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Natural Philosophy, 2002.
An analysis of 'Natural' philosophy in the Greek tradition.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss in two parts the 'natural' world of the Greek philosophers such as Aristotle, Plato and Socrates. The first part will cover what is meant by 'natural' in Greek thought in accordance with women. The second part will discuss how one would go about living a life under certain aspects of 'natural' philosophy in the Greek caliber.
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Natural Philosophy, 2007.
This paper discusses the methods and approaches of natural philosophers to modern science.
2,574 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 82.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the lives of six of the most notable philosophers: Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, Rene Descartes, William Harvey and Robert Boyle. The paper discusses how the discoveries and teachings of these natural philosophers in the seventeenth century was the beginning of a scientific revolution that opened the door to the technology used today. The paper shows how by means of experimentation, observation, rational and educated calculations these men managed to discover many truths in the world in the early 1600s that are still held to be true today.
From the Paper
"The early 1600s was a time of scientific research, discovery, and innovation, taking place primarily in Western Europe. This development in science spanned many years, and was responsible in it's entirety by the brilliant minds of the era. These scientists were known as natural philosophers; however the work done by many of the scientists was an early form of physics, although physicists did not exist at that time. Natural philosophy was the study of the nature and physics of the universe from a scholarly point of view to explain the causes, effects, and events that occur. The philosophers of the time focused their interests on things that they interacted with regularly, such as astrology, biology, chemistry (or alchemy), and the forces of motion. Natural philosophy was paving the way throughout this era, though it was characterized differently as time passed."
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Wittgenstein's Conception of Philosophy, 2006.
An analysis of the early and the later Ludwig Wittgenstein, in terms of his philosophy.
1,723 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Ludwig Wittgenstein's conception of philosophy and how his philosophy can be divided into two very different 'philosophemes', resulting in the differentiation between the early and later Wittgenstein. The paper analyzes the views of the early and the late Wittgenstein. It then examines the bridge that allows access to a unifying interpretation between the two.
Table of Contents:
Philosophical Problems
Early Wittgenstein's Logical Construction of a Philosophical System
Nature of Philosophy as Presented in Tractatus
Nature of Philosophy as Presented in Philosophical Investigations (PI)
Continuity of Wittgenstein's Conception of Philosophy
Conclusion
From the Paper
" Wittgenstein maintains in all his early and later works that philosophy is an activity of clarifying propositions and preventing us from being led astray by the misleading appearances of ordinary language. The difference, however, lies in the method employed to clarify propositions. The earlier method of philosophy was to analyze propositions in order to reveal their hidden logical structure, however the later Wittgenstein, while still maintaining that the task of philosophy is to critique language, states that the method to clarify propositions is to show how they are applied in language games. This later method is concerned with the grammar of language and how language is used, it has nothing to do with criticizing the nature of language."
"It can be concluded that the aim of Wittgenstein's philosophy has always been "to show the fly the way out of the fly-bottle, to free it from the need to answer many deep questions due to a misunderstanding of the uses of language". (PI, 309)"
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Natural Medicine, 2005.
This paper discusses natural medicine including an extensive compilation of various natural therapies.
34,390 words (approx. 137.6 pages), 94 sources, APA, AU$ 265.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the more common personal health care style is a collective health care process, called alternative medicine or complementary medicine, which includes elements of allopathic practice, non-natural medicine and surgery and of natural medicine. The author points out the idea that natural medicine is actually traditional medicine and should be looked at as such, with benefits and drawbacks, just as allopathic medicine is consider by many people. As an example of the presented natural health therapies; the paper relates that the Alexander technique, both a natural health practice and a restorative natural medical treatment, is a technique used to reduce repetitive motion injury by retraining the body to move in a different, more natural way.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Natural Health
Hydrotherapy
Herbalism
Eclectic Medicine
Natural Hygiene
Natural Philosophy
Natural Healing
Natural Medicine
Fingernail and Tongue Analysis
Iridology
Hair Analysis
Live Blood Analysis (Darkfield Microscopy) and Dry Blood Analysis
Antibody (IgE, IgG) Test for Food Allergies
Acid-Alkaline Balance (Ph Testing)
Alternative Therapies
Acupuncture
Acupressure
Air Supply Personal Air Purifier
Alexander Technique.
Aromatherapy
Astropulse
Ayurveda
Bathing Therapy
Biomagnetics (Magnetic Field Energy Therapy)
Electro-Dermal Screening
Chelation Therapy
Chi Lel
Chiropractic Treatment
Colloidal Silver Therapy
Colonic Therapy (Colon Lavage, Colon Hydrotherapy)
Color Therapy (Chromotherapy)
Crystal Healing
Dental Amalgam Mercury Removal
Detoxification Therapy
Reflexology
Shiatsu
Rolfing
Fasting
Feng Shui Balance
Flower Essence Therapy
Food Detoxification
Flotation Tank
Glandular Therapy
Prayer
Guided Imagery (Visualization)
Herbal Medicine
Homeopathy
Hydrotherapy
Hypnotherapy
Hydrogen Peroxide Therapy
Juicing
Kinesiology
Laughter (Play) Therapy
Light Beam Generator Therapy
Light Therapy (Solar Therapy)
Lymphatic Therapy
Macrobiotics Diet
Massage Therapy
Moxibustion
Music and Sound Therapy
Naturopathy
Osteopathy
Oxygen Therapy
Radionics (Radiesthesia Dowsing), Reflexology
Reiki (Therapeutic Touch)
Infrared Heat Therapy
Vitamin C Therapy
Yoga
Holistic Nutrition
Food Safety
Exercise
Conventional Medicine
Maintaining Health
From the Paper
"In the time surrounding the Revolutionary War (1775-1783), in America, medicine was often seen as a part-time practice, conducted by laywomen and men who had a vocation for the healing arts or who inherited the knowledge from ancestral teachers. These healers who took care of their friends and families illnesses, injuries and births performed most medicine, outside the major centers of population. "Of course, these natural healing practices varied from locality to locality with major cities, like Boston, Philadelphia, and New York City having hospitals and other medical practices approaching those found in Europe.""
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Confuciani vs. Buddhist Concept of Human Nature, 2002.
Explains both the Buddhist concept of human nature and the Confucian concept of human nature and then compares the two philosophies.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 1 source, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper compares Confucian concept with Buddhist concept of "human nature". Buddhism emphasizes the spirituality of the individual, and is a more "inward-oriented" philosophy. Therefore, as will be argued, while Confucianism represents "human nature" as external actions and rituals shaping the inner man, Buddhism represents the "Buddha nature" as the inner man achieving ultimate selflessness through meditation and reflection.
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The Greek Philosophy of Xenophanes, 2006.
An analysis of the background and teachings of Greek philosopher, Xenophanes.
1,786 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Greek philosophy of one of the distinctive philosophers, Xenophanes. It presents a history and background of his life and then analyzes some of his teachings, particularly with regards to popular Greek religion and society. The paper then looks at Xanophanes' views on Divine nature and how they related to the popular beliefs of the time.
Table of Contents:
On Popular Greek Religion and Society
Divine Nature and Xenophanes' Philosophy
From the Paper
"Though Xenophanes' fragments are the only legacy we have in remembrance of his breakthrough in philosophical thought, this philosophical poet may have an enormous impact in modern society. Christianity was not existent until a few centuries later during his time, yet he was considered one of the pioneers of monotheistic thought. His courage and unconventionalism to move and think against dominant tradition is what is truly needed in today's society. We may believe at this point in time in the one God Xenophanes was trying to defend, but to go beyond common belief is the challenge among us. Ionian predecessors of the poet had initiated the study of phenomena beneath the realm of human beings but, as sources describe, they did not turn their critical fire against the leading poets of ancient Greece nor did they apply teachings to correct or improve the conduct of their fellow citizens. Although many aspects of his thought are still subject to academic debate, Xenophanes may be considered a multi-dimensional thinker who contributed significantly on many aspects toward the advancement of Greek thought (and probably society). His philosophy and poetry may not have been as celebrated as those of other Greek philosophers, but his character itself is reason enough for him to be remembered as a mark of courage and non-traditional thinking and action amidst dominant tradition."
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Assessment of Bertrand Russell's "Value of Philosophy", 2007.
An examination of Bertrand Russell's dissertation "The Problems of Philosophy", focusing on the fifteenth chapter entitled "The Value of Philosophy".
904 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explores Bertrand Russell's fifteenth chapter of "The Problems of Philosophy" entitled "The Value of Philosophy", as a means of assessing the rationale of the study of philosophy and its value within the lives of human beings. The paper explains how the Russell describes his concepts of philosophy as a mental endeavor and as a worthwhile subject of study. The paper demonstrates that the value of philosophy for Bertrand Russell consists of the enlargement of human capacity. The paper also discusses how Russell believed that the human being is confined by the rigors of life and often allows these to affect his decision-making processes. The paper also looks at how Russell suggests that philosophy is unique in that it reduces the human's influence and ability to control, thus transforming all efforts to participate in philosophical discovery to a state of pure spiritual achievement.
From the Paper
"Russell made a distinction between efforts that enriched the self materially and those that enriched the self mentally and spiritually. This theme is seen not only in his attitude towards government and the treatment of citizens by their governments, but also can be seen in his perception of philosophy as a worthwhile endeavor for study. He identifies that "practical" men are those whom merely frame the world in terms of "material needs," where each decision made is used to advance a personal agenda that increases his wealth, resources, or stature (Russell, 114)."
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G.W. Hegel's Philosophy of History, 2006.
This paper analyzes the philosophy of renowned historian G.W. Hegel, who is believed to have created the philosophy of history, based on his life experiences and beliefs.
2,508 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper presents an intensive examination of G.W. Hegel's philosophy of history. This paper compares and contrasts Hegel's beliefs and theories to those of Karl Marx. This paper discusses the speculation that renowned historian and philosopher Hegel created the philosophy of history based on his own life experiences and personal beliefs. The writer explores the argument that says history and philosophy are two entirely different entities, of which Hegel was deeply involved in both. This paper also touches on the experts who believe that Hegel was a believer in the theory of predestination. According to this school of thought, Hegel believed history to be an already fixed and unchangeable fact, that mankind only watches as a spectator. The writer contends and explains why Hegel's life and work is founded on the belief that history is nothing more than a dialectical progression. This paper also details Hegel's basic philosophy which is steeped in the belief that spirit and reason are fundamentally crucial to the development of history. Hegel believed that history is nothing more than spirit striving to find its own freedom.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Who He Was
His Philosophy
His Life
His Impact
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"GW Hegel took on a most difficult task when he decided to spend his life philosophizing about history and mankind. As a philosopher of history Hegel had to walk a line between rewriting history to fit his philosophical beliefs and changing those beliefs to fit what was actually happening in history. It was a line he walked well though critics have pointed out what they believed to be discrepancies. His life work was based on trying to find the basic truths about history and mankind while at the same time examining the sub-topics that went along with those things by natural progression."
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Christianity: The Complete Philosophy, 2002.
Defining Christianity as a philosophy and showing how it compares to and completes classical philosophies.
5,873 words (approx. 23.5 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 149.95
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Abstract
This paper is very in-depth and complex as it delves into Greek and Classical philosophy and the Christian religion with its Jewish roots. The paper discusses differences and similarities between different classical philosophies and Christian thought and how each has influenced the other. The paper first defines Christianity as a philosophy and explains why it can be considered as such; it sets up a basis for comparison. Then the paper discusses the similarities between Christianity and "pagan" philosophies. When that subject is exhausted, it moves on to contrast the two. After the general classic philosophies, the paper compares and contrasts the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle, specifically, to Christianity. Finally, the paper "presents an argument for Christianity as a complete philosophy in the manner in which it can satisfy discrepancies in other philosophies while defending some of its own." The paper looks at problems with Greek philosophies and how Christianity solved them or presented an alternative.
From the Paper
"Men of Athens! I see that in every way you are very religious. For as I walked around and looked carefully at your objects of worship, I even found an altar with this inscription: TO AN UNKNOWN GOD. Now what you worship as something unknown, I am going to proclaim to you" (Acts 17:22-23, NIV). These words, spoken by Paul, mark the introduction of Christianity in Athens, Greece, a center of philosophy in the ancient world. Paul goes on to explain the heart of the religion to a group of Epicureans and Stoics in the marketplace. Some of the men "sneer" at him, but others ask him to speak of these "strange ideas" more so that they can understand. Acts 17:34 goes on to tell of several Greeks who become Christians as a result of Paul's message. The acceptance of Christianity as a new and interesting idea by some of the Athenian philosophers implies several things: first, that Christianity was itself viewed as a philosophy; second, that Christianity must have had something in common with the major philosophies of the day; and finally, that Christianity must have offered to some what the other philosophies of the day did not. Making these statements at this point in my paper may seem presumptuous; however, I am prepared to discuss my conclusions, first by showing that Christianity is a philosophy in the true sense of the word, then by comparing it to other philosophies, and finally, by showing how it "fills in the gaps" of other Greek philosophies."
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Relationship Between Science and Philosophy, 2006.
A thorough research study into the relationship between science and philosophy.
3,881 words (approx. 15.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 113.95
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Abstract
The relationship between science and philosophy is predicated on the concept that the dichotomy between the two disciplines were artificially created in order to achieve various desirable ends. It is further contended that this dichotomy now no longer serves mankind and is being replaced by a 'discipline' that not only brings science and philosophy into a relationship, but virtually unifies them. In order to support this assertion, an extensive literature review is conducted in the paper, tracing both the separation and reunification of science and philosophy. In addition, new material is sought from current thinkers in both nominal fields, science and philosophy. In the field of philosophy, additional new material is sought from contemporary metaphysicians. The information is developed as a qualitative study, with emphasis on drawing the parallels between pre-Greek concepts of science and philosophy and today's drive toward recombining the two.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Introduction and Statement of the Problem
Review of the Literature and Research Questions
Methodology
The Relationship Between Science and Philosophy: Return to Unity
The Path Toward a Relationship
Toward the Modern World
References
From the Paper
"For Aristotle, a good man would have the virtues, which were developed by the intellect and thus were 'science', well in hand before he went looking for the 'theoretical virtues'; Aristotle believed he could not have those, could not seek those, unless he first had the 'good life' in place; science, then, in this world, is subordinate to philosophy as far as being symbolic of humankind's advancement. On the other hand, one might claim that science is of greater import simply because, without it, mankind could not "pursue freely the highest things" (Schall, 1998, p. 7)."
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Ancient and Medieval Philosophy, 2007.
This paper explores the contrasting ideas of reason and faith as seen in ancient and medieval philosophy.
2,686 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper describes various ideas of ancient and medieval philosophy. The author begins by contrasting the concepts of reason and faith. Also analyzed is the belief system of a higher being. Philosophies of both Christian and Jewish religions are highlighted and the major writings briefly introduced. The author also includes other philosophical schools of thought from this time period, including realism and natural theology.
Outline:
Faith and Reason
Natural Theology
Universals
Works cited
From the Paper
"Faith and reason are often seen as adversarial. It appears that since the middle ages the two principles fail to find common ground. Reason is about gathering evidence that supports a position. Faith, on the other hand, is the formation of belief in the absence of or in opposition to evidence that appears to prove other than that which is believed. For those who support reason, faith would appear to be irrational. "
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European Philosophy, 2004.
An examination of the similarities and differences between ancient and modern European philosophy.
931 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to analyze how modern philosophy has broken away from many of ancient philosophy's basic roots. It looks at how ancient philosophy proposed an art of living and how, in contrast, modern philosophy emerges as structured technical jargon, in the positive sense, reserved for an elite inside academic institutions. However, it shows that philosophy students of all ages and classes must possess a knowledge of ancient philosophy if they want to understand the work of a whole series of modern philosophers and the debates to which they have contributed. Thus, while modern philosophy is perceived as evolved, it has much to learn from its predecessors.
From the Paper
"Both modern and ancient philosophy focuses on the idea of politics. However, modern philosophy does not embrace the idea of peace as classical philosophy conceived it (Fromm, 1949). On the contrary, modern philosophy focuses on the idea of security or stability within the borders of nation-state. This concern with stability or security is actually more of a legal dimension than an individual-related issue. Thus, both classical philosophy and ancient philosophers foresaw a significant dimension within humanity, individual peace within city, which could, from their perspective, be amended and improved, without disregarding the political dimension."
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Legal Positivism vs. Natural Law Theory, 2005.
Examines and compares these two theories of philosophy of law.
1,353 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 48.95
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Abstract
In the philosophy of law, two competing factions each offer compelling arguments as to the basic nature, origin, authority and responsibility of law. These two theories are known as Natural Law Theory and Legal Positivism. This paper shows that while there are many disagreements between the two theories, at the heart of the argument is the questionable relationship between law and morality. The paper examines how Natural Law Theorists argue that there is an essential and innate overlap between law and morality, while Legal Positivists argue that while the decisions of law and morality do occasionally overlap, there is no natural relationship between them.
From the Paper
"Legal Positivists rely on a sovereign to legislate law; this sovereign,
whether it be a monarch, an aristocracy, an elected parliament, or any other person or body that writes the law for a society. For a sovereign to be considered as such, most, if not all, of the population must follow the sovereign's laws, and there must be a threat of force to enforce the law. If either of these conditions are not met, the leader cannot claim to be a true sovereign entity. Also, the sovereign cannot be subject to another sovereign's authority, such as God; if a sovereign is to be the head of a society and the maker of laws, she must be invulnerable to persuasion or else she is not a sovereign."
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Educational theory and Philosophy, 2007.
This paper discusses educational theory and philosophy in US schools.
4,443 words (approx. 17.8 pages), 43 sources, MLA, AU$ 124.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer first discusses that most researchers believed that during the 1950s the topics that were not raised consistently as influences on educational theories like racial discrimination, status of women, etc., had more drastic effect than the issues that were addressed. The writer then relates that educational theories were more specialized and respected in the 1960s than any other on the basis of the incorporation of assessment procedures that guaranteed impartiality, lucidity, and practical inflexibility. Further, the writer notes that Thomas Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1970 basically brought forth the notion of competition that was singly the most influential concept in the coming decades. The writer points out that the decade of the 1980s saw feminism, neo-Marxist notion, and the first drafts of the postmodern theory being considered as legal areas of concern in the sphere educational philosophy. Finally, the writer notes that the 1990s brought around tragedy, feelings of loss and uncertainty among the societies. The writer concludes that in the future, one can hope that the reforms and incorporations that have been made over the past decades in the education theories yield fruitful results by enhancing educational standards and efficiency of the execution of education philosophies.
Outline:
Educational Theory and Philosophy during 1950s
Educational Theory and Philosophy during 1960s
Educational Theory and Philosophy during 1970s
Educational Theory and Philosophy during 1980s
Educational Theory and Philosophy during 1990s
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There were also quite a few articles that chose to concentrate only the numerous problems or aspects of the education policies present like the level of educational liberty available to both the students and the teachers, the educational as well as peripheral responsibilities of the academic management. An example of an essay of this format is the article written by Willard Spalding who was the Dean of the College of Education at the University of Illinois at the time. He in this article tried to design a completely fresh notion and theory of training the teachers. He believed that this could be achieved by invalidating what he believed to be the conservative or traditional comprehension of the association amid the traits and various units of education. He followed the viewpoint first brought forth by Aristotle that regarded the numerous units as the primary factors whereas the traits as the secondary factors. Spalding supported this viewpoint because he believed that this led to a more lucid understanding of the society's needs and requirements for the educational standards, temperaments and policies."
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John Locke's Theory of Natural Law, 2001.
An analysis of philosopher and politician John Locke's Theory of Natural Law and how this contributed to the pre-Enlightenment era of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at this philosophy whereby Locke's perception of mankind was an extremely optimistic one, and he viewed natural law and the state of nature as being where all men are naturally moral and reasonable, and are born free, equal and possessing the inalienable rights to protect their life, their freedom, and their property.
From the Paper
""Nature is a state of perfect equality amongst all men. In this state, no one man has more power or jurisdiction than any other man." (Locke 1690)
John Locke (1632 - 1704) was a qualified physician and a respected Oxford academic, in addition to being one of several political philosophers who focused on the theories of natural rights and natural law during the pre-Enlightenment era of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Locke's theory of natural law, and of the aims and purposes of government, were detailed in his work, "Two Treatises of Government" (1690), and proved to be influential, not only in Britain, but across the world, especially in America, where his views formed the foundation of the Declaration of Independence and the American system of government."
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"The Problems of Philosophy", 2004.
This paper discusses "The Problems of Philosophy" by Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), widely regarded as one of the great philosophers of the 20th century.
1,415 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Bertram Russell is considered the founder of analytic philosophy, the tradition dominating 20th century Anglo-American philosophy. He is know for his writings in the fields of epistemology, logic, the foundations of mathematics, ethics, political and social philosophy, the philosophy of science and antiwar. The author points out that Russell in Chapter V of "The Problems of Philosophy" emphasizes that the knowledge of things is comprised of two components: (1) "Knowledge of Acquaintance" wherein the person is knows directly through his or her acquaintance with the object, without the intermediary of any process of inference or any knowledge of truths and (2) "Knowledge by Description" wherein, similar to Plato's "Forms" analysis, the person knows a description and knows that there is just one object to which this description applies. The paper relates that Russell states that people process information in different ways, but everyone must use the same fundamental steps to arrive at an accurate perception of the world and to understand it.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Knowledge of Acquaintance
Knowledge by Description
Evaluation and Critique of Russell's Position and Arguments
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Russell was not trying to develop a comprehensive definition of his ideas about how and why people think about the world in the ways they do; rather, he was attempting - to borrow a phrase from the academicians - operationalize the terms involved in understanding. Certainly, in order to understand the subtle nuances of how people think about "things," "ideas," and "truths," there must be some solid basis for describing the components involved. For instance, Russell sums up Chapter V by pointing out that "We shall not at this stage attempt to answer all the objections which may be urged against this fundamental principle. For the present, we shall merely point out that, in some way or other, it must be possible to meet these objections, for it is scarcely conceivable that we can make a judgment or entertain a supposition without knowing what it is that we are judging or supposing about.""
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