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The National Security Council, 2007.
This paper discusses the National Security Council (NSC) and looks at its functions.
1,354 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that the National Security Council or NSC was created and established by the National Security Act of 1947. The writer notes that the NSC is the US President's principal forum for matters concerning national security and foreign policy. Further, the writer discusses that the establishment of the NSC has been the response to the need of each administration to develop and perfect a reliable set of executive institutions for managing national security policy. The writer notes that each President was guided by the deficiencies of his predecessors and wanted to set up a system that would reflect his individual or preferred management style. The writer relates that the NSC has, thus, been modified to suit the needs and preferences of each administration.
From the Paper
"The establishment of the NSC has been the response to the need of each administration to develop and perfect a reliable set of executive institutions, which would manage its national security policy. Each President was guided by the deficiencies of his predecessors and wanted to set up a system, which would reflect his individual or preferred management style. The NSC has, thus, been modified to suit the needs and preferences of each administration. The National Security Act of July 26, 1947 created the NSC with the President as Chairman and the Secretaries of State and Defense as its key members. Its principal function is to coordinate foreign policy and defense policy and incorporate diplomatic and military requirements. It also provided for a Secretary of Defense, a National Military Establishment, a Central Intelligence Agency and a National Security Resources Board. Because the NSC was several times modified to adapt to the preferences of each President, it came to be viewed as subservient to him alone. And because its role is to establish collegiality among the departments, it also came to be viewed as a means to controlling and managing opposed departments."
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Chile's National Security Council, 2002.
Describes the Chilean National Security Council as an institution obstructive to unity, stability and democracy in post-Pinochet Chile.
2,136 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 16 sources, MLA, AU$ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper examines one of the ways in which the Chilean armed forces have continued to exert power and influence in post-dictatorship Chile -through the National Security Council, a quasi-governmental institution given the role of convening to discuss threats to national security. This paper shows how, due to the failures of the council to engage in legitimate national security discourse as well as the symbolic nature of this tool of military intervention, it is in actuality a body that is not conducive to the furthering of unity, stability, and democracy within Chile.
From the Paper
"Although the power and influence of the military has been diminished since the end of the Pinochet dictatorship in 1990, the Chilean armed forces nonetheless have managed to maintain a substantial political and civilian role in Chilean society after the transition back to democracy. One of the most important manifestations of this lingering power and influence has been the National Security Council, a near-perfect representation not only of the Chilean military's perpetual political ambitions but also of its fixation upon the notion of "national security." The symbolism of this institution has consequently cast the very existence of the National Security Council in the national spotlight, and it has been one of the most debated and controversial issues of contemporary Chilean politics, especially in the current administration of Socialist Ricardo Lagos. The negative consequences of a sustained opportunity for military involvement in civilian and political affairs, even on a seemingly small scale, such as exists with the National Security Council in its present form is not conducive to further democratic growth and unity in Chilean society. What this paper aims to do is identify the importance of the National Security Council in its implications on civilian-military relations, national unity, stability, and democracy, and to explain how it is an obstacle to these principles."
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The National Security Council, 2005.
A look at the history, structure, and evolution of the National Security Council of the U.S.
1,083 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the origins and organizational structure of the National Security Council, as well as how its style, vision, and requirements change with each new president and administration.
From the Paper
"The NSC was ratified by the National Security Act of July 26, 1947. The organization fell under the chairmanship of the President of the United States and included the Secretaries of State and Defense as its key members. It is the "highest committee in the executive branch of the federal government for the resolution of national security and foreign policy questions." (Elder 13) One of the essential tasks of the NSC is "to coordinate foreign policy and defense policy, and to reconcile diplomatic and military commitments and requirements." (History of the National Security Council) Furthermore, the creation of the NSC also provides for "a Secretary of Defense, a National Military Establishment, Central Intelligence Agency, and National Security Resources Board." (ibid) It has four statutory members: the President, the Vice President, the Secretary of State, and the Secretary of Defense."
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The United Nations Security Council, 2005.
An analysis of the flaws within the United Nations Security Council that prevent it from successfully preventing conflict around the world.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 11 sources, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper examines why there is general agreement around the world that the United Nations Security Council is in thorough need of reform, for it has failed many times to meet its responsibility to prevent regional conflicts. The paper addresses this problem by establishing that these failures have been due primarily to fundamental structural and procedural flaws in the Security Council's composition and methods of debate.
From the Paper
The United Nations Security Council: Issues of Reform Part A Introduction There is general agreement around the world that the United Nations Security Council is in thorough need of reform, for it has failed many times to meet its responsibility to prevent regional conflicts. I propose to address this problem by establishing that these failures have been due primarily to fundamental structural and procedural flaws in the Security Council's composition and methods of debate. In the process, I would emphasize that the Council's lack of formal authority to enforce its decisions is another inherent flaw, which compounds its structural and procedural flaws."
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National Security Strategy, 2008.
An analysis of the US National Security Strategy (NSS-2002) and the National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68).
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on analyzing a particular aspect of the National Security Strategy, that is, NSS-2002. It uses the National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) as a reference point to understand the difference in the perceptions of threat facing the United States and the difference between the two policies. The connection between the two policies highlights some political, economic, and cultural realms that have been affected by the dimensions of the policy. Overall, it is clear that US foreign policy is reactive rather than preventative, since both NSS-2002 and NSC-68 were devised to counter, rather than to prohibit actions that were seen as harmful to the United States. The paper concludes that even domestic policies necessarily affect global economy, due to the integration of societies, thus careful consideration of foreign policy on use of power is imperative.
Outline:
Introduction
National Security Strategy (NSS-2002) and NSC-68: A Critical Review
Conclusion
From the Paper
"What are the similarities and differences between the NSS-2002 and the NSC-68? There is the common misconception that the NSS-2002 is simple about combating terrorism. As can be clearly seen from the eight principles outlines, the NSS-2002 surpasses combating terrorism, but has an overarching aim of promoting free trade and combating all aspects of terrorism. It is necessary to distinguish between state-sponsored and non-state sponsored terrorism, so as to understand how the NSS-2002 integrates all aspects of threats irrespective or origin and devises mechanisms to combat these issues."
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Security Council Reform, 2007.
An analysis of the proposed reforms for the United Nations security council.
1,524 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the debate over the need for reform of the United Nations (UN) security council. It provides a history of the security council and discusses the proposed reforms. The paper argues that security council reform is both necessary and yet unlikely for the foreseeable future given the conflicting national interests of the current Veto-holding permanent members of the security council.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Origins and Structure of the Security Council
The Current Reform Proposals
Two-Track Reform and the Resistance to Change
From the Paper
"In general, there exist two tracks or reform paths that are currently being pursued at the international level. The first of these is a proposal by the Group of Four (G4) countries (Japan, Germany, Brazil and India) that would give them, along with two African nations, permanent seats at the Security Council, with three new rotating memberships. This would expand the total membership of the Security Council to 25. The second was the more vague proposal, made by the Secretary Generals Panel of Eminent Persons in 2005, that did not endorse a specific plan but rather two general options for reform: (1) increasing the number of permanent and non-permanent members; or (2) enlarging the Council only with non-permanent members, but whose terms are longer than the current two year limit and who have the capacity to run for re-election (Crook 2005; Forman 2005)."
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Reforms of the Security Council, 2006.
An analysis of the United Nations Security Council reforms required tackle the challenges of the 21st century.
3,379 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper makes an attempt to trace the history of performance of the United Nations Security Council and purposes for which the veto has been used. It also discusses the various reform proposals and their supposed effectiveness in meeting the objectives of reforms. Finally, the paper presents a blueprint of a proposed reforms package.
Outline
The Main Problems of the Security Council
The Past as Prelude
The Reform Proposals
What Dent the Proposed Reforms Can Make-Can they Democratize the Security Council?
A Proposed Blueprint
From the Paper
"The reform of the Security Council has been on the international agenda for quite some time. Even by conservative standards, there seems to be an agreement on the existence of certain problems with the Security Council structure. Based on who happened to be on the winning side of the war 60 years ago, it is not representative of United Nations membership and out of key with the United Nations' Charter requirement of "equitable geographical distribution" of seats. It could reasonably be argued that the original 1945 bargain, which conceded privileges to certain nations in return for commitment, has broken down and should be revisited."
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U.N. Security Council Reform, 2005.
This paper discusses the issue of reform for the United Nations Security Council.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the issue of reform for the United Nations Security Council. The writer looks at the world's primary instrument for maintaining international order and peace. Further, the writer discusses various proposals and argues that enlarging the structure of the Security Council would be beneficial.
From the Paper
"Inside the United Nations and in both the halls of governments and the popular press, a debate has raged over various proposals to reform the Security Council, to make that organ's membership less exclusive and to improve its capacity to function in response to various crises and issues. As Marianne Hanson commented, the United Nations' Security Council U.N.S.C. remains the world's primary instrument for maintaining international peace and security. Various reform proposals have been put forward reflecting the recognition on the part of ... "
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National Security Books, 2005.
A discussion of books penned by Amy Zegart and John Prados and their views on national security organizations.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the books of Amy Zegart and John Prados and their views on national security organizations in the United States. The joint chiefs of staff, the national security council, and the central intelligence agency are all discussed within the paper. The general consensus of the authors is that each of these organizations was formed to be temporary forms within the government, and they have lasted since 1947 as political machines that answer to no one.
From the Paper
"Flawed by design: The evolution of the CIA, JCS, and NSC, a book by author Amy Zegart (1999), takes a detailed look at both the structure and the historical perspective of matters that deal with the country's national interests. The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the National Security Council, and the Central Intelligence Agency are the main topics of Zegart's book. John Prados (1992), author of Keeper of the keys: A history of the national security council from Truman to Bush, also discusses issues of national interest from the perspective of a man who has been part of the United States government for many years. Both of these authors attempt to explore those elements of our nation's government that have seen at least a decade of close scrutiny because of lapses in judgment, the protection of our country, and the impact that these organizations have had on our lives as American citizens."
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U.N. Security Council, 2002.
Analyzes the United Nations Security Council's ability to maintain international peace.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 13 sources, AU$ 125.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the Security Council in terms of its structure and objectives. It proceeds to discuss the effect of veto power of the permanent members over the effectiveness of the Security Council in maintaining peace by highlighting the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Finally the paper concludes by providing details of solutions being proposed.
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Security Council Reform, 2005.
Discusses why and how to reform United Nations Security Council.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses reform efforts and proposals, arguing that a revised and enlarged structure of the Security Council would benefit all members and improve the effectiveness of this important UN organ.
From the Paper
"Inside the United Nations and in both the halls of governments and the popular press, a debate has raged over various proposals to reform the Security Council to make that organ's membership less exclusive and to improve its capacity to function in response to various crises and issues. As Marianne Hanson commented, "the United Nations' Security Council (UNSC) remains the world's primary instrument for maintaining international peace and security." Various reform proposals have been put forward, reflecting the recognition on the part of many different actors and policymakers that the Security Council would benefit from fundamental changes."
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UN Security Council, 2002.
This paper answers the question of whether the UN Security Council needs to reform itself.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 145.95
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Abstract
This paper suggests that the UN Security Council needs to reform if it is to effectively manage peace and maintain peace in the New World Order.
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Russia, Germany & the UN Security Council, 2006.
An analysis of Russia's foreign policy regarding Germany's demand for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council.
2,144 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a discussion of the key issues and disputes between Russia and Germany. The paper describes the historical sequence and context of these events, identifies the respective interests and goals of the parties involved and discusses the various policy alternatives under consideration.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Key Issues/Problems/Concerns
Recent and Current Policy.
Respective Goals of Russia and Germany, Their Rationale and Relative Importance
Foreign Policy Alternatives
Conclusion
From the Paper
"German Foreign Policy. In recent years, German foreign policy has always been that the country did not want to have to choose between France and Europe on the one hand and the United States on the other (Sands 6), but the nation has increasingly sought a more active leadership role in regional and global affairs. A speech before the UN General Assembly on September 25, 1996 by the German Foreign Minister Kinkel articulated the evolution of German foreign policy responsibilities. According to Lantis (2002), "Reaffirming Germany's commitment to multilateralism, Kinkel called on the member states of the UN to take decisive action to bolster the organization's effectiveness and efficiency" (133). At that time, the German foreign minister also reported that Germany would support an extension of the mandate for the Implementation Force (IFOR), a NATO-led multinational force in Bosnia and Herzegovina (IFOR 1). "
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The UN Security Council Iraq Debate, 2002.
A look at the UN deliberation over the state of Iraq.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
This seven-page undergraduate paper examines the UN Security Council debate over Iraq, and discusses the salient issues involved. The author analyzes the reasons for and against regime change and assesses the credibility of the Security Council.
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UN Security Council and NATO, 2004.
This paper examines the effectiveness of these two organizations in a changing world.
2,684 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by providing a background study of both organizations and their areas of functioning. It then examines the effectiveness of both organizations at solving conflicts and maintaining peace. The writer concludes with an assessment of which organization has a better chance of success in the future.
From the Paper
"The United Nations (UN) Security Council is the most powerful organization in the UN. The main mission of this organization is to maintain peace and security between nations-a duty that has been challenging over the years (NationMaster.com, 2003). While other organs of the UN only have the authority to make recommendations to member governments, the Security Council can make decisions that member governments are required to carry out under the United Nations Charter, the Constitution of the UN. The decisions of the UN Security Council are called UN Security Council Resolutions."
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Globalization, State Security and Human Security in Asia, 2006.
An analysis of globalization and how it relates to state security.
3,997 words (approx. 16.0 pages), 54 sources, APA, AU$ 117.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the relationship between globalization and security using the state and the individual as units of analysis. It argues that globalization has varying consequences on different actors. The paper challenges the assumption that globalization has a direct impact on state security. It shows that global processes challenge state security in an indirect manner but have direct effects on human security.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Globalization And State Security In Asia
Asian Security in a Globalized Context
Responses to State Insecurity
Globalization And Human Security In Asia
From Development Economics to Human Development: A Focus on Peoples' Livelihoods
Poverty Reduction and Inequality in Comparative Perspectives
Water Crisis as a source of Human Insecurity
Conclusions
Appendix
From the Paper
"Globalization can be seen both as a historical project and as a process that affects social relations of peoples, groups and states.(Bello, 1998) It is conceived as a historical conjuncture of the modernist project (McMichael 1996) that promotes the ideological framework of neoliberalism (Kinvall 2002: 5-6). The principles of free market economics constitute the policy package called the Washington Consensus - trade liberalization, financial deregulation, privatization, and inflation and currency exchange stability policies - which became the cornerstone of structural adjustment policies (SAPs) implemented in many economies. While Latin America and Africa have severely suffered from neoliberal globalization, Asia stands as an exceptional case of successful integration in the global economy (Dittmer 2002). Asia Pacific projected itself to the world as the most dynamic region characterized by growth with equity: rapid and sustained economic growth, equitable distribution of incomes, and dramatic improvements in human welfare (Rigg 2003: Table 1.3: 10; World Bank 1993)."
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