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Muhammad: Cosmology and Rites of Passage Models, 2004.
An examination of how the life story of Muhammad fits into the cosmological and rites-of-passage models.
1,466 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the life story of Muhammad according to the rites-of-passage model of Arnold van Gennep and Victor Turner, the relationship between the life story of Muhammad, and some of the key principles of Islamic cosmology and the ways in which Muhammad?s life story might be linked to the cosmological traditions of the religions out of which Islam emerged.
From the Paper
"The rites-of-passage model, explained by Victor Turner, ?indicate and constitute transitions between states? of ?relatively fixed or stable conditions.? This model contains three phases, pre-liminal, liminal, and post-liminal characterized by certain transitional traits: during the pre-liminal phase the individual or group ?comprises symbolic behavior signifying detachment from an earlier fixed point in the social structure or a set of cultural conditions;? during the liminal phase ?the state of the ritual subject is ambiguous; he passes through a realm that has few or none of the attributes of the past or coming state;? and during the post-liminal ?the passage is consummated.? "
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African Rites of Passage, 2002.
The history and origins of rites of passage.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper describes various African rites of passage. Topics covered include history and origin of these rites. In addition, the paper provides descriptions of modern day examples of African-American rites of passage organizations in the United States.
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Fiona Bowie's "Ritual, Rites of Passage, Ritual Violence", 2002.
A detailed summary of Bowie's anthropological theories regarding the concepts of ritual and rites of passages.
1,180 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
This summary outlines Bowie's attempts at defining the term 'ritual' in an anthropological and culturally acceptable way. She discusses the differing stances on the symbolism of ritual, as well as the more specific ritualistic 'rite of passage'. She also includes a section investigating the gender-specific function of rituals and its possible patriarchal nature.
From the Paper
"?Ritual? as a social and anthropological concept is difficult to define. Although, ethnocentric thinking has influenced researchers into believing that ritual is a universal phenomenon, it is quite illogical to attempt to find a single ?type? or definition of ritual to explain the diversity this term encompasses. Although Fiona Bowie suggests that modern anthropology operates with the assumption that there are common behaviours and themes which allow researchers to identify ritualistic practices, she warns against universalistic definitions. However, in the attempt to examine ?ritual,? anthropologists and theorists have formulated broad concepts which they believe address the components of ritualistic practice."
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Quinceanera and Other Rites of Passage for Girls, 2002.
Study of different rites of passage for girls entering womanhood with an emphasis on the Spanish celebration, Quinceanera.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 129.95
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Abstract
Quinceanera, Confirmation, Bat Mitzvah and Female Castration ceremonies are all part of the modern world and all mark the change in a young girl's life to that of a woman. A Quinceanera is the celebration of a girls fifteenth birthday. Once the spiritual ceremony is over the girl moves on to the social part of the Quinceanera. At the age of fifteen the girl is no longer a child. At the age of 12 girls become obligated to observe the commandments. The ceremony marks the time in a girl's life when she is ready for womanhood and marriage. For girls, these rites have traditionally prepared them for marriage and sexual activity (childbearing) within the marriage context.
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?Rites of Passage?, 2002.
This paper discusses Sharon Olds?s poem, "Rites of Passage", which describes the way society conditions young girls and boys to behave in a manner befitting their gender.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that, in this poem, Olds is surprised to see that boys, from a very young age, are aggressive in nature and therefore love playing generals and soldiers. The author points out that the tone of the poem is ironic in the sense that, while on the surface it seams to be celebrating the birthday of first-grade child, on closer study, it contains heavy undertones. The paper stresses that the reason boys? behavior and their psyche are seen as the actual themes of the poem is because Olds hardly mentions anything else. There are no descriptions of the location or dresses the guests are wearing.
From the Paper
"For example, all the six years olds in this poem behave in the same manner with everyone ready and willing to fight with others. There seems to be little compassion or empathy between the boys as they gear up for a ?brawl?. This is quite different from the behavior we would expect from a group of young girls. Not only would most of them be gathering around their dolls, they would also show little interest in waging a war against younger children. On the other hand, children in this party are looking for their potential victims and all younger kids are considered prime targets."
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Rites of Passage, 2001.
This is a paper on the Rites of Passages of puberty followed by Eskimo and Australian Aborigines.
1,750 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper studies these traditions for both boys and girls in these cultures. Both are compared for their similarities in symbolism yet differences in practice. Both follow the same three phases: Separation, transition, and worldly return.
From the Paper
"The indigenous cultures of the past have always held a great regard for the traditional and superstitious. Elaborate rituals are associated with each aspect of life and the people celebrate these rituals as a community. The community being patriarchal in most circumstances the dominance of the male hierarchy is clearly seen and that the rituals are associated then with the male gender is no surprise. Yet, today, we are fascinated with what to the generations of the past was a common issue. Researchers have taken the time to separately understand the ceremonies associated with the cultures and none is as elaborate as the rites of passage as the adolescents---especially the male---enters adulthood. Around the world the transition is celebrated with fervor amongst the different cultures, and though today forgotten, its importance is still acknowledged amongst the remaining indigenous communities of the past."
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Birth as an American Rite of Passage (Robbie E. Davis-Floyd), 2001.
Examination of author's argument that hospital birthing process & technology disempower women in the birthing process.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, AU$ 57.95
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From the Paper
"In Birth as an American Rite of Passage, Robbie E. Davis-Floyd (1992) contends that the birthing process in the U.S. is the effort by the technocratic society to control a natural act (p. 2). According to her, the birthing process should be considered a rite of passage because it sends a powerful message to the women, ?the initiates,? that the technocratic institutions are superior to their natural capacities (Davis-Floyd, 1992, p. 16). Fundamentally, Davis-Floyd (1992) highlights the fact that woman?s creative power is usurped by the hospital and technology. Instead of being celebrated as a life-giver, she is disempowered and made to feel helpless and dependent on them (pp. 74-5). From the technocratic perspective, women?s bodies are regarded as entities that are likely to fail and need to be fixed during the birthing process (David-Floyd,.."
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The Rite of Baptism, 2008.
An examination of the Catholic rite of passage - baptism.
2,142 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper examines baptism as a "rite of passage" in which existing members of the Christian community welcome initiates. The paper explains that baptism is one of two sacraments regularly observed in most Protestant churches and is considered one of the sacraments of "Christian initiation", along with confirmation and the Eucharist. The paper looks at the several spiritual goals that one who attains baptism expects to receive as a result of completing their ceremony. The paper then describes the baptism ceremony. In conclusion, the paper shows that in employing two powerful and sacred elements in the sacrament of baptism, namely "water" and "word", the Christian church successfully welcomes new members into its fold and helps them navigate a spiritual passage from the chaos of the secular world to the ordered life of the faithful.
From the Paper
"After the recitation of the Gloria Patri, the Pastor announced the joyous occasion of the ceremony of Baptism being performed during the service. She called the family of the infant up to the raised platform where she usually stands in front of the congregation. The mother and father of the infant, both dressed in formal attire, climbed the stairs of the platform, followed by the child's godparents, to join the Pastor. The baby was dressed in a long white gown covered with lace and ribbons, and her head was covered with a small bonnet. As if impressed by the formality of the occasion herself, she remains silent and periodically requires her mother to shift her from one arm to the other while she looks down at the rows of people plaintively."
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Rites of Maturity, 2002.
An analysis of the short story "Blackberries" by Leslie Norris.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the rites of passage between childhood and maturity, using the short story by Leslie Norris "Blackberries" as an example.
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Chinese Funeral Rites, 1992.
An examination of the funeral rites in Chinese culture points compared to some of the ways in which the social structure in China is maintained and transmitted in the rites themselves and in the accompanying observances of the community.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 80.95
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From the Paper
"Funeral rites provide a community with a ritual observance of the passing of individuals, a communal expression of religious and social beliefs, and a sense of the continuity of social structures through time. An examination of the funeral rites in Chinese culture will point to some of the ways in which the social structure is maintained and transmitted in the rites themselves and in the accompanying observances of the community. The family stands as the central motif in Chinese funerary rites, standing as a form of family worship and providing the individual in the present with a direct link to his or her past.
The family, and family structure, is a central issue in the religion of China and in popular culture. As Thompson (1989) notes, ancestor worship, filial piety, both in the present and in terms of the past, hold an important position in Chinese society. In..."
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"Blood Rites", 2005.
This paper reviews writer Barbara Ehrenreich's "Blood Rites:The Origins and History of the Passions of War", an account of war from its beginnings to today, with an emphasis on its emotional aspects.
1,860 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Barbara Ehrenreich in her book, "Blood Rites: The Origins and History of the Passions of War" traces war's origins back to Paleolithic man's struggle against predators on the African savanna. According to the book, war soon required a symmetrical form that resembled sacrificial rites, which gradually developed into a merger of religion with militarism that transformed battle into a religious rite. The author points out, in the closing chapter, that Ehrenreich pointedly cites the horrifying figure that there have been 160 wars since World War II, which took the lives of 22 million people. The paper contends that mankind is prey, who, through its own efforts, has become a predator; thereby, society continues to prey upon itself, not for sport, but from a residue of insecurity and blood lust that no society yet has managed to suppress.
From the Paper
"The following chapters address the notion of the warrior elite. The author uses the example of General MacArthur's evocation of the long, gray line of West Pointers and Hitler's fantasy of a "race of Aryan god-men." However, the warrior elite has disappeared with the modern army, because when everyone has a gun, everyone is equal on the battlefield. The elite doesn't start wars anymore, since anyone can access the massive international arms market. Wars are free to everyone now. One example is the Russian war in Chechnya that was fought by special-forces soldiers."
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"Kim" and "A Passage to India", 2004.
Compares the book, "Kim", by Rudyard Kipling, to E.M. Forster's "A Passage to India".
2,327 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
Forster?s "A Passage to India" and Kipling?s "Kim" have often been viewed as literary works that are in opposition to each other, since the former has been construed as a critique of British imperialism in India, whereas the latter has been seen as pro-imperialism. Indeed, this scholarly opinion seems to dominate critical analysis of British colonial literature on India, leading to a wide body of work that highlights the striking contrast between Forster?s and Kipling?s portrayal of the British Raj in India. One outcome of this scholarly tradition is that very little attempt has been made to analyze the similarities, if any, between the two works. As a result, there is one very marked commonality between the two works that has tended to be overlooked, which is the theme of social identity. Therefore, this paper highlights and discusses the fact that both "A Passage to India" and "Kim" serve as a commentary on the importance of the role played by social and cultural identity in creating and perpetuating the divide between nations and races.
From the Paper
"Kipling, in fact, achieves his purpose through positing the premise that the only way to bridge the divide between nations and races is through the intermingling of social and cultural values. Whereas, as evidenced by the earlier discussion, Forster?s approach was to highlight the social and cultural differences that prevented the formation of friendships between the British and the Indians. Of course, several critics have interpreted Kipling?s Kim as a novel that demonstrates the importance of knowing India and its customs in order to rule it (Hubel, p. 87), thereby further supporting the view of Kipling as a pro-imperialism author. The fact, however, remains that there is enough scope to equally interpret Kim as a story that shows the path to becoming a ?friend of all the world.?"
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"A Passage to India" and "Season of Migration to the North", 2006.
A philosophical look at E.M. Forster's " Passage to India and Tayeb Salih's, " Season of Migration to the North".
8,063 words (approx. 32.3 pages), 20 sources, MLA, AU$ 252.95
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Abstract
In this comparative study of E.M. Forster's "Passage to India" and Tayeb Salih's "Season of Migration to the North" the author looks at the similarities in both books that give unmediated experience as a partial solution to the political conflicts of the colonial and post-colonial eras. He looks at how both books present experiences freed from the constraints of place, time, circumstance and individual motivation. He sees this by placing their characters (briefly) outside of representation, through mystical transcendence. The author then proceeds in detail to examine the messages he believes both books are trying to give and relates each of these messages to the characters and locations of the book. For example, in "Passage to India" he spends some time looking at the towns mentioned and the Hindu religion practiced and how it affects the community and characters in the book. The author examines every chapter of each book and uses other texts to explain and justify his belief that there is transcendence and empathy in both books.
From the Paper
"The refusal here to allow the imagination to go beyond its usual restraints is an important British problem in the novel. While dissatisfied with the quotidian structures of belief and reason they have practised throughout their lives, they are still limited by them in their attempt to go beyond them. There is a great fear of the unknown, and the infinite - which is in principle unknowable - is the most fearful thing of all to minds that need strict systems upon which to base their processes of meaning generation. The English rely on their reason and familiar systems of thought to make sense of the world. Their problem, I posit, is one of scope, as Hans Gadamer states in Truth and Method: "A person who has no horizon does not see far enough and hence overvalues what is nearest him" (302). When posed with notions that precede and transcend their own systems, the English are left reeling, and retreat when possible to the safety of their own worlds."
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"Passage to India", 2007.
An analysis of Walt Whitman's references to technology and the soul in "Passage to India."
1,394 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Walt Whitman's "Passage to India." It particularly considers his references to technology and the soul. The paper suggests that "Passage to India" seems to be calling out to the common man, encouraging him to embrace the modern world, but to remember the capabilities of the poetic soul. The paper discusses how Whitman presents these themes.
From the Paper
"Ultimately, Whitman clearly states that the soul will not suffer from man's intellectual restlessness. Instead it will soar to new heights on the rising tide of technology, and use these advances to reach even further than it ever has before. But even so, the reach of poetry and the soul is far beyond anything that man can make or design since it has the capability to reach into the ancient past as well as into the future. Even if time machines were finally invented, they would still not compare to the ability of the soul to understand its own existence, and to make connections with the past and with other souls. The poet's ability to connect with God and to explore all the recesses of man's existence is where the soul's true potential lay, not with the advance of machinery and technology. Though Whitman does accept and appreciate technology "I welcome, and fully, the same as the rest;/ You too with joy I sing" (28-29), he feels that the soul is the real past, present, and future of mankind."
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A Passage to India, 2006.
A review of the novel "A Passage to India" by E. M. Forester.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the E.M. Forester novel "A Passage to India," paying particular attention to the rich Orientalism in the work. The paper begins with a detailed plot synopsis, and then examines the novel's various conflicts -- such as the tension between Indians and Anglos. The main themes the paper examines are the fear of differences and the search for happiness, peace and love. The paper relates frequently to the text, using quoted passages to underscore its points.
From the Paper
"Living in a state of oppression - being considered the subordinate race - has an effect on Aziz' interactions with everyone. He laces his words with sarcasm, chooses them carefully and immediately analyzes them. But the curious part is that the British characters like Miss Quested, Mrs. Moore, Cyril Fielding and others, do the same thing - desiring to treat Indians fairly one minute, then revealing (through thoughts, words or deeds) their elitism and condescension the next.
As for Miss Quested, she accepted everything Aziz said as true verbally. In her ignorance, she regarded him as "India," and never surmised that his outlook was limited and his method inaccurate, and that no one is India."
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The Rites of Manhood in "The Odyssey", 2008.
An examination of the issue of marriage and the rites of manhood for Telemachus in "The Odyssey" by Homer.
856 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at why marriage and the rites of manhood are central reasons for the journey that Telemachus must undertake in search of his father, Odysseus, in "The Odyssey" by Homer. Telemachus is a young adult that desperately desires to see his father return, since his mother, Penelope, is under great pressure to remarry due to his 20-year absence. It examines Telemachus' journey into manhood to find his father, preventing his mother from remarrying and the loss of family honor.
From the Paper
"The first appearance of Telemachus in The Odyssey relates directly to his defiance of the suitors that wish to marry is mother, Queen Penelope. He is a young man of around twenty years old, and has played a crucial part in the denial of the suitors' admission into his house. In this regard, Athena has already intervened with Telemachus, which has given him the courage to speak against the suitors. This provides a forum for Telemachus to stand up to the greedy and insolent men that only want to marry Penelope because of her power. Telemachus begins his passage into manhood by speaking to the suitors in Book I."
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