| Papers [1-14] of 14 | Search results on "MIDWIVES PAST": |
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Midwives vs. Obstetricians, 2002.
A comparison of the definitions, practices and philosophies of midwives versus obstetricians in the United States.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 83.95
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Abstract
The following paper examines the controversy over whether midwifery and home birth is safe as opposed to the practices of obstetricians who by definition are licensed by the AMA to practice obstetrics in a formal hospital setting. The author concludes that statistically, the number would at first seem to reflect that midwife assisted birth is safer, however, it is of the opinion of this writer that this may be due to their reluctance to accept high-risk patients. Direct entry midwives see birth as a natural process and obstetricians see it as a medical condition. This paper claims that both sides of the issue have equally valid arguments and these arguments are situational, depending on the particular case.
From the Paper
?The main technical differences between obstetricians and nurse midwifes is that obstetricians learn to [use forceps and perform cesarean births, abortions and hysterectomies Lee, 1997).] Nurse midwives are not allowed to perform these functions. Certified nurse-midwives are trained, in both nursing and midwifery. They perform [pap smears, prescribe birth control pills, and provide other routine gynecological care. They see a woman throughout her pregnancy, order the required lab tests, and deliver the baby in a hospital or birthing center (Hendricks, 1994).] Direct Entry Midwives cannot prescribe medicine or perform their services in a hospital setting. If a delivery being assisted by a nurse-midwife suddenly becomes risky, they would turn to an obstetrician to perform the needed services.?
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"Wives and Midwives", 2004.
An analysis of the book, "Wives and Midwives: Childbirth and Nutrition in Rural Malaysia", by Carol Laderman.
2,317 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Carol Laderman's book, "Wives and Midwives: Childbirth and Nutrition in Rural Malaysia", presenting an anthropological evaluation of the effects of nutrition on the women of Malaysia. The paper examines Laderman's focus on women, including marriage, childbirth, and sexual values. The paper analyzes the cultural superstitions regarding food and nutrition for women.
From the Paper
"Medical anthropology, which combines the disciplines of physical anthropology, ethnography, linguistics and archeology, presents a ?picture of the human condition in the round,? author Laderman writes in her Introduction. And medical anthropology can also be employed to try to understand ?the workings of a culture,? she adds. Indeed, the way a culture works in one part of the world sheds light and understanding on how cultures work in all corners of the world, which is the principal reason for anthropological study. As for the purpose behind her studies and her book, Laderman writes (7) that she intended to focus on the diet (nutrition) of women following childbirth, but to be thorough, she needed to know if ?the diet during pregnancy varied from the non-pregnant diet,? in order to understand the changes that take place ?during the puerperium? (the time between when a woman gives birth and when her uterus returns to its normal size)."
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Midwives in the Past, 2006.
This paper examines the life of a typical 16th century English midwife.
2,038 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 93.95
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Abstract
The paper explains how the midwife played an extremely important role in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The paper discusses the culture in which the midwife played her essential role in the community and society and relates how midwifery was one of the few medical practices in history which were dominated by women. The midwife was an essential part of medical healthcare in a time when there was very little medical knowledge and almost no support, except for the church, for these women. The paper concludes that their daily lives would have been arduous and stressful but they succeeded in building a legacy which has been retained until today.
Outline:
Introduction
A Day in the Life of an English Midwife
From the Paper
"In contradistinction to its earlier history, contemporary midwifery is a regulated science in which the midwife provides care to women during normal pregnancies and turns to physicians or doctors for help in the event of any complications. However the situation was very different in the 16th century and "In the history of European continent the practice of midwifery by the medical profession did not begin until the middle of the 16th century." (Historical Background of Midwifery) England in particular was not as advanced in the regulation and control of midwifery as were Germany and other continental countries during this period. The first book by and English midwife entitled The Midwives Book or the Whole art of Midwifery Discovered; directing childbearing women in how to behave themselves was written in 1671. This book was a guide to the domestic midwife and also provides advice on how to use the new invention of the obstetrical forceps. In comparison the position of the midwife in the sixteenth century was more primitive and based on village and community affiliations and on information and guidance between women only. The situation with regard to the culture of the time as well as the role and position of women in the society is therefore extremely important in understanding and discussing the challenges and duties that the early English midwife had to face."
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Maternity Care, 2004.
Argues the benefits of using midwives for maternity care and the birthing process.
5,400 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 18 sources, APA, AU$ 191.95
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Abstract
This research paper presents economic and humanistic arguments in favor of using a midwife for maternity care and the delivery of the baby. The paper suggests that one of the causes of escalating health care services is the over-reliance on high-tech and expensive medical techniques and that one area where this can be avoided is maternity care. The use of midwives is suggested as a safe, reliable, humanistic, and medically preferable way to help pregnant women through maternity and the birthing process.
Introduction
Justification and Need for Study
Literature Review
Research Design
Methodology
Validity and Reliability of Data
Analysis and Discussion
From the Paper
"To understand the key philosophical differences between maternity care within the framework of high-tech biomedicine and within the purview of midwifery, we must know something of the history of the latter. Humans have nursed each other since the beginning of the species ? indeed attempts to care for other individuals to help reduce their pain and increase their overall health are seen in a wide range of primates: Medical care in the form of nursing is arguably something that is encoded in our very genes. However, modern medical care and nursing (which was in the beginning closely allied with midwifery) can realistically trace its roots only to the 19th century, which is where this paper begins."
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Midwifery in the U.S., 2004.
This paper discusses midwifery, the practice of an expert in normal birth, recognized in many developed countries, including the United States, as a valuable maternity care provider for most women.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history and practice of midwifery in the U.S. in an effort to determine the impact of midwifery on the development of the professional nursing profession. The author points out that more affluent consumers realize the benefits of the personalized, holistic health care that the modern-day midwives have to offer; birthing centers are opening, which offering prenatal counseling, extensive personal care during birth, and close collaboration with physicians. The paper reports that midwives establish independent birth centers, deliver babies in homes and in hospitals, work in women's health care practices, and are midwife-educators and public health policy makers.
From the Paper
"The Children's Bureau, the first American organization to focus specifically on the welfare of children, published its first report with appalling statistics: 124 babies per 1,000 were dying, and the maternal mortality rates were as high (Rooks, 1997). Recognizing the importance of prenatal care, a plan was developed to combat the poor pregnancy outcomes that included providing public health nurses for prenatal instruction. In response, a group of obstetricians, nurses and mothers founded the Maternity Center Association (MCA) in New York to address the problem of poor pregnancy outcomes and improve the health of mothers and infants."
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Midwifery, 2003.
Presents the midwife as traditional agent of the delivery of babies.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
Discusses the medicalization of childbirth with physicians replacing midwives. Considers the controversy over the advantages of midwifery versus technology-driven obstetrics practice. Defines midwifery as in the tradition of "granny midwives".
From the Paper
"For thousands of years, the midwife was the principal agent of childbirth external to the family. Medicalization of childbirth, which positioned physicians in the place of midwives, is a relatively recent innovation in human experience, having ..."
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Emergency Contraception, 2002.
A discussion of the underutilization of this method of birth control.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
Discusses underutilization of this method of birth control. Benefit of reducation of unwanted pregnancies. Progestin-only pills (POP) as a form of emergency contraception. Mechanisms of action of the "mini-pill." Importance for CNM's (Certified nurse-midwives) & FNPs (Family nurse practitioners) to provide clients with information. Need for patient education programs.
From the Paper
"Emergency Contraception
Introduction
In the United States, it is estimated that approximately 60 percent of all pregnancies were unwanted or mistimed at the point when conception occurred (Morgan & Deneris, 1997). Emergency contraception is the only contraceptive option that allows prevention of pregnancy after intercourse has occurred (Calebretto, 1999). It could offer significant reduction in the number of unintended pregnancies if given to all appropriate candidates, but opportunities for its use are often missed (Coeytaux & Pillsbury, 2001).
Studies have shown that providers= lack of knowledge about emergency contraception and/or misinformation about this method contribute to its underutilization. Media attention to emergency contraception has..."
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Domestic Violence and Pregnancy, 2006.
A discussion on the changing role of the midwife in public health care and health promotion with a focus on domestic violence.
2,067 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 25 sources, MLA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper considers domestic violence as a public health issue by examining public health as a whole and the midwife's role therein. It looks at how research indicates that pregnancy is often an instigating factor for abuse. It contends that although government frameworks containing recommendations for practice in domestic abuse situations do exist, there is much scope for improvement in practice situations. It also discusses how such guidelines will hopefully prepare and support midwives to provide improved service provision leading to early detection of domestic violence, providing sufferers of abuse with the help and support they need and deserve, to enable safety and improved quality of life for themselves and their families.
From the Paper
"The role of the midwife in health promotion is longstanding as midwives have always played a part in promoting the health of the woman to ensure the health of the fetus (Chappie, 2000). The changing role for the midwife is to expand on these practices to further encompass long term health of the woman and her family, within their social context, in order to facilitate the health and wellbeing of future generations (Dunkley-Bent, 2004). Such aims can be achieved through advice on lifestyle choices, provided holistically, with the background of the woman and her family being taken into consideration (DoH, 2004)."
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Legal Abortion in Canada, 2007.
This paper examines the issue of legal abortion in Canada.
1,149 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer explains that abortion was decriminalized and abortion clinics were established in Canada as a result of direct challenges to federal and provincial governments. The writer looks at Section 251, which restricted the conditions under which abortions could be performed and not be considered an indictable offense. The writer notes that on January 28, 1988, the Supreme Court of Canada declared Section 251 of the Criminal Code unconstitutional. The writer concludes that social policies that support women, including prenatal education, universal daycare, parental leave, community midwives, affordable housing and economic equality, are needed in order to ensure real freedom of reproductive choice.
From the Paper
"Section 251 was passed in 1969. This law criminalized abortion under any circumstances but in an accredited hospital with a therapeutic abortion committee. Activism in opposition to that law began in 1970 when Dr. Henry Morgentaler was arrested for doing abortions without the consent of an abortion committee and outside of an accredited hospital. He performed the abortions as an act of civil disobedience, and when he was prosecuted in Quebec in 1973, 1975 and 1976, all three juries refused to convict him as a criminal. In 1976 a newly elected Parti Quebecois government refused to continue with the prosecutions of Dr. Morgentaler, and English Canadian activism subsided because the new government promised there would be no further cases brought before the Court for violation of Section 251. Although Section 251 was a federal law, cases were prosecuted in the provinces. Abortion was de-criminalized, but women continued to fight in Quebec for better access to abortion services and for public medical insurance coverage for abortions done in clinics and health centers."
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The Abortion Debate, 2006.
A critical examination of both sides of the abortion debate.
1,967 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 90.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the religious and social moral codes that have played a major role in both preventing and encouraging abortion. The writer further discusses how religious beliefs have generally been interpreted as against abortion, while the behavior and circumstances have often necessitated abortion of unwanted pregnancies.
The writer states that hundreds of thousands of women undergoing abortion die throughout the world each year at the hands of illiterate and untrained midwives. In conclusion the paper examines the arguments for and against abortion and proposes a careful approach where abortion is kept legal within a specified term of pregnancy and women are educated to seek help as early as possible in the course of pregnancy.
From the Paper
"After viewing the arguments we must appreciate the human side of the abortion debate. An unplanned pregnancy is cause of great misery among the teenagers. The sexual freedom available today gives rise to cases where despite all precautions pregnancy may result. If the parents believe that bringing a child into the world will result in problems for the woman and for the baby then availability of abortion as a legally permitted possibility has to be welcomed."
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Birth Centers, 2002.
This paper examines birth centers, an alternative place to give birth for women who cannot afford or do not wish to have a hospital birth.
2,412 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 106.95
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Abstract
The paper gives a brief history of these types of centers. The writer then brings sources that illustrate the need for alternative birthing options. The paper looks at the history of the development, licensure, accreditation and reimbursement of birth centers and nurse-midwives, and explores the research that gives evidence of the safety, satisfaction to mothers and the economic savings of birth centers.
From the Paper
"The MCA in New York used their own two decades of experience with home birth and the services of these two centers to develop the Childbearing Center to serve women who sought an alternative to the increasing routine medical intervention given during normal births in hospitals (Birth Center 1, 1998, p. 45). Women seeking care at this center were usually well-educated, middle class women with insurance to cover hospital maternity care, and exhibited the same demographics as the previous generation of women who began the childbirth education and breast feeding movement in the United States. These women wanted to make informed decisions about healthcare and wanted more from the birth experience than women had previously."
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The New Witchcraft, 2003.
Presents an overview of the practice of Wicca.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 34.95
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Abstract
Provides a discussion of Wicca as the craft of wise ones, including healers, priestesses, divines, and midwives. Describes it as a woman-centered movement organized around a belief in the earth/mother goddess. The paper provides a background of witchcraft and its current situation.
From the Paper
"The New Witchcraft
A. Introduction
1. Background on witchcraft
a. Witches as healers, wisewomen
2. Intention for this study
B. The groundwork
1. Beginning of the contemporary movement
2. Definition of wicca
C. Current situation
1. Political ..."
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Emergency Contraception, 2003.
Discusses preventing unintended and unwanted pregnancies.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
Examines the importance of providing accurate information to women by CNMs (certified nurse-midwives) and FNPs (family nurse practitioners). Discusses mechanism of action of emergency contraception pills and mini pills.
From the Paper
"In the United States, it is estimated that approximately 60 percent of all pregnancies were unwanted or mistimed at the point when conception occurred (Morgan & Deneris, 1997). Emergency contraception is the only ..."
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Civil Disobedience, 2006.
This paper discusses civil disobedience, the active refusal to follow or obey certain laws or demands of a government or ruling power without using physical force or violence.
2,310 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although civil disobedience is ancient, as old as the Hebrew midwives' defiance of Pharaoh, most of its moral and legal theory and form were shaped by Henry David Thoreau, Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.. The author points out that some historians are skeptical about civil disobedience and doubt its effectiveness or reasonableness, but others see it as a highly effective strategy in educating individuals and in bringing about a particular and desired change. The paper concludes that, while Thoreau and others argue that individuals are morally justified in disobeying certain laws, the observation is that few people will actually disobey; these leaders view this docility in the majority as the greater threat to democracy than anarchy.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Examples of Civil Disobedience
An Analysis of Civil Disobedience
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Taking after the original example of Henry David Thoreau in secluding himself from the cloak of the law and into the woods in Walden Pond, protesters expressed the same outcry all over the world and in different times. Civil disobedience was used widely in India's nonviolent resistance movements against British colonialism, in South Africa in its fight against apartheid, in civil rights movements in the USA and in Europe and in the resistance movement in Scandinavia against the Nazi occupation. It was also a major strategy adopted by national movements in the former colonies in Africa and Asia before they obtained independence."
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