of the non-sedating antihistamine Seldane in the 1990s. This drug, originally containing a black box warning (the highest warning made by the FDA) against concurrent use with certain antifungal and antibiotic drugs, was later removed from the market due to a propensity to cause a fatal heart rhythm. A popular drug, it was soon reformulated and is now widely available even as an over-the-counter preparation without these side effects. It could be possible that Pfizer truly felt the initial studies were flawed, but the manner in which they chose to disseminate the data from the first study would seem somewhat underhanded in nature."
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Public Interest or Public Best Interest, 2002.
A study of the topic of what is the 'best public interest' compared to 'public interest' and the role of the public administrator.
1,810 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
The paper shows the difficulty the public administrator is faced with when deciding what is the ?public interest? or ?public best interest? and that sometimes the administrator has to make decisions based on the community ?best? interests or the ?objective control of administration?. Sections of the paper include: Pluralists and the Public Administrator, The Public as Consumers, The Public as Represented, The Public as Client and the Public as Citizen.
From the Paper
"Other examples can be commercials. If a child sees cereal with a toy in it, he/she will beg and cry until the mother buys the cereal. The mother may know this is not the ?best interest? of the child because it lacks important vitamins or may be full of sugar. The commercial has placed value on knowing children will see the commercial and will talk their parents into buying it. The interest of the children is met, but not the ?best? interest of the children."
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The Shift from ?Old Public Administration? to ?New Public Management', 2002.
This in-depth paper seeks to clarify, thoroughly explain and critically debate the idea as to whether there is a shift from old styles of Public Administration to new styles under the name New Public Management (NPM).
10,115 words (approx. 40.5 pages), 21 sources, MLA, AU$ 343.95
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Abstract
The main tenets of NPM are explored and their application to the U.S., New Zealand, and the U.K. is documented. The application of the NPM to developing countries of Africa, Latin America, South East Asia and the Anglophone Caribbean is also evaluated for their strengths and weaknesses.
From the Paper
"Like the Traditional bureaucracy, the New Public Management approach is yet another ?problem-solving tool? in the schema of public administration, that has emerged with a style of ordering the delivery of public goods and services, however, with a different method in mind. In discussing the so-called ?shift? from Old or Traditional forms of Public Administration, or as some such as Christopher Hood term it, Progressive Public Administration, quite a number of circumstances, situations, contexts as well as a variety of explanations should be proffered and assessed. One needs to critically examine the concept of a shift to New Public Management. The term ?shift?, if one is not careful, could indicate a sharp distinction in the change from Old to New styles of Public Management, or a leap from one paradigm to the other excluding essential features of the old, by replacing such features of the old with the new. This is certainly not the case. It should be noted tentatively, that New Public Management, as Hood, Patrick Dunleavy and others will later confirm, not only exists alongside other aspects of the traditional Model, but also that other features of other ?Intermediate Models? such as those of the Management, Comparative Development and the influences of earlier Market Models, still persist alongside NPM."
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Advertising vs. Publicity in Public Relations., 2002.
A comparison of the importance of advertising versus publicity in the PR world.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper will seek to understand the differences between the advertising aspect of Public Relations, and the publicity aspect of the PR world. By understanding the differences, we can see how both serve a specific function in PR.
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Public Space and the Public Individual, 2002.
A review of the book "Writing/Interviews" by the artist Richard Serra.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
This essay is a review artist Richard Serra's (1994) book, "Writing/Interviews". At the heart of the book is a broad social question about the identity of the public, and the location of public space. This essay considers the political conflicts that emerge in relation to Serra's destroyed public installation, "Tilted Arc." This controversy works as a profound metaphor that concerns the relationship between the public and the institutions that design space for the public. It is a question of ownership and basic issues of freedom, and how these are woven into the social structures that organize public movement and perspective.
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"Public Administration & Public Affairs "( Nicholas Henry ), 1996.
Critical review of work on public management methodologies & techniques & policy formulation & implementation.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, AU$ 80.95
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From the Paper
" The purpose of this research is to review the book by Nicholas Henry, entitled Public Administration and Public Affairs (1995). This review will analyze the central themes of the work and address its strengths and weaknesses.
Henry begins by explaining the role of public bureaucracy and public administration in democratic society. He notes that bureaucracy and democracy are in fact antithetical. Bureaucracy tends to be hierarchical in nature and elitist. Democracy, on the other hand, tends to be egalitarian in nature. But in order for a democratic society to function properly, the bureaucracy and democracy must be reconciled (p. 1). Bureaucracy represents the technological elite, the body of persons skilled in how to get things done. The democratic mass is charged with determining the direction of public policy, but it is the skilled.."
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Public Relations, Publicity and Advertising, 2002.
A comparison of the three fields.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper defines and differentiates between public relations, publicity and advertising.
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Public Communications and Public Relations, 2005.
Admission essay for the Westminster University program.
977 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author explains why she so desires to attend the University of Westminster. The author describes her background and interest in languages and the translation process as well as her special interest in the translation of technical language. The author also explains why she is a qualified applicant for the university.
From the Paper
"The art and craft of translation is my passion, and how the multitudes of the languages I speak and seek to perfect can be merged into the communications field shall become the passion of my future. I have longed love the translation process involved in translating one foreign language into another. My native language is Italian, but I am also well versed in English and Spanish. My degree thesis was entitled "The Casebook of Forensic Detection," under the supervision of Professor Adriana Bisirri. It was a work of scientific translation, but I tried to make it one of literary merit as well as clinical accuracy, under the watchful eye of Professor Bisirri."
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Public Administration: Public and Private Management, 1993.
Discusses the various arguments and approaches toward reorganization of government services through privatization and other approaches.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 120.95
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From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION
The debate over the need to reorganize government and how best to accomplish that has been raging in academic and public administration circles for some time, but the debate has become a national and very public issue first because of the considerable dissatisfaction expressed in recent years on the part of much of the public with their public institutions and leaders and second because of the present effort by the Clinton Administration to do something about it. With the announcement early in September of Vice-President Gore's analysis of the issue and his recommendations for change, the debate is likely to become more heated in the months to come. One complaint has been that government is inefficient, especially when compared with the ..."
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Quality Initiatives in the Pharmaceutical Industry, 2002.
An analysis of the enormous demands placed on the pharmaceutical industry by the public and government agencies.
2,980 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 147.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the pharmaceutical industry's role as one of the largest contributors to economic growth in the United States. It illustrates the tremendous pressure the pharmaceutical industry is under, to meet the increasing demands for their product and maintain the quality standards of the regulatory agencies. The writer explains why it is in the best interest of the industry to attempt to maintain the high standards placed on them.
From the Paper
"According the US Business Reporter (2002), annual spending on prescription drugs is expanding at close to 14% on and annual basis. Several companies and drugs have led this increase, particularly Warner-Lambert's Lipitor, Eli Lilly's Zyprexa, Monsanto/ Pfizer's Celebrex, and Merck's Vioxx (US Business Reporter, 2002). The same article notes that the pharmaceutical industry typically operates on a 14-15% profit margin. This makes the pharmaceutical industry one of the largest contributors to economic growth in the Untied States."
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Quality Management in the Pharmaceutical Industry, 2004.
Presents a literature review relating to the issue of total quality management (TQM) in the pharmaceutical industry.
2,267 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 17 sources, APA, AU$ 118.95
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Abstract
Good manufacturing practices (GMP) are considered part of the quality control system for companies producing pharmaceutical products. GMP principles aim to ensure the regular production for products that conform to the health standards required from regulatory bodies. GMP provides the general basics to determine the minimum acceptable requirements for the production at good products, covering all the activities related to the production process. This paper hypothesizes that, although ISO 9000 certification, which is the world-wide quality management and quality assurance standard, is not required for pharmaceutical companies, only those with a company culture mature and ethical enough to implement TQM successfully will be able to successfully implement GMP (industry-specific standard). There has been a great deal of confusion concerning whether being in compliance with the pharmaceutical GMP would successfully lead to obtaining ISO certification with minimum changes and costs, or whether achieving ISO certification is going to be a long and expensive road. This paper hypothesizes that the ultimate success of a company?s ISO program will not depend solely on how well-defined its quality system is, but rather its commitment to maintaining GMP.
From the Paper
"In general, this is mainly because the companies have not taken seriously enough the fact that TQM involves a cultural change for the organization. It creates a shift in power between boss and employee. Many managers, especially those who were inadequately trained, have seen employees as accessories to their jobs - as people to be told what to do. People who are disempowered often fail to take initiative in identifying process or sub-component faults. According to the laws of human nature, employees treated this way will leave a great deal of work to be handled by management. According to the theories of TQM, managers have to learn to support, encourage and listen."
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The Pharmaceutical Industry, 2005.
This paper discusses the economics of the pharmaceutical industry.
3,130 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 153.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the intellectual property embodied in a drug is an extremely valuable asset for a pharmaceutical company, and its continued protection is directly related to the company's long-term success or failure. The author points out that Pfizer, the leading pharmaceutical company, has three main business practices and goals, which have overcome successfully the uncertainty in drug development and competitive pressures: (1) Extraordinary portfolio management practices, (2) security of daily management of resources and (3) profitable research and development. The paper relates that, in 1984 Congress passed of the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act, known as the Hatch-Waxman Act, which weakened patent law for pharmaceuticals making it easier for generic copies to enter the market.
Table of Contents
Intellectual Property
Risk and Resource Management
Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration (Hatch-Waxman) Act
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
Amendments to the 1938 Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
From the Paper
"As a result, a high average level of intellectual property protection is economically beneficial. The benefits of strong intellectual property protection are greater in the pharmaceutical industry than they are in other industries, because pharmaceutical firms rely more on patents to protect intellectual property than firms in other industries. When a drug becomes generic as the result of a lost patent, the price goes down, although the demand may remain the same. A less costly drug decreases profits for a pharmaceutical company, which in turn would use the additional profits to invest in their risk and development fund to search for new medicines and cures. Patent law gives pharmaceutical researchers the basic incentive to conduct research and discover new cures."
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Social Responsibility of Pharmaceutical Companies, 2004.
Study of the ethics of pharmaceutical companies when conducting business and promoting their products.
5,370 words (approx. 21.5 pages), 32 sources, MLA, AU$ 222.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses several questions concerning the ethical conduct of pharmaceutical companies. The paper considers whether doctors that sit on the boards of companies can be impartial when they make decisions to financially back research/drugs of the pharmaceutical company they represent, as well as what should be the corporate responsibility of the pharmaceutical companies. Also considered is whether pharmaceutical companies have systems in place to keep them ethically responsible and if advertising by pharmaceutical companies actually creates a demand for prescriptions when no need actually exists. Numerous graphs and tables are included.
From the Paper
"Indeed, one of the unique aspects of advertising prescription pharmaceuticals is the caveat ?Ask your doctor?. The consumer cannot go out and directly purchase the product (note that via the internet this is now possible), but traditionally must receive a physician?s endorsement by way of a prescription. The pharmaceutical industry uses this reasoning to defend its promotional tactics, claiming that because doctors ultimately authorize prescriptions the public is insulated from deceptive advertising. Yet research indicates that doctors are likely to prescribe drugs patients request under increasing pressure. Patients often insist on brand names over generic drugs, some of which are just as effective and less costly."
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The Japanese-American Bio-pharmaceutical Industry, 2002.
An insight into the Japanese-American bio-pharmaceutical industry and the availability of drugs in each country.
20,023 words (approx. 80.1 pages), 44 sources, MLA, AU$ 419.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the Japanese-American bio-pharmaceutical industry represents an ongoing international effort between the two top pharmaceutical markets in the world. It looks at why a number of pharmaceutical products that are currently available to U.S. residents are unavailable to Japanese consumers and how from a humanitarian perspective, this discrepancy denies access to life-enhancing and life-saving drugs to the Japanese population. It proposes a study to evaluate how the United States and Japan can work collaboratively to optimize the availability of ethical pharmaceuticals so that every American and Japanese citizen is permitted free access to life-enhancing and life-saving drugs.
Outline
List of Tables
List of Figures
Chapters
1.Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Importance of the Problem
Definition of Terms
Limitations and Delimitations
2.Review of the Literature
1990 to 1996
1997 to 2002
3.Methodology
Research Design
The Hypothesis
Special Tests
Statistical Procedures Used
Data Gathering
Population Descriptions
4. Results
Statement of the Results
Tables
Charts
Figures
Statistical Findings
5.Summary
Conclusions
Supporting Findings
Contradicting Findings
Recommendations
Additional Research
Implications for Revising the Current Body of Knowledge
Change in Related Practices
Appendices
From the Paper
"Regardless of the strategic tools that are utilized for a meaningful entry into U.S. markets as well as growth, Japanese firms must increasingly rely on local staff. Depending on local staff to manage their business, and providing those managers with sufficient opportunities and incentives, is a management challenge that Japanese pharmaceutical manufacturers have yet to overcome, especially in the United States. This will require a modification of management methods throughout the firm, including domestic headquarters. Such changes will be slow and will be resisted; we expect the issue of bicultural management to be a struggle for most Japanese pharmaceutical firms throughout the 1990s. This ?people issue? also involves a number of organizational matters that many of these firms are now attempting to manage."
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Pharmaceutical Industry, 2006.
This paper discusses how the pharmaceutical industry affects the U.S. economy.
1,140 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the global growth of the pharmaceutical industry and at the important part it plays in the U.S. economy. The writer notes that the United States accounts for 46 percent of the world's pharmaceutical market. The writer discusses the volume and cost of prescriptions dispensed in the United States.
The fact that the pharmaceutical industry is one of the most dynamic and largest sectors in the U.S. economy is examined in this paper. Further, the writer looks at the biotechnology and research fields in this regard. The writer concludes by looking at the growth in employment within the pharmaceutical industry.
From the Paper
"In 1995, the total retail cost of the prescriptions dispensed in the United States advanced 13.9 percent to $64.6 billion, and in terms of prescription volume, the retail market grew 8.3 percent with 1,235,708,000 and 912,565,000 new and refill prescriptions, respectively, dispensed. The pharmaceutical industry continues to look for innovative ways to reach new customers, for according to the Task Force for Compliance of the National Pharmaceutical Council, "noncompliant patients cost the U.S. economy an estimated $100 billion yearly in lost productivity and extra medical costs, not to mention lost product sales." To target the problem of under use, the industry implements disease management programs, as well as patient-focused education and promotional programs."
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