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Nationalism in Eastern Europe, 1996.
19th & 20th Cent. history of causes & effects of nationalism & core-periphery state relations in politics & economics of Czechoslovakia, Hungary & Poland.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 72.95
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From the Paper
"This research paper explores aspects of the complex inter-relationships between nationalism, as manifested in East Central Europe, and relations between core and periphery statesin that area within the modern world economic system. The paths nationalism took in East Central Europe in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were strongly, but by no means exclusively, influenced by the nature and content of the interactions between those states and certain great powers. Today, nationalism in the area remains a potent force.
Definitions
East Central Europe basically comprises the areas which make up modern Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland. Nationalism is the political expression of the desires of specific ethnic..."
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Ethnic Divisiveness in the New Nations of Eastern Europe, 2001.
A review of the challenges facing the new nations of Eastern Europe.
2,012 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the cultural, political, and social divisiveness that have resulted from a paucity of central governmental services in some of the new nations in Eastern Europe and provides an analysis of the causes for the violent confrontations that have taken place in the recent past.
From the Paper
"The breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 resulted in a number of newly independent nations, whose borders were frequently based on old geopolitical lines without regard for the ethnically based demographics involved. Without a central government in place in many of these regions of Eastern Europe, basic public services have failed, economies have faltered or collapsed and wars have broken out between ethnic factions within these countries."
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The Rise of Liberalism, Socialism and Nationalism in Europe, 2006.
The writer discusses the rise of the welfare state in Britain, communism in Russia and fascism in Germany.
1,918 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
The writer shows how liberalism in Britain led to the establishment of a welfare state in the next century, and how in Russia, the idea of socialism proposed by Karl Marx developed into the communism of the 20th century. The writer explains how, in Germany, Johann von Gerder encouraged all the states to recognize, absorb and develop their mutual culture, immersing themselves in the country's language, mythology and literature in order to strengthen national pride, and how this sense of nationalism was heightened after World War I to become the fascism propounded by Adolf Hitler in the period immediately before World War II. In conclusion, the paper shows how these developments led to the aggression that inevitably led to World War II.
Table of Contents:
The Rise of the Welfare State in Britain
Communism in Russia
The Rise of Fascism in Germany
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"European nations in the early 1900s entered into a new age of imperialism, and built up their armies in accordance with their imperialistic goals. Mobilization led to antagonism between the nations, and Germany responded by being the first to attack its neighbor, Russia. The policies of the Welfare State were already firmly entrenched in Britain by the time of the First World War, and the government responded to the pressure to provide for its soldiers and their families by increasing its pensions and entitlements. The war itself was an immense drain on England's finances. Defense expenditures rose from 91 million pounds in 1913 to 1.956 billion in 1918. The enormous casualties of the war added an even bigger burden to the medical expenses and pensions the government was obliged to pay. Britain sold its vast amount of securities to help pay their debt, but in October 1916, the British Chancellor of the Exchequer warned that in less than a year, the President of the "American Republic" would be in a position to dictate terms.
"When the Great Depression hit in the 1930s, it hit an already weakened Britain, and the burden of unemployment insurance was deeply felt. What had started out to be an attempt at ending oppression by the wealthy classes in the 19th century, had become an outright attempt to redistribute the wealth by the early 20th century. Britain supported a massive bureaucracy in order to accommodate the welfare system, and the country was barely able to keep up with its obligations. A disproportionate amount of funds was going into the society with not enough being brought back into it by the recipients of social programs."
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Nationalism in 19th Century Europe, 2002.
Shows how nationalism was used in creating order in 19th Century Europe.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper shall address the results of nationalism as a means of conveying social order within the European states in the nineteenth century.
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Taking a National Company from the USA to Europe, 2007.
The paper is a business plan for a company considering expansion into the European market.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
Jeter Systems is a US based company providing filing solutions for offices across the US and South America. The author of the paper reviews the company's history and development and outlines the steps needed to facilitate the company's expansion into the European market by opening up an operations base in the United Kingdom.
From the Paper
"Jeter systems grew rapidly by opening offices in Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Chicago, Houston, and San Diego. They invented a new high end line complete with everything needed to install new filing systems within any corporations. Consultants and dealers began to sell the products, increasing market share and resulting in national recognition of the Jeter brand; however, Jeter Corporation was still a reseller. Problems with slow delivery, defective products, and high costs caused a lot of problems and frustrations, causing the evolution from retailer to manufacturer. Firestone, one of the largest tire manufacturers in the United States, sold off 12 acres and 125,000 square feet of manufacturing space in Akron, Ohio to Jeter Corporation in 1980, which they filled with the necessary equipment to create their entire line of products. Today, Jeter holds a major part of the market share as a national brand with 150 local employees, an office and warehouse in San Diego, and dealers and sales representatives in Mexico and South America"
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Nationalism Yesterday and Today, 2006.
A research study looking at the impact nationalism has had on Europe and, in particular, the way in which nationalism as an ideological concept is perceived and understood.
4,357 words (approx. 17.4 pages), 19 sources, MLA, AU$ 148.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the assumption that the views and theories about nationalism are to a great extent determined by the dominant theories, philosophies and perceptions of the age. In this sense it is a contention of this paper that modern nationalism needs to be understood within the context of the broader issues of modern and postmodern speculative thought. This paper also attempts to ascertain the way that theorists and thinkers over the years have understood and influenced the concept and ideology of nationalism. The study therefore provides an overview of the salient most cogent theories and perspectives on the changing views of nationalism. Additionally, the paper attempts to refer these theories and counter theories to actual contemporary situations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
What is Nationalism?
Nationalism and Ideology
Cultural Nationalism
Romanticism and Nationalism
Nationalism as a Social Construction
Hobsbawm and Geller
Summations and Reflections
From the Paper
"It is something of a truism to say that ethnic and nationalist movements have become a dominant force in the world in the past century. It is also relatively easy to forecast that the future of Europe will be shaped to a great extent by nationalistic imperatives and philosophies. One only has to look at the recent history of Eastern Europe and the Balkans for general and tentative conformation of these assumptions. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the fragmentation of the region have allowed nationalisms and ethnic groups to emerge in many areas. And, according to modern theorists of nationalism, we are also seeing the invention of new "nationalisms" that are being constructed by political and ideological forces - sometimes with devastating consequences."
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Post-Westphalia Treaty Europe, 2008.
An analysis of transnational organizations within post-Westphalia treaty Europe.
11,750 words (approx. 47.0 pages), 54 sources, APA, AU$ 296.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the concept of national sovereignty established by the Treaty of Westphalia has slowly but surely been replaced with one of supra-national organizations of various types, assuming both the authority and the responsibility for many tasks that were jealously guarded by the nations of Europe in the past. It examines the Treaty of Westphalia in light of these recent trends and illustrates how the actions of transnational organizations are Machiavellian in their very nature. The paper suggests that this represents a source of future conflict within Europe wherein only a supra-national body can apply effective governance.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Review of the Literature
Treaty of Westphalia
Post-Modern Europe
Trans-Nationalism
Transnational Organisations
Essay
Introduction
Part One
Current European Political Climate
Pre-Westphalia Treaty Europe
European Spatial Development Perspective and the Issue of Polycentricism
Part Two
Three Types of Transnational Organizations
Transnational criminal/terrorist organizations
International non-governmental organizations
Part Three
Post-Westphalia Treaty Europe and Transnational Organisations
Summary
From the Paper
"The research clearly showed that the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 represented a demarcation point in European history wherein the concept of national sovereignty was established only to be replaced over time by a number of historical transformations in international law that have profound implications for the European Union of the 21st century. Based on the foregoing, it is reasonable to conclude that the actions of TNOs are Machiavellian in their very nature and this represents a fundamental source of future conflict within Europe and creates an environment in which only supra-national bodies can apply and sustain effective governance."
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Nationalism, 2003.
An examination of the phenomenon of nationalism in an attempt to understand its cultural and political formation.
6,387 words (approx. 25.5 pages), 40 sources, MLA, AU$ 192.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how, from a certain perspective today, nationalism can be seen as increasingly threatened and how mass migration on a scale unseen before threatens the link between ethnicity and nation and poses the possibility of a nation based on civil rights rather than culture. It explores the origins of nationalism in Europe and the characteristics that can be seen in the nation states of Europe. It then considers the concept of the colonial state and how the ?new states? have changed and problematicized out the concept of the nation. It also examines the challenges nationalism will face in an age of globalisation.
From the Paper
"What is noticeable about the discourse on ethnicity in anthropology is that ethnic identities (and perhaps all identities predicated on a mimetic self-other relationship) reach their greatest force in times of flux and change. It is not surprise then, to see ethnic and national identity becoming most natural and forceful in times of stress. Indeed, as Mamdani notes (2000) the success of the post colonial leaders in Africa was dependent in part upon their success as deracialisation and forging a common identity for the new nations. Ethnicity and nationalism often co-exist in conflicting ways; one can be, for instance, Italian-American."
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The History of Modern Nationalism, 2006.
This paper analyzes the goals and impact of modern nationalism in 19th and 20th century Europe.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the roots of modern nationalism back to the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars and describes how its ideologies affected Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries. The writer of this paper defines nationalism as the right of every citizen and every nation to exist in freedom and to develop its own singularity. The strongest catalyst for European nationalism emerged in the 19th century with the industrial revolution. This paper examines the pros and cons of modern nationalism and discusses how the central European revolution of 1848 sparked a bonfire of nationalism. This paper also explores the effects of nationalism during Hitler's reign.
From the Paper
"For modern nationalism was born in the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. Effectively controlled by the French republic during the Reign of Terror, nationalism helped repel France's foreign foes. Meanwhile, all across Europe, patriots tried to kindle nationalist flames in the war against Napoleon. So by 1815 there were already clues of how nationalism could spread and quickly develop. During this early age of nationalism, its proponents usually believed that every nation, like every citizen, had the right to exist in freedom and to develop its singularity."
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Origins and Impact of German Unification on Europe, 2004.
Examines the impact and historical significance of the unity of the German states after the Napoleonic Wars and their implication on changing Europe.
5,234 words (approx. 20.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 169.95
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Abstract
The paper is a historical examination into the German national movement that began after the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. The desire for unity among the German states, mainly between Prussia and Austria, would eventually be a main reason for World War I and World War II. This in the desire to see a Greater Germany exist as the competing power in Europe by the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as an opposition to English, French and Russian domination of the continent. The paper is divided up into three main parts. The first section gives a history of the Napoleonic Wars and the growing concept of nationalism in the German states under Napoleon. It was this hope for unity that helped push the French back and convince the world that German unity was in the best interest as a buffer to further French aggression. The second part of the paper deals with the unification of the German states and the problems and progress that existed from the time of 1815-1870. The growing industrial movement is heavily discussed as being the backbone to the new German Confederation of states. The rivalry that existed between Austria and Prussia, which eventually splintered Austria from the Confederation, is also discussed and how the German nation became stronger due to a more powerful Prussian influence. A complete investigation into German culture, economics and military system of the 19th century is given in this section in a very detailed manner. Repeated sources from English observers and German politicians give an insight into how Germany began to grow as a European power during the middle 19th century. A huge part of this section deals with the German economy and their desire to match England in terms of economic dominance of Europe. The German economic system is examined, run by a harsh yet amazingly efficient centralized government that maximizes output and production from its workers. Finally, the last section deals with the establishment of the German Empire, and how nationalism completely took over Germany as the predominant unifying factor of the German people. The Franco-Prussian War and the subsequent territorial grabs by Otto Von Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm The First are discussed, right up until the outbreak of World War I where Germany has officially taken its place as the predominant military and economic power on the continent.
From the Paper
"Throughout the history of Europe, there have been numerous incidents in which a country will affect the entirety of the continent through political, economic or cultural means. These influences upon fellow European countries usually tended to be permanent changes, whether it was the religious division that came upon The Protestant split or The French Revolution's impact on neighboring countries. However, the one event that changed the course of European history and would eventually impact every European nation was the unification of the Germany city-states into a conglomerated country in 1815. Through this development of a united Germany at the Congress of Vienna, Europe would be forever changed and would be forced to compete with Germanic ideals that the new nation would sponsor as it began to build up a nationalistic Germany. What the European powers saw as a means of ending local rivalries and improving economic trade and prosperity to the former states of the Holy Roman Empire, the unification of the German people would taint any optimistic expectations of peaceful coexistence in Europe for the latter half of the 19th century and would take on much more dangerous and bloody connotations as the 20th century unfolded. The united country of Germany, through a series of beliefs and practices that each German citizen began to trust while the country was building itself in the 19th century, would become one of the most dominant and influential nations in European history. These principles were the strong nationalistic feelings that came from the pride and love of what it was to be German, the growing industrial practices that began to be developed in German economic production, and the emphasis on military dignity and strength of the army, coupled with the German tendency to give powerful prominence to German military leaders, would become grounds for building a nation that would tower over the European political environment for years."
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Nationalism, 2008.
An overview of the definition of nationalism and its effect on 20th century European politics.
4,263 words (approx. 17.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 147.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that nationalism developed as a political ideology and a state reality in the nineteenth century, emerging once various groups of people began to see themselves as part of a nation rather than some other geographical designation. This paper discusses how nationalism shaped several of the states of Europe leading into the twentieth century and how nationalism as an ideology was strong in Germany and added to conflicts leading to World War I. The paper also examines how World War II was a continuation of many of the same forces, again with Germany as provocateur against many of the other states in Europe.
Outline:
Introduction
National Boundaries
Italy and Germany
War in the Twentieth Century
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Security has always been a major component of social relations, with groups of people intent in protecting themselves from encroachments on their territory and prerogatives banding together for greater strength. The idea of national security extends beyond the immediate neighborhood, village, or town to a larger entity known as the nation-state, and people only began to develop a sense of national identity after the feudal era. The trend began in the sixteenth century with the breakup of the Holy Roman Empire (Manchester, 1993, pp. 159-160). "
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The Return of Fascism in 20th Century Europe, 2008.
An analysis of the re-emergence of fascism in 20th century Europe.
1,850 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the rise of neo-fascism in many parts of Europe, especially following the collapse of the former Soviet Union during the early 1990s. The paper argues that this trend was largely in response to many of the same issues that fueled its origins prior to World War II, such as the scarcity of resources, ethnocentristic views, and the use of force to achieve national goals. The paper claims that, with the unification of Europe, the last few years have witnessed an increase in ultra-right-wing political parties across Europe in response to many of these same conditions. The paper provides an assessment of the degree to which Europe witnessed a return of fascist politics in the 1980s and 1990s. It also takes a look at why anti-immigrant political parties and leaders have attracted substantial support in these recent decades, and whether they represent a new manifestation of fascism or something fundamentally different. The paper concludes that anti-immigration politicians and those willing to sacrifice democratic principles in favor of force to achieve their political goals will continue to represent a force to be reckoned with by the national leaders of the European Union.
From the Paper
"Today, fascism has raised its ugly head once again for many of the same reasons that fueled its growth in the 20th century. In this regard, this brand of fascism is more reflective of its mid-20th century roots than merely being something "undesirable." According to Ignazi (2003), "The extreme right has so far consolidated its presence all over Western Europe. The reason for this breakthrough is multifaceted: from the emergence of new unaccounted issues to the creeping crisis of representation; from the emergence of proto-charismatic figures in the extreme right, well knit with the growing personalization of politics, to the increasing political and societal alienation and the dissatisfaction for traditional features of the political system and for politics as such" (2)."
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Revolution in Europe, 2008.
An analysis of social and political revolution in Europe in the nineteenth century, based on D. Mason's book "Revolutionary Europe 1789-1989-Liberty, Equality, Solidarity."
3,169 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 118.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the development of a number of social and political movements based around certain ideas about human behavior and society and the relationship between the two, during the nineteenth century in Europe. The paper focuses its analysis on the genesis, development and progress of these movements in the nineteenth century and how they are described by D. Mason in his book "Revolutionary Europe 1789-1989-Liberty, Equality, Solidarity."
From the Paper
"Wollstonecraft was dedicated to the primacy of reason, and it was her belief in reason that permitted her to conceive a world in which women might be seen by the world in a new way, a way that undid the violence of social norms requiring a simple, seemingly serene appearance in women, whose lives were thus molded to fit the dictates of masculine power in society. She also had a freed sensibility that brought her closer to an understanding of the true self. Wollstonecraft's language has a deliberate biblical undertone that is all part of her attempt to restore to women the human right of self-respect. Women resort to artifice in order to place the world, though such assumed feelings are awkward when compared to real feelings. She pleads for women to be seen as they really are. Her view is directly opposite that of Rousseau, though she begins with the same question, noting first that "either nature has made a great difference between man and man, or that the civilization which has hitherto taken place in the world has been very partial" (Wollstonecraft, 1975, p. 7)."
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Eastern Central Europe, 2005.
This paper discusses the legacy of East Central Europe.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the most potent and lasting legacy of East Central Europe is nationalism. The author focuses on differences in terms of national-states and ethnic minorities. The paper relates the political and economic legacies; however, the paper contends that, during and after the Soviet era, the national element had a greater effect on the development of this region.
From the Paper
"In the area of East Central Europe, the most potent and lasting legacy is national, centering on differences in terms of national-states and ethnic minorities. What held much of this region together as a nation-state for much of the twentieth century was Communism, not as an ideology but as the external power that kept the ethnic minorities in check by means of force. The peoples of Yugoslavia were linguistically and culturally differentiated after they had migrated to the Balkan Peninsula in the sixth and seventh centuries A.D.."
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Nationalism, 2002.
A comparison of the concepts of civic and ethnic nationalism.
1,580 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how nationalism is ostensibly a term which covers such elements as national consciousness, the expression of national identity and loyalty to the nation. It analyses the concepts of civic and ethnic nationalism and attempts to highlight some of the contrasting aspects, while, at the same time, examine connections between the two ideologies which strive for the establishment, retention or advancement of a nation state. It contains a theoretical, as well as practical discussion of the two forms, citing examples from Europe and South East Asia.
From the Paper
"Ethnic nationalism usually refers to nationalism determined by descent. Ethnic attachments are inherited rather than chosen, and those who exercise an ethnic form of nationalism are generally considered to be those who have been adversely affected by the political development of alternative civic societies elsewhere - the Jews in pre-war Europe, the Kurds in northern Iraq/eastern Turkey or the Muslims in Bosnia and Kosovo to name but three examples. Subject to the dominance of, and perceiving an inferiority to, such other territorially demarcated nation states, these individuals, feeling the need to adopt statehood in order to survive and progress, unite into groups, with the intention of achieving political recognition in the form of their own nation states."
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Forms of Nationalism, 2005.
This paper explains Goebbels and his Nazi propaganda as a synthesis of nationalism and anti-Semitism.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the meaning of nationalism in the context of Joseph Goebbels' Nazi propaganda pamphlets. The paper claims it is evident that the form of nationalism he was promoting was a synthesis of nationalism and anti-Semitism. The paper explains that this was not a Nazi invention, for nationalist sentiments and attitudes in Europe had been conditioned for centuries by anti-Semitism. Hitler, Goebbels, and the Nazis simply synthesized endemic European anti-Semitism and combined it with their ideology of a pure Aryan master race in order to unify the German people behind the Nazi Party.
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