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Money and Banking in the U.S. through 1865, 1994.
This paper discusses the history of money and banking in the U.S. through 1865: Evolution, legislation, functions, state vs. federal banks, politics and free banking.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 69.95
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From the Paper
"The introduction of paper money in England accompanies the transition of the economy from feudalism to capitalism. The move away from the manorial production system was brought about in part because of a recognition that some goods could be bought from town sources more cheaply and in better quality than similar goods could be produced on the manors. This recognition led to a desire to produce more efficiently on the manor, so that something of exchange value would be available to acquire these outside goods. Eventually, this recognition led to a system in which more permanent stores of value, such as money, were exchanged, as opposed to exchanging perishable or quickly ... "
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Money and Banking, 2004.
A brief overview of various terms relevant to the economy and banking.
935 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses monetary issues relevant the United States' economy. The paper examines the workings of the Federal Reserve Bank and explores what affects the national currency and assets. The paper presents an overview of the rate of inflation, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the level of unemployment. The paper contends that for the near future, the Chairman of the Federal Reserve, Alan Greenspan, will be focusing on the issue of reducing the national deficit.
From the Paper
"The Federal Reserve controls monetary policy by moving the federal funds rate using open market operations. Open market operations involve using currency to buy and sell financial assets, typically gold, foreign currency or government bonds, thereby affecting the liquidity of the national currency. The federal funds rate, also called the overnight rate, is the rate which banks charge each other. It is about three points lower than the prime rate, which is the rate that banks charge their best customers. Periodically the Chairman of the Federal Reserve, currently Alan Greenspan, is required to report to Congress concerning US monetary policy."
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Money and Banking Concepts, 2008.
This paper explores interest rates, the economy and finance management.
1,386 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the monetary and banking system with respect to several theories regarding interest rates. The paper looks at some guiding principles with respect to the economy and financial infrastructure. The paper also examines several risk structures and risk assessment models.
Outline:
Abstract
Loanable Funds Theory
Liquidity Preference Theory
Risk Structure of Interest Rates
Bank Management Principles
From the Paper
"Economics has long relied on the concept of supply and demand in the free market as one of the fields most basic tenets and this is just as true for monetary theory. In terms of interest rates and interest rate determination, the loanable funds theory of interest states that the interest rates in the market, all other things being equal, are determined through the supply of funds in that market as well as the availability of funds for lending (Walter, 2004, p.89). However, within this loanable funds theory of interest there are several related factors that affect the interest rate specifically which must be accounted for. On such basic economic premise is that the supply of loanable funds is controlled by the amount of savings in the market and the average increases in overall deposits which affect the amount of loanable funds."
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Money and Banking, 2008.
An analysis of financial markets, financial intermediaries and cashless systems.
1,263 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses various financial and economic topics. It first discusses financial markets and their typologies, vis-a-vis investment categories. It then focuses on financial intermediaries and their role within the overall economy as facilitators of market access. Finally, the paper looks at the monetary system as it relates to payment and the current shift to a cashless system and society.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Financial Markets
Financial Intermediaries
Money, Payment, Cashless Shift
From the Paper
"From a macroeconomic perspective financial intermediaries are not viewed as especially important but they do serve an important function related to financial markets because they facilitate market access. Additionally, financial intermediaries provide an extremely useful and relevant source of market research for economists because they have highly accurate predictive models based on the historical data of their customers' investment patterns as well as investment preferences (Karp, Bernard & Schlessinger, 2002). By utilizing such market data, economists and other economic analysts are able to better gauge the direction and health of the overall economy and government policies directed at it."
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Like Money in the Bank, 2002.
A study of the political process in the United States and special interest spending.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the financial aspects of political life in the American democracy. It looks at the positive role lobbyists can have in protecting the rights of minorities. The paper describes how in reality special interest groups represent little more than themselves and their ability to shower gifts and favors on politicians. The author looks at alternative ways to fund politics and even the playing field for all.
From the Paper
"In modern day America, it costs an enormous amount of money to get elected to national or statewide office. In 2002 alone, Democrats and Republicans spent somewhere in the neighborhood of one billion dollars on their various campaigns. This includes both soft and hard money, with the Republicans out-fundraising the Democrats in hard money by more than two to one: $289 million for the Republicans, and $127 million for the Democrats. (Oppel, 2002) Television, radio, print, and Internet advertisements do not come cheap, and it is rare that a candidate can raise the sums necessary from individual supporters alone. Candidates need well-heeled, organized groups to help them fill their war chests."
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How Banks Affect the Money Market, 2000.
An analysis of the role of banks in American money supply, with an emphasis on the role of the loans, government securities, reserves, and regional differences within the U.S.
1,020 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 53.95
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From the Paper
"Nowadays banks have a certain number of tools to affect the money market. Actually, the money supply and credit availability is all banks are about. It?s the main purpose of their existence. Demand deposits payments were used in most economic deals made in the USA. So, banks can affect the deposits and thus, affect the money supply."
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The Federal Reserve Bank and the American Money Supply, 2000.
An explanation of the basics of American money supply and the role of the Federal Reserve Bank in regulating it.
1,080 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 54.95
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From the Paper
"Banks play a central role in a money supply process. Banks can affect the money supply and Federal Reserve System can affect the banks."
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Impact of E-Banking on the Banking Industry, 2006.
An in-depth analysis of individual commercial banks and how they service their customers.
13,765 words (approx. 55.1 pages), 31 sources, APA, AU$ 363.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses individual commercial banks and how they service their customers. It analyzes the quality of banking services that a customer gets and how the services are provided to the customer. It describes the three main channels for banking today - through branches, through the internet and on telephone.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Chapter I
How Internet Banking Has Grown In The Last Decades, Especially Regarding New Product Being Offered
Evolution of Internet Banking
Present Status and Profile of E-Banking Offered By Banks
Nature of Product Offered
Chapter II
The Operations of Banks In Different Areas: What Is The Contribution?
Effects of E-Banking on Banking Operations: What Is The Contribution of Internet Banking Toward The Business?
Chapter III
General Benefits of Banks From E-Business and Other Communication
Performance Measurement
Chapter IV
Reality of System Risks and Control
Conclusion
From the Paper
"To understand the relationship that can develop between the Internet and banks, one has to first understand the nature of both these items. The first to be understood is the banks. So far as banks are concerned, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, central banking which is the source of all banking activity would appear to be at a crossroads in their future. Earlier it was the lender of last resort, active participant in stabilizing economic fluctuations, and now the present main function is being the guardian of price stability. As it is still the monetary authority, much is expected from them. At one stage, fiscal policy was considered to be the main instrument of economic policy, the situation changed to an ascendancy of monetary policy and that was noted by the late 1980s in most parts of the industrialized world. This had a lot of implications for the role of the central bank."
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Money Money Money, 2002.
A look at money's affect on the modern family.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 13 sources, AU$ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper examines money and the family in terms of family studies. How earning and expenditure is distributed in the family, particularly with reference to gender is the key issue.
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Banking Industry: Mergers and Acquisitions, 1999.
A focus on Chemical Bank and Chase Manhattan looking at their background, industry overview, money center banks, competition, public policy, intervention and regulation and legislation and reform. Gra
5,400 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 15 sources, AU$ 197.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction
Mergers and acquisitions during the 1980s tended to take the form of hostile takeovers, often financed by well-publicized "junk" bonds, which resulted in the merged organization being sold off in order to increase cash flow. The 1980s were also a tumultuous time in the banking industry as numerous institutions failed or were investigated, some in part because of their financing of mergers and acquisitions in other industries. This represented a strong opportunity for other institutions who were able to take over deposits of the failed organizations and thus gain additional financial strength through acquisition. At the same time, the banking industry was increasingly affected by globalization, with Japanese banks in particular posing competitive threats to American business banking, and European banking interests also..."
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Europe's Emerging Banks and the U.S. Banking History, 2002.
This paper analyzes the banking industry in the United States from the mid-18th through mid-19th century in order to understand the evolution of the banking industry in Europe's developing economies in the 20th century.
2,480 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 110.95
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Abstract
This paper presents four potential dangers to banks in emerging markets and relates them to the lessons of the founding banking system of the United States: Macroeconomic volatility, connected lending, political involvement and financial liberalization. This paper discusses that the emerging banking industries in Eastern Europe must learn to operate in an objective environment free from burdensome and often disastrous government control; just as, the ever-present tension in the United States between government policy and banking policy ensured the banking industry's objectivity. This paper argues that the primary cause of the banking crisis in Eastern Europe was the banks' decision to allow financiers with little experience and even less capital to set up their own banks.
Table of Contents
Introduction
European Economies and the Evolution of the U.S. Banking Industry
Macroeconomic Volatility
Connected Lending
Government Involvement
Financial Liberalization
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The insistence by the American chief executive in the mid 18th to mid 19th century to keep separate government policy from banking policy has not been demonstrated in the communist economies of Eastern Europe. The second major crisis factor for these economies has been connected (or insider) lending, particularly in Russia. Though not unheard of in rich countries, connected lending is a more serious problem in emerging countries, where supervisors are less rigorous about rooting it out. The Economist maintains that connected lending has recently caused serious problems where unscrupulous businessmen have found it easy to set up banks simply to finance their other companies' pet projects. Thus, at many Russian banks, the personal ambitions of owners and managers still come before the prudent assessment of lending risks. Loans to related companies are rarely made on an arm's length basis and tend to be granted at below-market rates, with scant credit vetting."
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Swiss Bank Accounts, 1999.
Overview of Swiss society, government & economy, problems created by money laundering, bank profits and international challenges to secrecy laws.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 115.95
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From the Paper
"SWISS BANK ACCOUNTS
Through the middle of the seventeenth century, Switzerland was a part of the Holy Roman Empire (Hunter 1255-1262). From the late-thirteenth century through 1648, Switzerland was a part of a defensive league of three states within the Holy Roman Empire. In 1648, the league became independent of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1798, a united Helvetic Republic was formed from the cantons comprising the defensive league. In 1815, the perpetual neutrality of Switzerland, the successor to the Helvetic Republic, was guaranteed by Austria, France, Great Britain, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, Spain, and Sweden by the Congress of Vienna. Switzerland?s present constitution was adopted in 1874, and the newest canton, Jura, was established by a vote of the electorate in 1978. "
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Islamic Banking, 2002.
This study investigates the feasibility of introducing Islamic banking as an alternative system of banking in the United States, but not as a replacement for the existing system of banking in this country.
7,325 words (approx. 29.3 pages), 32 sources, MLA, AU$ 236.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine and assess the issues involved in any effort to implement Islamic banking as an alternative system of banking in the United States. The study pursues this purpose through the investigation of the following research questions: 1. Is it probable that Islamic banking and interest-based banking can co-exist within the economic structure of the United States? 2. Is the potential market for Islamic banking in the United States sufficiently large to make Islamic banking feasible in American society? 3. What laws, state and federal, require change to permit Islamic banking to operate in the United States?
Chapter 1
Introduction
Statement of the problem
Purpose of the Study
Key Factors for Investigation
Background on the Problem
Approach to the Investigation
Overview of the Study
Chapter 2
Literature Review
The Crucial Role of Interest
The Development of Banking Systems
Sources & Uses of Funds in Islamic Banking
Chapter 3
Method
References
From the Paper
"Islamic economics has two principal components. The first component is a constant set of principles derived from the Qu'aran, which are the economic principles governing all Islamic activity, and which are unchanging. The second component is a flexible set of principles also derived from the Qu'aran, but which may be adapted to environment, time, or place, while remaining within the boundaries of the unchanging principles (El Araby, 1997). In Islam, any enterprise ? economic or otherwise ? may be an act of devotion, if entered into with the correct intentions. The welfare of the whole of the human race according to the will of God is the ultimate goal of all Islamic economic activity. The social responsibilities of business organizations are part of the moral obligations of the individuals operating such organizations in an Islamic society (El Araby, 1997). All economic systems are concerned with the relationship between the public and private sectors. In capitalist systems, the emphasis is on the private sector, although the degree of such emphasis varies between countries. One result of this capitalist emphasis is the cyclical recurrence of significant problems ? inflation, unemployment, and recession, while a second result is an increasing concentration of productive capacity ownership into a relatively few private hands. Islamic economics assumes that no conflict exists or will develop between the public and private sectors, and that each sector works for the greater good of society. The applications of the principles of any system ? capitalist or Islamic ? are usually less than perfect. Therefore, conflicts do occur within Islamic economic systems; however, in Islam, the settlement of such conflicts is according to the criterion of the greater societal good, as opposed to settlement on an ideological basis of property ownership, political imperative or agenda, or similar factors that is often true in capitalist economies."
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Islamic Banking - Religion as an Excuse, 2006.
This paper explains the differences between Islamic banking and conventional banking. It argues politically, as opposed to economically, that both systems are the same.
3,225 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 17 sources, APA, AU$ 134.95
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Abstract
The writer explains that the emergence of Islamic banking is an example of how religion has become subservient to economic needs, and more specifically, how Islam has become subservient to capitalism. The paper explains that although advocates claim that Islamic banking is distinctive from interest rate banking, such methods are merely window dressing - a way for the banks to legitimize themselves. The writer explains that in Shariah, Islamic law, people are prohibited from charging and receiving interest. The paper draws parallels between conventional banking systems and the new modes of so-called interest-free banking. The paper states that Islamic banks have been mimicking conventional banks, pushing for short-term, low-risk investments that are similar in quantity and risk to those obtained by other conventional banks. The writer explains that the methods used to evade interest prohibition include mislabeling interest under the false pretense of administrative costs and delegating puppet banks to alleviate responsibility from Islamic institutions. The writer challenges the advocates of this system who claim that it is Shariah-compliant. In summation, the writer states that it is evident that in the current Islamic system, Islamic beliefs have taken a second place to the capitalist system. Table of Contents: Introduction Lack of Sources for Islamic Banking Same Method, Different Name Murabaha is Not Profit Sharing Using Puppet Banks The Ulama Power Vacuum Advocates Conclusion Bibliography
From the Paper
"During the 80s, Muslim countries such as Sudan, Iran and Pakistan underwent the growth of Islamic banking due to an oil boom and the need for Muslim communities to establish a unique economic presence in the new international economic order (Pipes, 1982:45; cf. ICO: 1982). By 1995, 144 public and private banking institutions had been established claiming to practice a??Islamic bankinga?? (Shaik, 1997:118). However, this paper will argue that Islamic banking is conventional banking in disguise. Islamists have merely used the former to bypass religious restrictions to meet their capitalistic needs in a manner that is compliant, and sometimes even not compliant, to interpretations of the Shariah. Such assertions can be supported by examining characteristics of the current Islamic banking system. Nazih N. Ayubi has written about religion being subservient to the state. In this particular case, the evolution of Islamic banking has become an example of Islam being subservient to capitalism."
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Virtual Banking, 2000.
A definition, advantages, features, examples (Net.B@nk and Salem Five Bank), digital money, smart cards and the future.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 15 sources, AU$ 69.95
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From the Paper
"Virtual Banking: The Wave Of The Future?
What Is A Virtual Bank?
The purpose of this research is to develop an argument that "virtual banks" will replace the more traditional banks as the principal institutions providing a full range of financial services to consumers. The term "virtual," when used in conjunction with such concepts as corporation or banking, means different things to different people and means different things depending upon the context of the use of the term.
Generally, the virtual corporation is based on the concept of the virtual product or virtual service that is produced instantly in response to customer demand. Davidow and Malone (9) described the virtual corporation as an organization that will have a continually changing interface within the firm and externally..."
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The Pakistani Banking Industry, 2006.
This in-depth paper a provides a benchmark pertaining to the careers of bank managers in Pakistan, while also delving into the banking industry in the Islamic run country.
21,538 words (approx. 86.2 pages), 33 sources, MLA, AU$ 363.95
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Abstract
This well-researched paper examines Pakistan's evolving and constantly developing banking industry from the 1940s and up the present. The writer of this paper supplies in-depth insight into the pressures as well as the numerous financial and cultural demands and expectations currently facing bank managers in both the private and public banking sectors. This paper analyzes Pakistan's political history and its resulting impact on the country's banking industry. The writer of this paper delves into Pakistan's socio-political culture which greatly affects the vision, goals and leadership style of the country's bank managers. This paper also contains various financial tables, lists and illustrated graphs pertaining to this particular topic.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Political and Financial History Intertwined
Effect on Pakistani Bank Managers
Cautionary Tales
The Opposite Side of the Coin
Pakistani Banking Structure
Pakistani Banking: Recent Past
Upsetting Events in Pakistan's Banking History vis-a'-vis Managers
The Best Bank
Other Banks
Challenges for Managers in the Banking Industry
Current Initiatives
Literature Review
Summary
Statement of Research Question
Methodology
Findings
Manager One: NBP Managers
Manager Two: New Hire from Lahore Business School
Manager Three: Year 2000 Graduate of a Business College in Germany
Manager Four: Islamic Bank Manager
Manager Five: Graduate of Irish Business College
Manager Six: Recently Promoted Manager at a Local Branch in the Capital
Manager Seven: Human Resources Manager at the Islamic Bank
Manager Eight: Temporary Branch Manager in Small Town
Manager Nine: Former Bank Employee, Government Bank
Manager Ten: Graduate of Lahore Business College (2)
Bank Manager Career Themes
Discussion
Conclusion
Appendix A: Islamic Modes of Financing
Appendix B: Recent Listing of Banks Operating in Pakistan
Appendix C: Questions for Bank Manager Interviews and Process
Appendix D: Recommendations by Mehmood-Ul-Hassan Khan
References
From the Paper
"The best way to determine what the future might hold is to understand the past and the present, and add to that the changes seen by experts on the horizon. Therefore, constructing the history of Pakistani banking forms a major part of the current research; outlining contemporaneous changes and decisions regarding Pakistani banking made by its most senior officials is also important to understanding the influences on bank manager career tracks and attitudes. In addition, an extensive literature review of those factors that generally contribute t manager career orientation in any business will help understand the Pakistani bank managers' positions. Interviews with at least a few current Pakistani bank managers will display the attitudes they currently hold, and provide insight into what they expect in the future and what would make them more or less career-oriented."
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