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Ethical Intuitionism and "Naturalistic Fallacy", 2002.
Explains the philosophical term ethical intuitionism and philosopher G.E. Moore's theory of "naturalistic fallacy".
948 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 43.95
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Abstract
Ethical Intuitionists philosophers espouse a meta-ethical theory that holds that some value terms, such as good, are indefinable and unanalyzable. This paper explores the views of philosopher G. E. Moore on ethical intuitionism in his work "Principia Ethica" and for his role in the formation of the ?Naturalistic Fallacy? - where natural properties and only natural properties are attributed to what constitutes the value of good.
From the Paper
"When many of us speak of intuition, we seem to view it as a process by which we attain an instant apprehension of truth. But Moore cautions us differently and points out that cognitions obtained via intuition are as susceptible to error as cognitions obtained empirically or experimentally. If they are, and there is much evidence to agree with him, doesn?t this suggest that intuition is ?obtained? via some deductive or reasoning or empirical process? What, then, is happening when two people disagree about the nature of good? How can we decide who is right and who is wrong? Must we simply abandon our efforts to find a resolution? That both sides could be right Moore rules out, since he views good as an objective quality. But are so many of us so ill-equipped that only some of us can intuit the true nature of good? Surely not; surely the problem lies with the theory."
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Positivist vs. Naturalistic Science, 2002.
A discussion of positivist vs. naturalistic science, examining the approaches to nature of Henry Thoreau and John Muir.
1,281 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
The goal of positivistic science is prediction of how the natural world operates. An opposing paradigm of science is the approach taken by Henry Thoreau and John Muir. The paper shows that in naturalistic science, those analyzing the natural world make no distinction between thoughts and values. They are much more concerned with the "why" of nature as opposed to the "how" aspect of positivistic science. The paper shows that, as a result, naturalistic science is completely value laden and each individual naturalist scientist encompasses his own world views into his description of how the natural world operates.
From the Paper
"For naturalists, the only true way to obtain a taste of nature is to actually live with nature and not separate oneself from its workings. This quote emphasizes how values are an important facet in doing this; by removing oneself from natural surroundings, i.e. moving to the city, one loses the actual relationship that exists between humanity and nature. Humans must be involved in the whole process of nature in order to enjoy it fully. For Thoreau, general truths or the laws concerning nature are also relevant to human truths."
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The Intentional Fallacy, 2009.
A discussion of the views of W.K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley in their essay, "The Intentional Fallacy".
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper defines and discusses the concept of the intentional fallacy, in literary criticism, which addresses the assumption that the meaning intended by the author of a literary work is of primary importance. The paper specifically examines the arguments of W.K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley in their essay, "The Intentional Fallacy", and discusses the authors' logic and views as expressed in their essay.
From the Paper
"For the archetypal critic, adherence to the logic implied by Wimsatt and Beardsley will separate the poem from its mythic environment, and so emphasize myth and archetype as essentially poetic elements. For the modern eclectic literary critic, the logic will help to indicate the primacy of truly critical concern, and prevent this criticism from overemphasizing matters which are actually subordinate to the criticism of literature."
"anyone concerned with serious literary study, the logic implied in "The Intentional Fallacy" is a decided help toward clear sighted analysis of almost any literary problem. The application of this logic of literary criticism in itself offers no solutions to problems of any kind; it helps merely to define the proper methodology for the solution of a given literary problem."
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David Sachs and the Fallacy of Justice, 2006.
This paper discusses justice through analysis of the article "A Fallacy in Plato's Republic" by David Sachs.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses David Sachs' article "A Fallacy in Plato's Republic". The writer shows Sachs' belief that Plato's argument in terms of his discussion of justice is radically flawed due to the fallacy of irrelevance. Further, the writer points out that Sachs argues that Plato fails to make a connection between the two types of justice discussed in the 'Republic'.
From the Paper
"David Sachs, in his article "A Fallacy in Plato's Republic", contends that Plato's argument in terms of his discussion of justice - one of the key elements of the Republic - is radically flawed due to the fallacy of irrelevance. By this, Sachs argues that Plato fails to make a connection between the two types of justice discussed in the Republic and that, instead of proving that justice is valuable in itself he argues only that it is valuable in its effects."
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Hasty Generalization Fallacy, 2005.
This paper examines the type of inductive untruth called the hasty generalization fallacy.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the concept of inductive fallacies and focuses on the hasty generalization fallacy, which makes assumptions about a population based on a very small sampling of perhaps one or two cases. The paper looks at the example of "goths" in mainstream media and how they have been assumed to be violent and antisocial based on the activities of only three people.
From the Paper
"From time to time, everyone makes assumptions about people and places without getting all the information. A friend might go to a restaurant and have bad experience of some kind and then tell everyone not to go there because the food is terrible or the waiter staff is rude. In the study of logic, these assumptions are called hasty generalization fallacies, which is a form of an inductive fallacy. Many of these generalizations are harmless, as long as you're not the owner of that restaurant, but there are some important ways that this type of fallacy can be extremely dangerous and harmful to large numbers of people. Bigotry is often a result of a combination of stereotyping and hasty generalization fallacies, whether it's against people of particular genders, races, or even fashion statements."
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'Love is a Fallacy' by Max Shulman, 2005.
A literary analysis of the short story 'Love is a Fallacy' by Max Shulman.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 34.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the clever finality of this story which Shulman imparts on the narrator is that Polly has actually been trained well enough to actually refute the very man trying to impose his authority over her. According to this paper, all of the logic that has been taught to her is now used against the narrator, as Polly logically breaks down his sexism through the logic she has come to learn.
From the Paper
"In this literary study the short story "Love is a Fallacy" by Max Shulman will be analyzed. By critically pointing out the sexist nature of the narrator of the tale, Shulman uses arguments based on logic. However, the narrator's inability to realize his own hypocrisy in gaining a "trophy wife" through treachery and guise devolves his misogynist actions and behaviors. In essence, "Love is a Fallacy" uses hypocrisy, sexism and logic to create a devolving tale of a college student with an inferior intellect. The beginning of Shulman's story reflects an arrogant young college student who thinks that he is superior to his roommate, Petey Bellows. The first part of the story revolves around the narrator's inability to see how Petey is easily susceptible to 'fads' on campus. Shulman writes: A nice enough fellow, you understand, but nothing upstairs."
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Logical Fallacy and Critical Thinking, 2004.
A look at the relationship between logical fallacies, critical thinking and decision-making.
904 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews relationships between logical fallacies, critical thinking, and decision-making. The paper also identifies three logical fallacies and looks at how critical thinking is applied to the decision-making process with regard to each fallacy.
From the Paper
"In this paper three logical fallacies are defined. The significance of each logical fallacy to the process of critical thinking is explained and the general application of critical thinking to decision-making with respect to each logical fallacy is discussed. A logical fallacy is an argument that is defective because of faulty reasoning. Essentially, a logical fallacy occurs when one draws a conclusion from statements that do not in fact support the conclusion. The presence of a logical fallacy does not necessarily..."
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Fallacy and Critical Thinking, 2005.
Defines three common logical fallacies and examines their significance to critical thinking.
1,064 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines three logical fallacies namely: Begging the Question, Hasty Generalization and Appealing to Emotion. It presents examples of such fallacies in contemporary society and ties them into the concept of critical thinking.
From the Paper
"The Appeal to Emotion fallacy is committed when someone manipulates peoples' emotions in order to get them to accept a claim as being true (Labossiere, 1995). This is very common in politics and it serves as the basis for a large portion of modern advertising. Most political speeches are aimed at stirring and steering feelings in people to get them to vote or act a certain way. In the case of advertising, the commercials are aimed at evoking emotions that will influence people to buy specific products."
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Fallacy Analysis, 2005.
Logical fallacies are analyzes with regard to the Iraq war and same-sex marriages.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 40.95
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Abstract
An analysis of three examples of logical fallacies as applied to comments on the record of public discourse regarding the Iraq war and same-sex marriage.
From the Paper
"The modern public political discourse provides ample examples of logical fallacies that have significance for the fate of critical thinking not to say the fate of the republic . These examples are the subject of this research "
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The Fallacy of the American Dream, 2003.
A look at the sociological make-up of the American society and how the American Dream is a false depiction.
924 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
Picks apart the flaws in the American Dream, namely, that anyone born into poverty, invariably, can transcend their station in life by dint of hard work, persistence, initiative, and daring. The paper starts off talking about the American Dream's fallacies that everyone has an equal opportunity to succeed, the predetermination of the socioeconomic background, race, gender, and the statistical failure of minorities.
From the Paper
"The ideal of the American Dream, anyone "born into poverty, invariably can transcend their station in life by dint of hard work, persistence, initiative, and daring", promises hope for the poor(foot note). By exploiting stories that glorify the ability of the underprivileged to rise up from rags to riches, the media gives an empty hope and a false sense of reality to the public. By promoting the message, "each of us is judged solely on her or his own merits, we each have a fair opportunity to develop those merits; and ultimately, merit will win out," we only further the problem of unrealistic expectation(foot note). Faith in this message slows society's progress toward greater equality, providing the illusory image of a country where one's starting place does not have to determine where he finishes."
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Evolution Theory and The Fallacy of Generalizations, 2002.
A brief examination of the flaws of the evolution theory.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the evolutionary theory cannot make factual claims about the development of earth-based species because there is no empirical or observable evidence to prove the relations between changes that are recorded in the historical fragments.
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Mark Twain: Naturalistic and Realistic Techniques, 2002.
A review of "Pudd'nhead Wilson" by Mark Twain with emphasis on style and technique.
1,898 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes Mark Twain's book "Pudd'nhead Wilson" which brings together the coalesced selves of small-town America and in their midst, three figures - Tom, Roxy and Wilson, who try to escape the reality of life by changing their social identities. It discusses how Twain limits the freedom of the individuals to the context of their relationship with the people in society and how the pessimism inherent in the story suggests that near the end of his writing career Twain moved from depicting realism to showing the lack of control that humans have over their lives, an aspect of naturalism.
From the Paper
"Then, within the paradigm of the story emerges the sublimation of the truth. Combining the pessimistic scope of naturalism and the ordinary facts of realism, Twain presented the conflict of the environment and the characters. Throughout the story we see Roxy trying to change her destiny. She is a black slave and yet, she does not look like it. She exchanges her son with that of the owners again attempting to overcome the social constraint imposed on her by birth. Yet, all her efforts are useless for in the end nature triumphs, as does the conception of self-fixuality. Consider, that though Roxy has swapped the babies the difference is still there. The ?black and white? babies are now distinguishable by their characteristics."
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The Limits of Mind: On the Fallacy of the Design Argument, 2008.
This paper critiques the design argument based on arguments from William Paley's "The Watch and the Watchmaker" and David Hume's "A Critique of the Design Argument".
2,040 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 83.95
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Abstract
This essay critiques the design argument, as explained in both William Paley's "The Watch and the Watchmaker" and in David Hume's "A Critique of the Design Argument". This paper also explains the features of the design argument and evaluates the argument in order to critique it. The author follows Hume in suggesting that the design argument is ultimately a failure due to the massive egocentricity inherent in assuming that God can be understood through an analogy to the human mind.
From the Paper
"The reason I have been rather pedantic in deconstructing Paley's analogy is twofold. Firstly, we have the problem of Darwin's theory of evolution. That is to say, the theory that explains that the mechanism or process that makes things fit is intrinsic to the system of nature itself. If you wish, Darwin's theory of evolution is akin to showing that the watch really does produce the watch and is the only creator thereof. Whether Darwin believed that God made it so or not is irrelevant--the point is that God can be taken out of evolution and the underlying principle of nature shown to be merely survival, and the survival of those traits which help us survive. Naturally, this system creates something which looks like it has been designed--because we have adapted to our environments, not because we have been created alongside our environments as a system always already in perfect harmony. Again, I am not concerned to argue that this is so--but this is merely an instance of the observer coming upon the watch and having no knowledge of the manufacturing processes involved in the production of mechanical objects, assumes that this watch is something which just exists, with no thought or evidence of processes that were involved in making it, because his lack of understanding of the need for those processes means he doesn't recognize them. Paley's argument is that we know something has been designed, because we recognize that the process by which it is constructed is one that requires thought--by I am suggesting that, when it comes to nature, we cannot know what the process is that is required to construct it, and therefore we cannot arrive at any certain deduction as to its having been designed by the method Paley describes. In fact, as I have shown, the only theory that describes the process (of evolution and survival) that creates, or recreates, nature is one that does not need to rely on design--at least not in any sense which we can understand, which brings me to my second criticism of Paley's analogy."
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Fallacies, 2007.
An analysis of three common fallacies and their significance to critical thinking.
987 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper details three common fallacies to critical thinking, particularly within an organization. It provides examples of each fallacy (analogy or false analogy, post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy and the straw man argument) and it addresses the significance of each fallacy in relation to critical thinking. The paper then examines the general application of fallacies in relation to decision-making.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Fallacies
Arguments and Fallacies
Common Fallacies
Critical Thinking and Decision- making
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The straw man argument is another logical fallacy. The straw man approach attempts to misrepresent an opponent's position on a subject to make it easier to attack the opponent. Using the straw man tactic, one would distort the view of the opponent to ridiculous extremes or attack the weak premises associated with the argument. An example of this form of logical fallacy is represented in an article published in The Vancouver Sun. The article specifically reveals how the straw man approach is used to discredit expert claims to the cause and effects of global warming and extreme weather events. In this article, the Vancouver Sun writer Morag Carter opposes the position of the editor of the Journal of Natural Hazards, Tad Murty. The Sun writer explains, Murty has been quoted in the press: "This [global warming] is the biggest scientific hoax being perpetrated on humanity". Murty goes on to explain, " There is no global warming due to human anthropogenic activities" (Carter, 2006). Carter uses this article to stress how Murty has used the straw man approach to attack the credibility of the claim that global warming is contributing to extreme weather events."
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Fallacies In Advertising, 1999.
Describes logical fallacies in 10 print advertisements (e.g. the false connection fallacy in the Mitsubishi advertisement).
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
Is the study of logic relevant to advertising? Is advertising, which is purely emotional, ever required to be also logical? Logical fallacies are highly suggestive and persuasive. Every day consumers are bombarded with one persuasive communication after another.
These appeals persuade not through the give-and-take of argument and debate, but through the manipulation of symbols and of our most basic human emotions. With the growth of communication tools like the Internet, the flow of persuasive messages has been dramatically accelerated.
From the Paper
"LOGICAL FALLACIES AS EXPRESSED IN ADVERTISING
Introduction
Is the study of logic relevant to advertising? Is advertising, which is purely emotional, ever required to be also logical? Logical fallacies are highly suggestive and persuasive. Every day consumers are bombarded with one persuasive communication after another.
These appeals persuade not through the give-and-take of argument and debate, but through the manipulation of symbols and of our most basic human emotions. With the growth of communication tools like the Internet, the flow of persuasive messages has been dramatically accelerated.
In this paper, 10 different examples of logical fallacies ..."
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The Naturalist Movement in the Theater, 2002.
This paper discusses the naturalistic movement, of the late Nineteenth Century, which brought to the stage for the first time the issues of society, scientific knowledge and sexual politics.
1,235 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the importance of the naturalistic movement by examining the major works and ideals of Ibsen, Zola and Strindberg. The paper points out that, during the naturalistic movement, writers sought to depict society and individuals as objectively and truthfully as possible by putting the ordinary middle class on stage and making drama out of their lives. The paper explains that, because this new technique required new theaters, many alternative companies were founded and led by visionary figures known as the first modern theatre directors.
From the Paper
"August Strindberg, another influential playwright of the period, showed an extreme interest in being involved in the naturalistic movement. He wanted a theatre that was ?modernized to meet the demands of the age so that it may once again take its rightful place as a medium of education.? In his well-known play, "Miss Julie", Strindberg began stepping away from the ordinary middle class people and situations the audience can identify with and instead sought to examine the sexual politics of the time."
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