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Middle East Oil, 2003.
Presents an analysis of Middle-Eastern oil-producing nations.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
The paper shows how Middle Eastern oil nations use revenues from oil to meet basic human needs in their countries. It examines social welfare programs, the improvement of quality of life for citizens, and the creation of housing and improved water and sanitation.
From the Paper
"Oil and Social Welfare Programs in the Middle East
When Middle East oil production, reserves, and revenues are discussed, the discussion often focuses on the ways in which oil impacts upon international affairs and the global economic and geopolitical ..."
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Oil and Social Welfare in the Middle East, 2003.
Compares the use of oil revenues by various Middle Eastern states toward social welfare programs.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and compares the use of oil revenues in various oil-rich Middle Eastern countries such as Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Dubai, Bahrain and Abu Dhabai. The paper studies how the various countries fund -- or chose not to fund -- social welfare programs. The paper examines how the use of oil revenues impact issues of state ownership over social welfare programs, as well as political and religious tensions.
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The Middle East and Foreign Policies, 2005.
A discussion on the effects on foreign policy after the discovery of oil reserves in the Middle East.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper claims that it was not until the discovery that the Middle East was rich with oil reserves that the countries of the United States, England, France and the Soviet Union became significantly involved in the region. It explains that it was with this discovery, however, that foreign policies were no longer about mere relations with countries, as much as they were about protecting oil interests in countries that brought them riches. It contends that when oil became the most prominent factor for these nations their loyalties to one another were tested, their goals were altered and tensions with the Middle East became inevitable.
From the Paper
"It was not until the discovery that the Middle East was rich with oil reserves that the countries of the United States, England, France, and the Soviet Union became significantly involved in the region. It was with this discovery, however, that foreign policies were no longer about mere relations with countries, as much as they were about protecting oil interests in countries that brought them riches. When oil became the most prominent factor for these nations their loyalties to one another were tested, their goals were altered, and tensions with the Middle East became inevitable. United States foreign policy in the Middle East became significant in the 1920s due to the interest in oil that was promising in the region. Standard Oil and Texaco, two American oil companies, won bids to begin the exploration for oil in Saudi Arabia in the early 1930s, finally ..."
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Conflict in the Middle East, 2005.
A discussion on why the Middle East can be considered a conflict area.
26,575 words (approx. 106.3 pages), 40 sources, MLA, AU$ 323.95
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Abstract
Over the last hundred years, the Middle East has been one of the most troubled regions in the world. This paper attempts to define the attributes for success in the modern world that the Arab community lacks such as freedom, knowledge and woman power and how these impact the current political situation.
Outline
Islam Causes Conflict in the Middle East
Islam Does Not Cause Conflict in the Middle East
The Arab-Israeli Dispute Causes Conflict in the Middle East
Israeli Leadership Contributes to Conflict in the Middle East
Palestinian Leadership Contributes to Conflict in the Middle East
Lack of Democracy Contributes to Conflict in the Middle East
Oil Profits Cause Conflict in the Middle East
Water Scarcity Could Cause Conflict in the Middle East
From the Paper
"Sharon has spent years trying to erase the stain of the Lebanon War. Still, the legal defeat would seem to be the least of his troubles. After he won the premiership by promising to bring peace and security to Israel's citizens, Sharon has produced neither. The conflict with the Palestinians continues to escalate. The day of the court ruling, four Israelis died in Palestinian attacks; the following day, six soldiers died in a strike against an army roadblock. Sharon responded with a rare speech to the nation--in which he disappointed all expectations that he would announce a new policy direction. Among voters, confidence that he has a strategy is bleeding away. In one Israeli public-opinion poll, 29 percent of respondents said that Sharon had a clear plan, while 58 percent said he was simply reacting to events."
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Joel Beinin's "Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East", 2005.
This paper discuses Joel Beinin's "Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East", a modern history of the Middle East from the perspective of the changing peasant and urban artisan classes and the emerging modern working-classes.
1,880 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Joel Beinin's "Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East" begins in 1750, which marks the start of modern history for the Middle East because of (1) the rise of autonomous provincial regimes, (2) the expansion of agricultural production and (3) the intensification of links between several parts of the Ottoman Empire and the world capitalist market. The author points out that Beinin argues that industrial manufacturing was introduced to the Middle East as part of a drive to establish modern armies and extend the power of the states. The paper relates that Beinin considers the period after the collapse of global oil prices in 1985-86, when states became unable to provide previously established levels of services, thus creating an economic and moral vacuum, as the beginning of the political Islamic movements of establishing a popular base by offering social services, including education, health care and child care.
From the Paper
"During the era of Fordism-Keynesianism many Middle Eastern states pursued policies of populism, nationalist anti-imperialism, state-led economic development, and import-substitution industrialization. Some examples of this post-World War II trend he cites were Muhammad Mossadegh's nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in 1951 and Egypt's nationalization of the Suez Canal Company in 1956. State-led development and import-substitution industrialization were key components of the social policies advanced by Gamal 'Abd al-Nasir in Egypt, the Ba'th in Syria and Iraq and the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) from the 1950s to the 1970s. The political and economic programs of these authoritarian-populist regimes were designated "Arab nationalism" and "Arab socialism" respectively."
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U.S Middle East Policy, 2007.
A look at the argument that U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East
is based primarily on securing the flow of affordable oil.
3,467 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that American foreign policy towards the Middle East is dictated by oil and that weapons of mass destruction are used as an excuse to impose American will on those that disobey American oil interests. It argues that a continuation of such a policy will only result in making the threat of weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East a reality and that countries that cannot counter the immediate and direct threat that America imposes on its regimes if they do not offer a pro-American oil policy have no choice but to develop weapons of mass destruction.
From the Paper
"A major argument for the United States going to war was that Iraq not only had the capabilities to build weapons of mass destruction, but that the program was well under way and that Iraq had connection to terrorist organizations that were capable of utilizing those weapons on American soil. This was a lie and this has been proven to be a lie. No weapons of mass destruction were found and there were no ties between the Iraqi Regime and Al Qaeda. But before we discuss the current war lets go back a few years and take a look at America's decisions or perhaps a lack of decisions to show that the current conflict in Iraq was not because of security risks inherent to the area, but because of American imperialist tendencies. "
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Water Conflict in the Middle East, 2002.
An overview of the growing shortage of water in the Middle East and its effect on regional politics.
849 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the next conflict in the Middle East may be over water, not oil. It discusses how, with fast-growing populations to feed, Middle Eastern countries are looking anxiously at where they will find the water for agriculture and industry. It looks at how the water problem has come, in the recent years, to the forefront in the relations among the countries of the Middle East and occupies an important place on the agenda of several international organizations.
Outline
The General Situation
Turkey vs. Syria and Iraq
Israel vs. Lebanon
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A 1998 conflict over water nearly resulted in war. Syria was upset over a Turkish scheme to build a string of dams cross the Upper Euphrates as part of its South East Anatolia Project, which was depriving Syria of water on which its agriculture so heavily depends. The Syrians complained not only about the quantities released but also the quality. The series of dams built by Turkey upstream on the Euphrates means that the water reaching Syria had been used several times for irrigation, thus increasing salinity and harming crops, as well as causing erosion on the banks since it ran faster after being deprived of silt."
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The Middle East in Transition, 2007.
This paper studies how the Middle East has emerged as one the fastest developing economies in the new globalization of the world.
6,676 words (approx. 26.7 pages), 21 sources, MLA, AU$ 197.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the economic transformation of Dubai, Qatar, Kuwait and Israel. The paper shows how these leading examples are creating a new, major and positive economic influence, within the new order of the Middle East, that will influence the global economy. The paper reveals that the most challenging part of change needed to support the continued growth of the Middle East lies on the political front.
Outline:
Introduction and Overview
Oil Based Economies
Saudi Arabia's Rise
The Dubai Model
The Qatar Model
The Israeli Model
Competitive Edge
Tourism Strategy
Banking Development
Communication and Technological Developments
Media and Press
Critique of the Region
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The Middle East attained its world economic importance due to the vast reserves of oil and natural gas in the region. The economies of most these countries were enhanced, either directly or indirectly, by the economic foundation of the vast oil resources in the region. However, with the passage of time and particularly since the late 1960s, the region has established its own peculiar identity in the global economy."
"The transformation of a region known for it natural resources and credited with providing energy for much of the world, has seen the emergence of an economic complex not totally dependent on oil. Saudi Arabia serves as good example of this economic diversification. While Saudi Arabia is well-known as the world's largest exporters of crude oil, however"...hydrocarbons are not the only significant part of the kingdom's fast expanding diversifying economy in which the non-oil industrial sector grew by an estimated 10 per cent in 2006." ( Saudi non-oil exports build new economy)."
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U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East Since 1991, 2006.
A critical look at the changing U.S. policy in the Middle East since 1991.
3,419 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 16 sources, MLA, AU$ 125.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author takes a critical look at the changing U.S. policy in the Middle East since 1991. He examines how prior to 1991, American policy was aimed primarily at using some countries led by Israel as a bulwark against communism in the Cold War years. He highlights that with the end of a bipolar world there was a radical shift in American policy towards the Middle East. The paper examines how this was brought about by the threat America saw to its most vital interest -oil in the region as a result of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait; at the same time, with the sudden demise of the hitherto counterbalancing factor, the Soviet Union, the stage was set for a decisive policy. In conclusion, the author argues that the American policy of planting democracy in societies that do not have the necessary preconditions and institutional frameworks of accepting and absorbing the system could mean risking backlashes and other actions.
From the Paper
"In the absence of the Soviet factor, American policy in the Middle East has become more intrusive; American policy could have a positive impact if its moves towards establishing its policy are perceived as being salutary. A prime test case of this policy is the way its role is seen in the Israeli-Palestine issue. (Cantori, 1994, p. 452) The immediate years after the Gulf War led to a hyperactive engagement in the region under president Bill Clinton, for whom resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict was a principal goal. In his presidency, America assumed the role of an 'honest broker' in bringing about a peaceful settlement of issues bedevilling the region. However, before substantial headway was made, a new regime took guard under Bush Jr., under whom the same vigour was not enforced. American interventionism, which became low-key under the new dispensation, has led to suspicion in Arab quarters that America, with its uncompromising tilt towards Israel, has not been the 'honest broker' that it promised to be."
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U.S. Interests in the Middle East., 2002.
A discussion of America's role in the Middle East.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
A paper concerning the topic of the conflict in the Middle East and U.S. interests. The paper claims that the United States is interested because of national security, oil and Israel.
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The US and the Middle East, 2007.
This paper describes the motives influencing US policy in the Middle East.
973 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explores US policy in the Middle East over the last half-century. Several factors that have influenced American diplomatic policy in the region are considered, including the threat of communism and the US reliance on oil. Special consideration is given to the end of the Cold War and its impact on US policy toward Israel and the Arab nations. The paper cites the delicate diplomacy the United States must employ in the region, between appeasing the oil-rich Saudi kingdom, rooting out international terrorism, and maintaining ties with Israel, a democratic ally.
From the Paper
"The Soviet Union's dissolution caused a seismic change in the world geopolitical scene, as it spelled the decline of the bipolar balance of power in the world. However, although it called into question a number of the polices of the United States, it could be argued that the collapse of the Soviet Union, ideologically, had less of an impact upon the Middle East than the rise of Islamic fundamentalism. Communism had never been a formidable force in the Middle East, unlike Latin America. But it is true that in practical terms of foreign aid, the coming to prominence of fundamentalist regimes in the Middle East in Iran was partially enabled by the decline of Soviet influence, cash and power backing up some regimes, as in Afghanistan. Renegade groups and states in their wrangling for power in the region often used old Soviet weapons, now traded on the black market."
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Foreign Policy towards the Middle East, 2007.
This paper explains what must be the goals of the U.S. administration's future Middle Eastern policy.
1,247 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that the the goals of future U.S. Middle Eastern policy should be peace, the promise of a new United States image in the region, and greater independence from the nations that would cause harm. The writer then argues that the three main goals of the next administration should and must be to begin to bring the current conflict in Iraq to a successful or at least manageable political and diplomatic solution rather than a military conclusion, to facilitate new negotiations between the Israelis and Palestinians and finally to reduce U.S. dependence on Middle Eastern oil. The writer concludes that diplomacy and acting multilaterally must be the goal, both of the U.S. policy in its phased withdrawal from Iraq and also in continuing to strive to broker an effective peace between the Israelis and the Palestinians.
From the Paper
"At present, Iraq is a failed state and American military policy is a failed policy. The Iraqi government cannot protect its people, deliver services, collect revenues, or administer its laws. Renegade Iraqi militias are the real legal powers. Embedding more U.S. troops will simply result in further U.S. causalities. A diplomatic solution is the only hope."
"The goal of the next administration must be to create a representational Iraqi government over the next four years that is able to exert control over its oil reserves, force the militias to transfer military power to the state regime, and enforce minority rights. In exchange for turning over arms there will be amnesty for all combatants, to avoid diverting important resources into show trials that will only further divide the nation, as did the trial and execution of the former dictator Saddam Hussein."
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The United States and China: Struggle for Arab Oil, 2009.
A critical review of four articles written on the competition between China and the United States for both oil and influence in the Middle East.
3,007 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 114.95
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Abstract
This paper aims to identify some of the implications of China's determination to fuel its rapidly growing economy by entering into economic arrangements with Middle-Eastern States. The writer reviews Dan Blumenthal's article "China and the Middle East: Providing Arms," Jin Liangxiang's article "China and the Middle East: Energy First," Henry Lee and Dan A. Shalmon's article, "Searching for Oil China's Initiatives in the Middle East," and "Managing China-U.S. Energy Competition in the Middle East," by Brookings Institute Fellows Flynt Leverett and Jeffrey Bader, in order to showcase some of China's past oil investments and find out whether, in the first place, future tensions over oil due to China's initiatives are likely to arise, and, secondly, whether China's policies will inevitably conflict with Western interests. The writer examines the proposed questions and concludes that an affirmative answer to both can be found in all four articles, although different reasons are given in each article for a positive answer to the second question.
Outline:
A Review of the Articles
Do China's Initiatives Foreshadow a Future Full of Tensions Over Access to Oil?
Are China's Policies Inevitably in Conflict with Long-term Western Interests?
Criticisms
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Henry Lee and Dan A. Shalmon's article, Searching for Oil China's Initiatives in the Middle East discusses the geopolitical realities of China's efforts to enhance energy security. According to the authors, China's oil consumption nearly doubled in the last five years with nearly half of their supply coming from imported oil. Additionally, nearly half of its imports come from the Middle East. They argue that oil imports will double in the next decade. They discuss China's gradual shift from state controlled oil companies to those more profit oriented. This was a very good examination of the oil problem, as they went into depth about the great Chinese need for oil."
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Accounting in the Oil and Gas Industry, 2004.
This paper discusses financial accounting for the oil and gas industry in the Middle East.
4,972 words (approx. 19.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 175.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the oil and gas industry in the Middle East, specifically Oman. The author applies accounting for the industry.
From the Paper
"The focus of this paper is financial accounting for the oil and gas industry. While accounting in the oil and gas industry generally is discussed in this paper where appropriate and feasible certain perspectives are provides added emphasis. The first of these perspective sis the Sultanate of Oman. Where conditions or characteristics of either the oil and gas industry or the application of financial accounting in that industry differs markedly between the general industry and the industry in Oman such variations are identified ..."
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Oil and Tourism, 2006.
A discussion regarding the importance of tourism to the oil-producing nations of the Middle East.
2,730 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 105.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Middle Eastern countries like the United Arab Emirates, who are so rich in oil, still depend on tourism to boost their economy. The paper takes a look at how the petroleum producing and exporting nations of the Arabian Peninsula recognize that their countries are growing. And, as their populations expand, oil does not generate the same amount of wealth per-capita as it once did. The paper further discusses how terrorism and catastrophic events such as those of September 11, 2001 conjure up images of potentially devastating attacks on existing oilfields and facilities.
From the Paper
"Yet the infrastructure of tourism demands a great many instances of high capital investment. The capital-labor ratio is high compared to such businesses as insurance or real estate. Tourist accommodations - luxury hotels especially - require a high ratio of staff to consumer. The same goes for restaurants, shopping malls, and entertainment complexes - all of which are necessary to provide the services expected by international travelers. Nevertheless, while hotels and restaurants, for example, provide a return on investment well below the actual funds invested, other industries that bear subsidiary relationships to tourism and hospitality are especially remunerative. Trade, construction, and even handicrafts, all provide returns far in excess of one hundred percent. Each one of these fields can respond directly to a growth in tourism. Construction workers build the hotels, restaurants, and malls that cater to travelers and locals alike, while handicrafts have always been part of the stock-in-trade of the tourism industry. Handicrafts contribute to the "local color" and to foreign perceptions of the people of the United Arab Emirates. The relationship between trade and tourism is somewhat more complex. But it begins with the kinds of business conventions, sporting and cultural events that are adjuncts to many a traveler's visits to a foreign city or nation. Businesspeople can discover Dubai as tourists, and vice-versa. "
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Tourism in Dubai and UAE, 2004.
This paper investigates major issues relating to tourism development strategy in the UAE, especially Dubai, which is the best-known and the fastest-growing tourist area in the Middle East.
13,215 words (approx. 52.9 pages), 95 sources, MLA, AU$ 323.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the UAE is endowed with an extensive coastline fringed by white sandy beaches and a varied landscape suitable for a wide variety of activities from powerboat races to sand skiing to golf . The author suggests that, to draw more tourists to stay longer, increase spending, and make repeat visits, efforts need to be intensified to represent Dubai and UAE as exotic places with year-round events filled with a carnival atmosphere. This requires a well-planned and widely publicized tourism calendar throughout the year and well in advance. The paper stresses that tourism must be placed high on the national agenda and be given the same status as expor-oriented and infrastructure industry.
Table of Content
Background to Research Study
An Overview
Research Area of Study
Recent Development
Research Aim and Objectives + Research Questions
Research Aim
Layout of the Dissertation
Tourism Planning and Development
The History of Tourism Planning and Development in the Gulf Region
Sustainability and Tourism Development in the Middle East
Tourism as National Income Provider in Gulf States
Case Study Dubai, UAE and Middle East
History of Dubai and UAE as Tourist Destinations
Changes in Tourism Development in Dubai, UAE and Middle East
Reason for the Increase In Tourism Development of Dubai
Winning Combination
Quality of the Infrastructure
Increase in the number of Visitors
Better Partnership between Public And Private Sectors
Government Policy
Growth in Service Sectors
Germany as a Market
Expansion of Parking Bays at the Airports
Dubailand
Growth in the Non-Oil GDP
Oil Contribution
The Importance of Tourism for Dubai as a Secondary Source of Income
Obstacles to Future Tourism Development in Dubai and UAE
Changing Outlook
Transportation Network
Renovation of Tourism Product
Other Measures
From the Paper
"The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation, consisting of seven tribally based emirates that lead the southeastern portion of the Arabian Peninsula south of Bahrain and Qatar. The federation covers 83,600 square kilometers and geographically it is enclosed on the north by the Persian Gulf and Iran, on the east by Oman, and on the south and west by Saudi Arabia. Its geographical locations separate Oman from its territory on the Musandam peninsula and extend 90 kilometers along the Gulf of Oman, an area known as the al-Batinah coast. The curse of the nature in the form of arid desert and salt flats are visible everywhere. However, Arabs are not a frustrated lot due to arid climates and blessed in the form of oil reserves by the Mother Nature. They are blessed with mountains in the northeast that rise to 1,200 meters. Due to low rainfall, there are few fertile areas except in the north and among the oases."
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