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The League of Nations and the United Nations, 2005.
This paper discusses the participation of the U.S. in the League of Nations and the United Nations as an element of the American national interest.
1,730 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 15 sources, APA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although the U. S. failed to support the League of Nations, America supported the United Nations because the supreme national interest of America was to obtain a world atmosphere in which the United States could grow its inner social values devoid of undue commotion or danger from the outside. The author points out that collective action via the United Nations instead of unilateral action was considered politically viable on key political issues. The paper concludes that the League of Nations and the United Nations disappointed hopes the following the two world wars because, in no way, can they be an autonomous political power; at best, the U.N. is a mirror image of the opposing interest of autonomous states.
Table of Contents
Introduction
America's Rejection to Support the League of Nations
The Historical Background
The Fundamental Principals that Lead to the Rejection of the League of Nations
America's Support for the United Nations
Using United Nations to Achieve the Goals of American Foreign Policy
The Fundamental Goal of Military Security
The Fundamental Goal of Political Security:
The Fundamental Goal of Stability and Welfare
The Fundamental Goal of World Order
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the United States of America the major disagreement on both the groundwork venture and the refined Covenant of the League of Nations had been on the base that the League would function as an intrusion with the sovereignty of America and with the Monroe principle, that it concerned desertion of the traditional American policy, which had not been in favor of entrapped coalitions, and that the government did not have the power, within its Constitution, to insert such an agreement . Independence has revealed to be just so much freedom of action on the behalf of countries as is coherent with their responsibility, within international law and principles, to authorize the application of uniform independence or freedom of action by their sister countries. The League agreement had assured all States in their application of this sovereignty free from coercion by other Countries, and he who desires more is actually in search of the authorization thoughtlessly to ignore these commitments -- to refuse, for instance, the fair rulings of a properly established tribunal -- which is the German perception of independence."
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League of Nations and the United Nations, 2005.
This paper compares and contrasts the League of Nations and the United Nations.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer compares and contrasts the League of Nations and the United Nations as international organizations formed to maintain peace and international cooperation. The writer discusses the League's role in reducing international tensions and its limited effectiveness. Further, the writer discusses the complexity of the United Nations as an organization.
From the Paper
Inis L. Claude stated that 'One World' is in some respects an idea land an aspiration born of modern interpretations of ancient moral thoughts and of rational estimates of the requirements for human survival. Both the League of Nations and its successor the United Nations were created as international organizations with a vested interest in maintaining the peace, preventing war, creating a mechanism or set of mechanisms for international cooperation and diplomacy and otherwise serving as trustees of ... "
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Nationalism and the Founding of Nations, 2007.
A discussion of whether it is nationalism which engenders nations or the opposite.
1,990 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 14 sources, APA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper argues the case in favor of the stance that nationalism engenders nations, and not the other way around. The paper points out that there has yet to be any real consensus reached among historians regarding this question. It asserts that a large proportion of this debate relies on the context in which the argument is made, i.e. the time-frame and historical references used. Furthermore, definitions of the terms "nationalism" and "nation" vary from one source to another. The paper attempts to define these key terms. The interaction between nations and nationalism is analyzed using the nationalist movement of eighteenth and nineteenth century Germany as a reference point. The paper concludes that analyzing the origins of the nationalist movement illustrates how nationalism preceded the nation.
From the Paper
"It has already been said that a nation is not something overly definitive, so how can we justify its existence? It is generally accepted that any nation of people exists because that certain group of people have something or some things in common; race, language, culture, history etc. But it is inadequate to define a nation by describing it as an entity in which all individuals share common characteristics, because there will always be exceptions to the rule. Yet, if we try to define a nation using only a single rule, e.g. the necessity of a shared culture, then we narrow it down to too fine a focus, and potentially exclude a large number of people who identify themselves as being part of that nation. Renan, for example, championed heritage and the shared "heroic past" of a people as the only required component of a nation."
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Two Nations Within a Nation, 2002.
A justification for slavery.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that slavery was good for blacks. The author explains that the moral justification to slavery used by Southerners was that there was an inherent 'inferiority' in dark-skinned peoples. This meant that 'superior' races had a legitimate right to control them as they saw fit.
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Nation - Nation State, 2002.
Defining the difference between a nation and a nation-state.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
Even though these concepts seem very similar, this paper uses contemporary examples to show the difference between a nation and a nation-state. It discusses the history of Zionism, the "Nation of Islam" quest by African-Americans, and the ongoing wars in the Balkans. It also looks at different factors taken into account when defining these concepts - religion, history and culture.
From the Paper
"Defining the difference between a nation and a nation-state can seem more like a bit of philosophical hair-splitting than a useful distinction for a political scientist to make in analyzing the present global situation. However, to better understand the assumptions that underline the terms of 'nation' and 'nation state' it is useful to unpack such concepts before passing judgement on what is a nation or a nation state in the real world of lived political existence."
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Nationalism and the Modern Nation State, 2004.
A comparison of Umut Ozkirimli's work, entitled "Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction" and Stuart J. Kaufman's "Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War".
842 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper examines these two writers' views on nationality and concludes that, although Kaufman is more inclined to speak of 'hatreds' rather than ethnic identities, Kaufman also, like Ozkirimli, stresses the importance of understanding the emotional significance of ethnic and national identity when constructing a nation state, rather than the idea that ethnicity exists as a linear, enclosed historical trope within definable and easily recognizable boundaries;ethnicity is 'felt,' rather than historically in evidence, for both authors.
From the Paper
"The overview present in Umut Ozkirimli's analysis is a warning not to dismiss the importance of nationalism, and also a caution not to accept certain groups' claims to nationhood wholesale and at their face value, as the concept of what constitutes ethnicity shifts and changes, depending on individual's particular political alliances in a particular historical context. Ozkirimili's work has a far more dispassionate tone, in contrast, to Stuart J. Kaufman's Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. Kaufman's work, in contrast to Ozkirimli, is more stridently prescriptive in nature. However, Kaufman is also more rigorous in his use of international political theoretical frameworks to justify his suggestions to policymakers."
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Quebec Nationalism vs. Canadian Nationalism, 2006.
A discussion on why nationalism is stronger in Quebec than it is in the rest of Canada.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 96.95
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Abstract
It is very clear that nationalism is stronger in Quebec than it is in the rest of Canada. While Quebec remains a province of federal Canada, the question of seceding from Canada and becoming an independent country is never far from the agenda of most politicians in Quebec, and generates immense patriotic fervor throughout Quebec. This factor makes Quebec entirely different from other Canadian provinces. For example, we never hear talk of British Columbia seceding from Canada and becoming the Republic of British Columbia. In order to understand this peculiar situation, this paper investigates Canada's past and, specifically, the history of Quebec with Canada.
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The Philosophy of the United Nations, 2004.
Discusses the ineffectiveness of the United Nations and its anti-American philosophy.
4,358 words (approx. 17.4 pages), 20 sources, MLA, AU$ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the United Nation's need to change or risk being a useless organization. It looks at how the basic philosophy of the United Nations is anti-American and how the United Nations is biased toward the countries that are anti-communist. In addition, the link between rogue states, terrorism, and terrorist leaders with the United Nations is discussed, showing that the United Nations supports terrorists in some ways. The fact that the United Nations has failed to prevent and has provoked more than one hundred wars throughout the world since its inception is also shown in the report. This report also looks at the United Nations charter and how it misleads one to believe that it is advocating peace when, in fact, it is a blueprint for war. A final subject examined by this report is the different actions that can be taken to improve the idea of the United Nations, as well as the organization as a whole.
The UN Was Founded by Communists
The UN's Basic Anti-American Philosophy
All General Secretaries of the UN Have Been Socialist One-Worlders
The United Nations Supports Terrorists
The United Nations Does Not Settle Disputes
The United Nations is Really a War Organization
Proposal
Changing from the Charter Up
Reforming the Security Council
Noble Efforts, Futile Actions
A United Nations to Serve ALL not ONE
End Terrorist Ties
From the Paper
"Here is a trivia question. Are the following events promoting peace and freedom? The year is 1961 in Belgium's former colony in Africa known as the Belgian Congo. Belgium had granted independence to its colony. A Moscow-trained communist named Patrice Lumumba Gained control of the newly formed government. Lumumba and his communist allies immediately began a brutal consolidation of power. In response, Moise Tshombe, the pro-Western, anti-communist black leader of the Congo's province of Katanga, seceded and declared his region an independent nation."
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The United Nations and the Restoration of Democracy, 2003.
A critical analysis of the United Nations' 1994 intervention in Haiti to restore Jean Claude Aristide to power.
5,869 words (approx. 23.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 152.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an inquiry into the unique United Nations' intervention in Haiti. After a brief introduction to Haiti's history and violent politics the paper focuses on the events leading up to the United Nations' intervention. The events comprising of the UN-monitored elections in 1990 leading to the installation of Jean- Bertrand Aristide as President, his overthrow and exile in a military coup, economic sanctions and naval blockade of Haiti and finally approval of the UN Security Council, for the first time, for forcible intervention to change the Government is briefly discussed. The paper focuses, in particular, on the decision making process in the United Nations Security Council. The lessons learned from the Haiti action are analyzed and conclusions are drawn regarding pointers to the future role of the UN in Peacekeeping and Nation Building.
Questions Discussed in the Paper:
What prompted the United Nations Security Council to sanction force for the restoration of democracy?
Was international peace and security so threatened by Haiti's military government that the United Nations felt compelled to intervene?
Did the United Nations exceed its mandate?
Has democracy become such a widely accepted international norm that the United Nations has a right to restore it when a legally elected regime is forcibly overthrown?
If so, why only Haiti?
Did the United Nations allow the USA to use the Security Council to pursue its own regional purposes?
What role did the regional and other powers play in the build up to the intervention?
Has the concept of sovereignty been eroded by the actions of the UN Security Council in the 90s?
What are the consequences and lessons learned from the UN intervention in Haiti?
Does the United Nations have the wherewithal and resolve to sustain such interventions on a regular basis?
From the Paper
"Aristide ,who was attempting many revolutionary reforms which alienated the elite, was overthrown in a military coup d'etat in September 1991. While Aristide went into exile, members of his movement were subjected to executions, oppression and grave violations of human rights. The Organisation of American States imposed a trade embargo on Haiti. By February 1992 about sixteen thousand refugees fleeing Haiti had already arrived in Florida. In 1992 an OAS mediated accord to create a government of consensus failed. Meanwhile the US President signed an order stating that all boat people attempting to enter USA from Haiti would be sent back without determining whether they had legitimate claims for asylum."
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United Nations, 2007.
This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the United Nations.
1,219 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that in order for one to determine whether or not the United Nations has been successful at accomplishing its goals, one must look to the advantages and disadvantages of the United Nations. Further the writer notes that to do so, one must look at the United Nations' peacekeeping capabilities, arms control and disarmament policies, human rights work and humanitarian aid. The writer also discusses how those policies have been applied to member and non-member nations. The writer concludes that in order to move the United Nation towards its goals of bringing peace and improving the quality of life of all people, the United Nations may need to undergo a restructuring, which would make the United Nations more likely to intervene on behalf of citizens in less influential nations.
From the Paper
"One of the main critiques of the League of Nations, which was the predecessor to the United Nations, was that it had no power to enforce its recommendations. Therefore, a relative advantage of the United Nations is that it has the authority to send troops to locations where violence is threatened. This power is referred to as peacekeeping. According to the Human Security Centre, the United Nations' peacekeeping efforts appear to have resulted in a less violence world by eliminating colonial conflicts, reducing interstate wars, and reducing genocide and politicide. In fact, the most powerful testament to the United Nations' peacekeeping ability is the fact that there has not been a third world war. However, it would be inaccurate to simply label the United Nation's peacekeeping power solely as an advantage, because history has revealed that it has not been applied consistently. For example, the United Nations has either been reluctant to use its peacekeeping powers to aid people in Africa, or has proven woefully unsuccessful when it has attempted to do so."
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The United Nations, 2004.
An analysis of the United Nations and its impact on U.S. foreign policy decision making.
2,394 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper aims to describe the role of the United Nations in the making of United States foreign policy. In an effort to present the argument that the United Nations has an increasingly smaller role in U.S. decisions, the paper presents a short background of U.N. history. The paper provides an explanation of the roles, responsibilities and interests of the United Nations.
Table of Contents
Background
Roles and Responsibilities of the United Nations
Interests of the United Nations
Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In order to strengthen the role of the United Nations, efforts must be made to uphold the purposes and principles of the United Nations (Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of China to the U.N. , 2004). The authority of the Security Council in maintaining world peace and security must be preserved and role of the United Nations in development area must be strengthened. To strengthen the U.N. 's role in foreign affairs, it is crucial to ensure to all Member States of the U.N. the right to equal participation in international affairs and the rights and interests of the developing countries should be protected. "
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Terrorism and the United Nations, 2004.
This paper discusses that the United Nations needs to take major initiatives to combat terrorism, including treaties prohibiting terrorist bombing and financial assistance to terrorists.
2,055 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, despite past activities, a new United Nations-led global anti-terror regime is desperately needed to play a pivotal role in forging a new identity for the U.N. and to serve as a stronghold of global collective anti-terrorism. The author points out that some of the problems are related to the United Nations' bureaucracy, its dependency on donations from member countries, and the political nature of the U.N. The paper concludes that the United Nations is an important pillar of the modern world, whose continued existence has become far more critical than ever before; therefore, the role of United Nations is going to be more challenging and critical in enforcing the international justice systems, especially in the area of terrorism.
From the Paper
"The Security Council has created a Counter-Terrorism Committee, which is charged with monitoring the implementation of the international justice. In this respect, United Nations expressed deep concern with terrorism, arguing that terrorists represented a serious threat to international peace and to individual. The resolution also called the Counter-Terrorism Committee to promote sophisticated approaches to addressing their efforts to eliminate the affliction of international terrorism."
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First Nations Literature, 2008.
A review of First Nations Literature including two plays by Marie Clements: "Burning Vision" and "The Unnatural and Accidental Women", and a poetry book "Exercises in Lip Pointing" by Annharte.
1,315 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses of some of the ways in which First Nations literature makes a criticism of North American society and culture. the paper explains that in "Burning Vision", Clements makes it clear that the First World is pathologically sick in terms of its attitude to the world and its people and resources. The paper then examines the theme of resistance and struggle and decolonization in three of the texts. The writer believes that if First Nations' existence is defined by their status as having been colonized by people of a different race, then their salvation lies in resistance and struggle. The writer concludes that if First Nations cannot decolonize their countries, they can at least decolonize their minds, and that is what many of the best First Nations writers strive to do, which accounts for the central importance of this theme in much of their literature.
From the Paper
"Clements also seems to imply that the ultimate expression of this rape is nuclear destruction - the ultimate assertion of power, delivered in phallic-shaped bombs by phallic-shaped jets. In this regard, it is important to remember that FAT MAN was the name of one of the atomic bombs. Moreover, the other atomic bomb was code named LITTLE BOY. This was unintentional irony, given that it is Western male aggression that propelled colonization, as well as the kind of destruction meted out by the atomic bombs. In The Unnatural and Accidental Women, Clements seems to be on a totally different track, focusing on poor women living in Vancouver's Eastside in the 1980s."
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The United Nations, 2007.
Questions the effectiveness of the United Nations.
2,262 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
The United Nations has long been an organization associated with international affairs. However the validity of the organization has been challenged in recent years. This paper investigates the purpose of the United Nations and determines whether or not the United Nations is fundamentally flawed. The paper concludes that the organization must begin to reexamine the manner in which it goes about securing peace in the world.
Outline:
Introduction
The Establishment and Purpose of the United Nations
Discussion and Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Additionally, international organizations associated with the UN system, such as the World Trade Organization, now have greater jurisdiction and are experienced in their competences by their own accomplishment. Also, the substantial development of peacekeeping operations during the 1990s has aggravated the UN budgetary dilemma. As a final point, the materialization of "new wars" and the spread of "old wars" complicate the United Nations abilities to accomplish its mission of upholding peace."
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Agricultural Practices in Emerging Nations, 2005.
This paper identifies sustainable agricultural practices in emerging nations especially China.
3,040 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in their haste to introduce market reforms and efficiencies into their antiquated agricultural systems, many emerging nations have sacrificed their environment and citizens' health in exchange for some well-intentioned but misguided short-term gains in productivity. The author points out that past agricultural practices were based on tradition and spiritual concepts; however, many emerging nations have succeeded in overcoming these constraints through innovative policies and initiatives. The paper stresses that modern western agricultural practices rely heavily on heavy and expensive equipment as well as industrial pesticides and fertilizers to wrench continued high yields from the soil are not readily transferable to many emerging nations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Existing Agricultural Practices in China Today
Innovative and Sustainable Agricultural Practices
Current and Future Trends
What Can Be Done?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Within rural sociology, sustainable agriculture is frequently considered to be a mutually exclusive "competing paradigm" that challenges conventional agriculture on environmental, economic and ideological grounds. As a result, much of the research on identifying sustainable agricultural practices has been focused on understanding the characteristics which differentiate conventional and alternative farmers, as well as the conditions that serve to constrain or facilitate the development of alternative practices and ways of thinking among farmers and agriculture more generally. For example, researchers have examined a variety of farmer and farm attributes such as age, education, orientation to risk, perception of environmental problems, farm size, and profitability; the impact of agricultural markets and prices and state policies, programs and services have also been examined extensively."
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Effects of the Fur Trade on First Nations, 2002.
Looks at the effects the fur trade had on the First Nations and the lasting effects of alcoholism introduced by the fur trade.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
The following paper discusses the effect that the fur trade had on the First Nations. The paper also addresses the issue of alcohol and the role it played during the fur trade era on the First Nations. The lingering effects of alcohol in today's First Nations society is also addressed.
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