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Medieval Art and Architecture, 2006.
Examines what influenced medieval art and architecture.
1,522 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
Arguably Islam was the most influential of the cultural donors to medieval art and architecture, via Armenia as well as the cultures hugging the Mediterranean, but Islam itself had already influenced other cultures (Byzantine) and been influenced by even earlier ones (pre-Islamic Persia and more). This paper shows, therefore, that any tracing of Islamic influence in medieval European art and architecture must include the incorporated remnants of all the earlier inter-cultural donations. It shows that the two most influential contacts though which the cultural iconographies were spread are, arguably, the Crusades and the Moorish subjugation of Spain.
From the Paper
"Of particular importance to medieval life was the abbey and the priory. Particularly important were the Benedictine abbeys. While Benedict was a mid-sixth century cleric, and Islam itself, of course, could not have been influential until at least the start of the seventh century, Benedictine abbeys continued to be built for centuries, reflecting in great degree an Eastern influence. While "the typical plan of Benedictine abbeys and priories evolved out of the Roman country villa of late antiquity"......about 820, a plan for an idea monastery was created (Schuetz-Miller, 2000). It was considered to be the first pattern that took into account the relationship of all the parts to each other and to the whole, assuring geometric harmony; harmony had been a hallmark of Eastern life."
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Medieval Art and Architecture, 2004.
An analysis of medieval art and architecture.
1,526 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the notion that architects and artists working in medieval Europe borrowed ideas from all the cultures surrounding the Mediterranean or coming across the central European mountain ranges. The paper presents examples of this cross-culturalism, with a focus on Islam being the most influential of the cultural donors to medieval art and architecture. The paper contends that, although these examples do not definitively trace any single aspect of Islam into Western ecclesiastical art, they do serve as an indication that it is impossible to consider any medieval art, no matter how isolated we think Europe of the Middle Ages must have been, without considering the very substantial trade, not to mention wars and incursions, that made the traditions of one culture available to the others.
From the Paper
"In addition, the precursors of Islamic art and architecture?elements that continued to inform their vision throughout their expansion into Spain and later, via their export to ?corporate? Europe by returning Crusaders?cannot be surgically removed from any consideration of so-called Islamic influences on medieval European art and architecture. Rather, they must be viewed as a substrate that upheld the Islamic vision by virtue of continuous adherence in the society in which Islam was born, and therefore as an unbroken line into the monastic traditions of medieval Europe. It was, moreover, the monastic tradition that formed the bedrock on which all other medieval art and architecture achievements were based; the monasteries were the repositories, after all, of the learning that would otherwise have been lost."
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Anti-Semitism in Medieval Art, 1991.
This paper discusses anti-Semitism as seen in the art of the medieval period: Role of Church, Crusades, persecution depicted in art and literature, stereotypes and myths.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 92.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will be concerned with anti-Semitism as seen in the art of the medieval period. Anti-Jewish sentiments in general were widespread throughout Europe in the Middle Ages. During that time, the Christian Church was attempting to become a dominant force in European society. Starting in the fourth century A.D., the Church "claimed universal sovereignty as a legacy from Constantine the Great". With this purpose in mind, the leaders of the Christian Church made a forceful effort to take over the known world of their time. Those leaders were extremely intolerant of any form of heretical dissent. For this reason, the medieval Church instituted "severe restrictions on progressive thought". This led to the official persecution of a variety of nonChristian groups, including the Jews. In addition to the fact that they rejected the teachings ... "
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Medieval Architecture, 2008.
This paper looks at architecture and design from the period of the Middle Ages.
833 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 43.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that according to most historians, the Medieval Period, also known as the Middle Ages, represents about a thousand years from circa 400 A.D. to 1400 A.D., and is sometimes referred to as the "Dark Ages." For centuries, this period of time was thought to be the dark interval between the collapse of the Roman Empire and the rebirth of Western civilization in the Renaissance. However, the writer points out that since the 18th century, historians have revised their opinions on this period, particularly regarding the idea that Medieval design and architecture was crude and primitive. Tee writer discusses that several outstanding examples of Medieval architecture demonstrate that this old view is totally inaccurate, for there are many churches, cathedrals and related buildings in countries like France, England and Germany which bear out the truth, being that Medieval architecture and design was just as complicated and beautiful as any created during the centuries that followed the "Dark Ages."
From the Paper
"Not too far from this enormous chapel, one can find a single, huge window divided into horizontal tiers of transom windows which help to illuminate the whole interior.
"Overall, this beautiful building must have been a very popular gathering place for worshippers from all levels of English society, even the English peasantry who usually lived in mud huts or cheaply-constructed wooden houses and could find some form of sanctuary within the walls of Salisbury away from all the poverty and starvation that characterized the typical Medieval village or town.
"In Germany, the Church of St. Elizabeth at Marburg, built between 1233 and 1283 A.D., .."
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The Art of Medieval Mali, 2002.
This paper discusses the intricate relationship between medieval Mali culture and art in everyday life.
1,497 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, at its height around 1400 A.D., the empire of Mali, extending from the Atlantic African coast to east of Gao, was a center of commerce, culture and education. The author points out that medieval Malian art in all of its different forms had a defined role and that function was to reflect, express and highlight daily life, customs and ideas in their world. The paper relates that in addition to the worldly objects of daily life were the exquisitely fashioned articles of religion, such as headdresses, masks and statues, which were all important in the worshipping of Malian deities and chiefs.
From the Paper
"Aside from the numerous items in Mali life that played a role in work or worship, there were also those that merely indicated one's standing in society. Instead of money (in medieval Mali, gold) being the only measurement of prestige, jewelry, certain types of furniture, and even corporal markings (tattoos, piercings) served as a way of showing one's role in Mali society. While many of these articles did indicate social standing, they also could play a role in rituals. For instance, a necklace could denote prestige, ward off evil forces, and adorn the body all at once. Malian jewelry, one of the most esteemed crafts, was then and is now renowned throughout Africa and the world. Using the resources around them (gold, diamonds, other precious metals and gemstones), Mali artisans would fashion necklaces, earrings, bracelets and brooches, and especially rings. These works of art would not only have deep spiritual meaning - one necklace symbolized the sun spirit - but could also indicate how wealthy a person was, what their occupation was, and even whether or not they were married."
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Gothic Architecture and Renaissance Architecture, 2005.
A comparative analysis of Gothic and Renaissance architecture.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper compares Gothic architecture and Renaissance architecture, showing the change that came over architecture with the shift from the more massive and decorated style of the Gothic to the cleaner classical lines of the Renaissance, a period which also borrowed from the Moslem style to make new use of the dome, as in religious buildings by Brunelleschi.
From the Paper
"Gothic architecture developed from the Romanesque style and emerged in the twelfth century. It prevailed until the Renaissance beginning in the fifteenth century. Gothic architecture was marked by size and elaborate decorations. However, Gothic architecture was first defined in terms of a change in Romanesque church architecture diagonal ribs were added to the groin-vault, as was first seen at the Abbey Church of St. Denis near Paris (Frankl 1). In part because of its origins, Gothic architecture has long been associated with France and is considered a French style, though in fact, others used it as well. Gothic architecture is probably represented for many people by Notre-Dame de Paris, a facade known from countless stories and other representations as well as for itself. "
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The Cult of Mary in the Medieval Age, 2006.
A comparison between the Enthroned Virgin and Child (c.1100) and the Virgin and Child with Angels (c.1300-1330) in Medieval Art.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 13 sources, AU$ 168.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the two works, 'Enthroned Virgin and Child c. 1100' and the 'Virgin and Child with Angels c. 1300-1330' in relation to the Cult of Mary in the Medieval period. By analyzing the three aspects of Christ's divinity the role of the mother or maternal spirit and the growth of the Cult of Mary these two sculptures hold a devout place in Christian iconography.
From the Paper
"The basis of this art analysis it so compare to the two works: Enthroned Virgin and Child (c.1100) and the Virgin and Child with Angels (c.1300-1330) during the medieval period. By realizing the artistic premise of these two works, the maternal aspects of the Cult of Mary will be analyzed to bring deeper insight into why these works were created. By understanding the art application, materials, and stylization of these carvings, one can understand the impact of religiosity through the foundation of Christ in the Roman Catholic Church's spiritual hierarchy."
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Timber in Tectonic Architecture, 2006.
An explanation of tectonic architecture and how this form of architecture can make use of timber.
2,245 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper explains what tectonic architecture is, examines the trend towards this form of architecture, discusses its history, describes the different modes of tectonic architecture and looks at the role that timber can have in tectonic architecture. The paper further explains why a return to tectonic architecture is an environmentally sound move and why timber is an appropriate material to use in tectonic construction.
From the Paper
"There is a growing movement towards tectonics in architecture, a return to the basic form and styles of the old schools of architecture. This movement has occurred as a result of the current tendency to reduce architecture to scenography. Architecture at the end of the 20th century has mostly been treated as a large commodity, with attention to cultural details minimized. Kenneth Frampton says that "among the seductions of the scenographic is the fact that the results are eminently amortizable, with all the deleterious consequences that this attitude entails for the future of the environment." Architecture of this century has been subject to the concept of spatial invention as an end in itself, with abstract art and visual obscurity the high points. The movement back to using the structural unit as the essence of architectural form is gaining strength."
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Islamic Architecture, 2008.
An analysis of the ways in which Islamic architecture has influenced the architectural styles of other religions.
2,936 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the origins of the distinctly Islamic architectural style. The paper begins by discussing Islamic history and then goes on to discuss how Islamic architecture has set a standard for religious architecture that has influenced other religious groups and contributed to various architectural styles evident to this day. Additionally, the paper also discusses how Islamic architecture has more recently been influenced by the West, not for religious architecture, but for office buildings and residential units.
From the Paper
"In the Islamic tradition, the idea of the dome was developed with religious connotations. The first centralized Ottoman mosque was created at Diyarbakir in 1521 with four semi-domes and not mere vaults. The four corner areas are surmounted by four small cupolas, while the central dome is supported on four piers. This is the logical conclusion to the mosques of earlier times. The squareness of the mosque at human level represents earthliness, and the domes represent the heavens, much as the square and the circle do in Chinese architecture. The two-centered arch forms a spiritual limbo in the design. The interior is spacious and well-lit, another reference to the heavens (Goodwin 178)."
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The Architecture of the Maya, 2002.
An examination of the architecture of the Maya and their great contribution to world architecture.
2,888 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper is an examination of Mayan architecture which emerged from the rainforests of Guatemala and Yucatan. The writer maintains that the detailed architecture was a fitting monument to the highly sophisticated civilization that existed in the region before the Spanish arrived. This look at the style of Mayan architecture includes a diagram highlighting the areas of construction in Copan. The paper argues that Mayan culture was more than a collection of buildings in that every aspect of architecture was linked to the sacred world around. In conclusion the writer explains that the temple pyramid which symbolizes Mayan architectural skill is also a statement of their cosmographic ideas. Everything has a beginning and end. Everything is the beginning and the end.
From the Paper
"Deep in the tangled rainforests of Guatemala and the Yucatan, the Maya made some of the greatest contributions to world architecture. Their stone cities complete with temples, palaces, tombs, and ball courts are fitting monuments to the complex, and highly sophisticated civilization that existed in these regions many centuries before the arrival of the Spanish. Mayan priest-astronomers made elaborate calculations to catalog the passage of time. Great warrior kings immortalized themselves and their deeds on stelae, recording for future generations the contributions they had made toward maintaining the cosmic order. The Maya were the only Pre-Columbian people to ever have invented a complete system of writing".
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Green Architecture in Japan, 2002.
An analysis of Japanese architecture as a reflection of societal values, with an emphasis on the symbiotic nature of green architecture.
4,450 words (approx. 17.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 169.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of green architecture which simply means building in a way that is in harmony to nature, as opposed to being superimposed on it. This research demonstrates through example how green architecture in Japan is a direct result of traditional elements found in Japanese religion and culture. The paper provides examples of different "green" architects and some of their works.
Table of Contents
Defining Green Architecture
An Overview of Japanese Philosophy
Building Material for Green Architecture
Environmental Psychology
Blending the Old with the New
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Man has been building structures since shortly after they began to emerge from caves and to explore areas outside his immediate vicinity. Many animals build structures, such as birds and beaver. Many of these structures are functional and serve only to offer protection from predators and the elements, and so it was with the first structures built by man. They were made from the limited building materials locally available and the emphasis was on functionality, little, if any thought was given to artistic form."
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Palladian Architecture, 2004.
This paper discusses Palladian architecture, a natural form of architecture initially invented by Andrea Palladio, but really defined by Inigo Jones and Thomas Jefferson.
3,420 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 140.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Palladian architecture did break new ground as seen in the Villa Rotonda outside Vicenza, but others working in a more fluid tradition brought residential architecture to a level of sophistication now known as Palladian architecture. The author points out that Inigo Jones, court architect to Britain?s Stuart Kings, James I and Charles I, familiar with Palladio?s ideas, created and completed almost 50 buildings in and around London; the Queen?s House at Greenwich, taking nearly 20 years to complete, is a Palladian masterpiece, exceeding the Villa Rotonda in almost every way. The paper relates that Thomas Jefferson, founding father and President of the United States, was the architect who best expressed Palladian ideas, as seen by his own plans for the University of Virginia and his own home Monticello.
Table of Contents
A Beginning
Making Palladio?s Ideas into Palladian Architecture
An American Genius Expresses Palladio?s Ideas
From the Paper
"Palladio was at home with such clients. Born in Padua in 1508, Palladio was an assistant stonecutter and mason in the Vicenza guild before meeting an amateur architect, Giangiorgio Trissino, who tutored him. Palladio executed some commissions for the aristocracy in the Classic tradition, arguably an unbroken line from Ancient Rome until the Renaissance. It wasn?t until later in his career, the 1560s, that he moved into religious buildings. In 1570, ten years before his death, he published "I Quattro Libre del?Architettura". So it was in hindsight, in any case, that he made claim to his mathematically precise systems of design, and to the principles gained from visual arts as well a his principle of relating his buildings to nature. Palladio?s works are said to lack the grandeur of the works of many other Renaissance architects. Perhaps. But if so, they do not lack for at least lip service to the embellishments that help establish that grandeur. On the peaks of the loggia roofs and on the wings of the loggia steps, Palladio places monumental, classical statuary figures."
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History of Architecture, 2001.
A look at the history and development of architecture, focusing on the influence made by Ancient Egyptian architecture.
1,855 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper takes the reader on a tour of the history of architecture. It shows that the two main characteristics of good architecture are stability and aestheticism. The writer shows how the Ancient Egyptians managed to build with these characteristic so many years ago and how this has influenced modern architecture today. It compares later uses of material by the Romans and the Egyptians and analyzes which civilization introduced which material.
From the Paper
'The architecture of a building is conceived with two things in mind: Structural stability, and aesthetic design. In all structures, stability is obviously the aspect which takes precedence over aesthetics. A visually stunning building is worth nothing if it cannot stand the test of time. This is an idea which the Egyptians created, and then took to its utmost extreme. Many view the Egyptian style of creation as the father of modern architecture, being as durable as it was stunning. Several common elements of architecture such as pillars were reputedly created by the Egyptians, and these are still used in the creation of modern buildings. The Egyptian engineers had a good grasp of fundamental physics, and the role it must play in the design of structures. The Architects then took this knowledge, and fused it with grand aesthetic design, creating buildings which would become a simple base of reference for all structures which were built in the future. Egyptian civilization is known primarily for the structures it left behind. Most of which still stand, either in whole or in part today. "Although 3000 BC is considered almost prehistoric, the style of architecture which resulted from Egyptian building in this period is one which has endured as a major contribution to modern design and construction styles."
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Ancient Roman Architecture, 2002.
A paper which studies the influences of ancient Roman architecture on modern architectural designs.
2,005 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that ancient Roman architects implemented the elements of space, symmetry and construction with exceptional innovative skill. Although their most notable achievements, the arch and vault construction, was first conceived by the Etruscans and had a profound influence on Roman architectural style and design, the paper shows that the innovations made by the Romans were still tremendously substantial and distinct.
From the Paper
"Another revolution can be seen in the Roman network of roads. The Romans were the first civilization to make well-designed roads. Around the time of Augustus the major roads were constructed to keep the incredibly large empire linked to avoid collapse. The Romans contributed a number of things to the basic idea of roads, such as archways, city streets, and arch bridges. This greatly increased the ability to build because of the way the roads were laid out. The roads allowed the Roman Empire to expand Rome in every direction; hence the saying ?All roads lead to Rome?. In fact, they were so abundant and well constructed that many of them still exist today as memorable landmarks today."
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Outsiders of the Medieval Imagination, 2001.
A discussion of Medieval spirituality and imagination that guided Medieval people's belief system and differentiated between conformer and non-conformer.
5,055 words (approx. 20.2 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 185.95
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Abstract
A look at the Medieval imagination. The author discusses the idea of spirituality of the Medieval people that considered outsiders as non-conformists, or people that were viewed as sub-human (people with abnormalities etc.) and used the imagination to differentiate between the real and the spiritual world.
From the Paper
"The idea of an outsider is present in all medieval works, this is a society of conformists and those non-conformists were all looked upon as outsiders; but what about the idea of outsiders that come not from the community but from another invisible world altogether. The idea of monsters have existed from ancient times, and even to the modern day with bogey men, but in the middle ages we find a plethora of monsters of all shapes and sizes. One need only look in the elaborately illuminated bestiaries of the medieval period to discover creatures from every realm of the imagination, from the saintly unicorn to the demonic dragon. These creatures, widely influenced by pagan mythology but with their own Christian twists, served an important part of the concept of the medieval persons concept of otherness. If the limit of otherness was not defined by only the human spectrum there was no limit to the amount of difference that a medieval person could differentiate between themselves and those seen as sub-human, such as Jews, heretics, and lepers."
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Medieval Societies, 2005.
This paper discusses some works of medieval literature that focus on medieval warrior societies.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper studies Chretien De Troyes "Arthurian Romances", Seamus Heaney's "Beowulf" and other medieval literature that focus on medieval warrior societies, particularly concepts of heroism, ethics and spirituality as illustrated in the works.
From the Paper
"Medieval societies during the era of Beowulf and the Arthurian Romances were undergoing transformation from pagan illiterate societieswhere codes of conduct governed social relations and together with reason brought happiness. The warrior societies described in Chretien de Troyes' "Arthurian Romances" and Seamus Heaney's "Beowulf" along with other literature of the medieval era, show the ideals of reason and code of conduct as the foundation of human happiness. The character of Beowulf clearly expresses this ideal."
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