| Papers [1-16] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "MEDICINAL BENEFIT COCAINE": |
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Medicinal Benefit of Cocaine, 2002.
Examines how this drug is used in certain societies as a medicine to cure many ailments.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
Cocaine is an effective topical anesthetic and it provides significant blood flow stimulation. Cocaine hydrochloride is a fine white powder derived from the leaves of the plant Erythroxylon coca. "Coca" comes from the Aymara word "khoka" meaning "the tree". The Spaniard's adopted the practice of chewing coca leaves after conquering Peru in the 16th century. There are many different nations that continue to use coca and cocaine actively within the indigenous medical cultures. Cocaine provides benefit to the body and the spirit.
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Cocaine, 2007.
Looks extensively at the worldwide use of cocaine, in either powdered form or in the crack pellet form, especially the disparity among its users.
5,535 words (approx. 22.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 195.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a brief history of cocaine use and an overview of the disparity between powdered cocaine users and crack cocaine users and will enumerate the reasons for the disparity. The paper also looks at the disparity between the sentencing of powdered cocaine users and crack cocaine users.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review of Related Literature
Cocaine: Facts and History
Effects of Cocaine
History of Cocaine Use
Social Classes of America
Upper Class
Middle Class
Working Class
Lower Class
Crack vs. Powdered Cocaine
Powdered Cocaine
Crack Cocaine
Class Disparity on Powdered Cocaine and Crack Cocaine Use
Introduction of Cocaine to the Capitalist Economy
The Disparity of Crack vs. Cocaine Use
Sentencing Policy on Cocaine and Crack Cocaine
Racial Disparity
Legislative History
Litigation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the case United States v. Armstrong, four defendants in Los Angeles charged with trafficking crack cocaine filed a motion for discovery or dismissal, alleging that they were victims of "selective prosecution" by race. This motion was made after the federal public defender's office found that all 24 crack cocaine cases closed in Los Angeles in 1991 involved blacks. The district court and the circuit court upheld the motion, but the federal prosecutor refused to comply. The government then appealed to the Supreme Court, which decided in favor of the government."
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Cocaine Crime Sentencing, 2005.
A comparative analysis of crack cocaine versus powder cocaine sentencing disparities.
6,800 words (approx. 27.2 pages), 30 sources, APA, AU$ 223.95
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Abstract
After a decade of contentious debate regarding the federal sentencing disparities between crack cocaine and powder cocaine, a number of significant initiatives to reform current policy have recently emerged. These include legislation introduced in Congress and a series of hearings resulting in recommendations by the United States Sentencing Commission. This paper provides a comparative analysis of the sentencing disparities with regard to crack cocaine as compared to powder cocaine. It examines the development of federal legislation creating greater criminal penalties for crack cocaine than powder cocaine and assesses recent developments, studies, and research in an effort to resolve the sentencing disparities. Finally, it offers recommendations to resolve this sentencing issue for future legislation, law enforcement agencies, and federal and local governments.
Paper Outline
Executive Summary
Introduction
Background of Cocaine
Statement of the Problem
Impact of Disparity in Sentencing
Demographic Profile of Federal Cocaine Offenders
Operational Assumptions
Statistical Analysis
Significance of the Research
Review of Related Literature
Recommendations and Hypothesis
Proposed Methodology
Proposed Data Collection
Research Findings
Results
Recommendations
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"A possible question for policy makers is whether the career offender guideline, especially as it applies to repeat drug traffickers, clearly promotes an important purpose of sentencing. Unlike repeat violent offenders, whose incapacitation may protect the public from additional crimes by the offender, criminologists and law enforcement officials have noted that retail-level drug traffickers are readily replaced by new drug sellers so long as the demand for a drug remains high. Incapacitating a low-level drug seller prevents little, if any, drug selling; the crime is simply committed by someone else."
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Crack Cocaine, 2004.
This paper discusses crack cocaine, a modification of the drug, cocaine.
1,105 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that cocaine is an alkaloid drug processed from the leaves of the coca shrub, which creates a feeling of well-being, self-confidence, and alertness that lasts for between ten and thirty minutes. The author points out that crack cocaine magnifies the effects of cocaine, making it quicker to have an effect, and the effects are likely to be much stronger. The paper stresses that most drug-related visits to the emergency room are caused by cocaine.
Table of Contents
What is Crack Cocaine?
Who Uses Crack Cocaine?
Popularity of Cocaine
Drug Use Comes in Waves
Still a Drug of Choice for a Lot of People
From the Paper
"McCaffrey?s report found that cocaine use had stabilized or declined in many cities. It also noted that today?s crack users are the ?aging? and the ?sick,? contrasting with the legions of healthy young people who started using it in the mid-1990s. A Department of Justice official noted that perhaps today?s young people had witnessed the havoc crack had brought to their friends and families and decided against that path.
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Cocaine: Use and Abuse, 2002.
An insight into the signs, symptoms and treatment of cocaine addiction.
3,359 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 138.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of cocaine abuse. Cocaine is a highly potent and addictive stimulant drug obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. It looks at how cocaine abuse and addiction constitute deviant behavior that has widespread repercussions on both the individual and on other members of society. It shows how although most people addicted to cocaine are aware of the ill effects of long-term usage, certain societal causes such as labeling do play a part.
Outline
Introduction
How Cocaine is Used
How Cocaine Abuse has Become Entrenched in our Ideas of Social Deviance
An Essentialist and Constructionist View of Cocaine Abuse
Etiology of Cocaine Addiction
Signs and Symptoms of the Condition
How Cocaine Use and Abuse Impacts Society
Future Implications for Cocaine Abuse and Impact on Society
Theories that Explain the Causes of Cocaine Abuse
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In addition to smoking, inhalation and injection, cocaine can also be absorbed through the skin if it is rubbed on mucous tissues, and it can also be consumed by chewing the leaf of the coca plant. Once it enters the body through any of these alternate routes, cocaine passes readily into the brain. Cocaine is known to increase levels of the brain chemical dopamine. It causes a buildup of dopamine in the brain, and the high levels of dopamine continuously stimulate nerve cells, causing the euphoria, which the individual can experience within a few seconds of having consumed the drug. Prolonged use of the drug may however reduce dopamine levels, making it harder for abusers to experience positive feelings. The euphoric state thus induced usually lasts for 3 to 5 minutes when crack cocaine is used, but can be made to go on up to 30 to 60 minutes by snorting or injecting the drug. Thenceforth, the user begins to experience intense craving for the drug."
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Modern Medicine as State or Corporate Medicine, 2007.
This paper asses whether modern medicine is state medicine or corporate medicine, citing examples from British and American history.
1,467 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer argues that the choice between state and corporate medicine is a relatively recent phenomenon. The writer notes that such a luxury sharply contrasts with the historical development of medical care, specifically during the nineteenth century in Britain and America, which sought, through the interventions of the state, to provide for the poor. From such a perspective, then, this essay posits that modern medicine is less about the choice between state and corporate provision than the foundations state medicine essentially helped create from which corporate medicine later benefited.
From the Paper
"Chadwick believed that many of the illness and diseases which inflicted the poor would be lessened or even eradicated. Importantly, the implication of the lawyer's report was that these measures could only be carried out by the state at a time when Britain subscribed to the creed of political economy, which held the laissez-faire state to be a paramount virtue. Yet following Chadwick's report, a Royal Commission on the Health of Towns was set up, which met between 1843 and 1845, leading to Liverpool creating the first sanitary authority in 1846 which spawned similar bodies elsewhere. By the time the Public Health Act of 1848 was passed the important role of the state was set in stone: a central government department was created as the General Board of Health; local sanitary authorities were invested with powers to coordinate municipal responsibilities; and a local inspection regime was also created that appointed medical health officers. Consequently, by 1853, 284 districts and 103 towns had applied to adopt the Public Health Act. But the crucial characteristic of the Act was that, while it did concede the importance of the role of the state, it did not make the adoption of the Act compulsory."
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Medicinal and Recreational Purposes of Drugs, 2002.
A study of alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, morphine and heroin, outlining their medicinal and recreational purposes.
2,353 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 16 sources, APA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses five drugs (alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, morphine and heroin) commonly used for recreation and examines their medical effects. The writer describes each drug, its legal status and illustrates its uses as medical agents. The paper explains that the complex interaction of social acceptance, proven benefits as a medical agent, and potential side effects (including addiction) all played an important role in determining if a specific drug is used as a medical agent in today?s health care system.
From the Paper
"Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, morphine and heroin have all been used extensively as medical agents. All five drugs have also been used extensively for recreational purposes. As a result of their known adverse effects, marijuana, cocaine, morphine and heroin were all made illegal. However, alcohol remains legal. There is a resurgence of interest in the medical effects of marijuana, cocaine and morphine."
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The Cocaine Market, 2008.
An exploration of the major role that cocaine has played in the financing of the world's drug market.
1,433 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the tremendous growth of the cocaine business over the past two centuries. The writer explains that it started out as a medicinal drug and developed into a major part of an illegal underworld that has affected many lives and enriched those who realized the marketability and profitability of its potent and addictive nature. The paper relates that cocaine became immensely popular in the 70's disco era as it was thought not to be as harmful as speed or heroine, and it was believed to have a stimulating effect on the brain. The paper then shows how this led to cartels being set up in Columbia, bringing drug dealers huge profits from the drug trade throughout the 70s and 80s and even to the present. This paper includes tables.
Outline:
Cocaine's Early History on the Drug Market
A Very Sellable, But Illegal Drug
Reasons for Cocaine's Popularity
Cocaine and the Brain
From the Paper
"Realizing cocaine's addictive nature and growing market value, The United States Government made its manufacturing and distribution illegal with The Controlled Substances Act of 1970. It was also in this decade that the cocaine trade took off as the drug became a very popular part of the culture in the United States. Understanding the drug's growing popularity, cocaine once again became a huge business beginning in South American countries, especially Columbia, and finding its way to the drug market in the United States."
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Cocaine, 2006.
An evaluation of the genesis of cocaine.
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the genesis of cocaine. The paper begins by examining the demographic origin of cocaine. Next the paper looks at the making and production of cocaine. The paper then examines the short- and long-term effects of cocaine, including deaths associated with the use of cocaine. The paper also mentions street terms for cocaine. The paper concludes with a discussion of the danger cocaine imposes on society.
From the Paper
"The Office of the National Drug Control Policy reports that about million Americans have tried cocaine at least once in their lifetimes, which is roughly around ..."
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Medicinal Uses of Plants, 2006.
This well-researched paper examines the sudden resurgence of interest in medicinal plants, which is due not only to their potential health benefits but also to the enormous amounts of money involved as well.
1,669 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper supplies significant research which proves that medicinal plants, commonly referred to as medicinal herbs, have been successfully used by man for more than 60 thousand years. The uses of medicinal plants have ranged through the entire spectrum of the physical and psychological maladies that can afflict the human race. The writer of this paper examines the various vaccines made from medicinal plant preparations which are designed for oral consumption as well as the numerous health benefits attained by properly ingesting these herbs. This paper also analyzes the business aspect of the medicine plant trade. Through relevant research, this paper estimates that world sales of medicines derived from plants, discovered and collected by indigenous tribes and cultures in 1990, amounted to some $43 billion.
Table of Contents:
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Etiology, Applications and Common Medicinal Plants Today
Current and Future Trends
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"According to Zerner, the majority of the knowledge about medicinal plants today has been accumulated based on empirical observations over long periods of time. Likewise, Crellin and Philpott note that observations of the use of different plants by sick animals has always been a valuable source of information for early practitioners, and many continue to believe this is a valuable source of reliable information concerning the efficacy of medicinal plants today. Even the nonmedicinal uses of these various plant materials has helped the body of knowledge through increased familiarity to the point where, "Nowadays, many herbalists believe that they have an almost intuitive sense of whether or not a plant is medical. Ten of the most popular medicinal plants today are bilberry, cranberry, echinacea, feverfew, Ginkgo biloba, goldenseal, kava kava, milk thistle, saw palmetto, and St. John's wort."
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Cocaine Sentencing, 1997.
Examines cocaine industry, sentencing disparity for powder & crack cocaine offenders, & federal law biased against African-Americans.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 68.95
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From the Paper
"The sentencing disparity between convictions for crack cocaine and powder cocaine is discriminatory toward African-Americans. Federal policy is responsible for this disparity, the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 and Public Law 104-38 (Federal Sentencing Guidelines, Amendment, Disapproval) being the most significant contributors. Differences in the consumption and marketing patterns of crack cocaine and powder cocaine do not justify stiffer penalties. Ironically, the inequitable sentencing of African-Americans has done little to remedy the problem of cocaine trafficking in the United States.
Government officials justify the disparity in sentencing between powder cocaine and crack cocaine based on the devastating effect that the latter drug exerts at the community level. According to testimony at a recent Congressional hearing.."
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Cocaine Abuse and Violent Crime, 2007.
A research proposal to find a correlation between cocaine abuse and violent crime in Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas.
8,796 words (approx. 35.2 pages), 23 sources, MLA, AU$ 266.95
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Abstract
This research proposal suggests the conduction of a quantitative research study through cluster sampling, in the Dallas-Fort Worth area of the state of Texas, specifically related to testing correlation between the factors of the adult abuser of cocaine and violent crimes in the area. The literature review in this work provides an overview of the drug trade environment in the Dallas-Fort Worth area as well as statistical data for factors in the cocaine drug business and the lives of those who abuse cocaine in that area. Recommendations of this study are that more research should be conducted relating to the links between violent crimes and adult cocaine abuse in Dallas-Fort-Worth Texas.
Outline:
Abstract
Objective
I. Introduction
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions and Hypotheses
Purpose of the Study
Rationale
Significance of the Study
Study Variables
Definition of Terms
Assumptions and Limitations
II. Literature Review
Precise Pharmacology of Cocaine as Related to Violence
Review of the Literature of this Study
Summary of Literature
III. Methodology
Population and Sampling
Gathering of Data
Instruments to be Used in the Gathering of Data
Data Analysis
Statement of Consent of Permission
Recommendations
Appendixes
Bibliography
From the Paper
"AADAC reports in Developments Vol. 18 Issue 9 Cocaine that: "Over the last 10 years, AADAC has seen a gradual, steady rise in the proportion of clients who name cocaine as their primary drug of concern. In 1997-98, over 3,600 AADAC clients (11.1%) said cocaine was the drug they used most frequently during the previous year." (Developments, 1999) The AADAC reports that: "Cocaine is a fast-acting drug with effects of short duration. It has a half-time for elimination of about one hour (the body has lost half of it an hour after administration). While most drugs are broken down by the liver, cocaine is broken down in the blood. Breakdown by the liver happens gradually: only about 15% of the blood passes through the liver each time the heart beats, thus the remainder of the blood still carries the unmetabolized drug. In contrast, breakdown in the blood happens constantly. This means that cocaine is quickly converted to an inactive form." (Developments, 1999)"
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Cocaine Use and Abuse, 2002.
A comprehensive paper on the use of and addiction to cocaine and how this has developed in society.
2,745 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by providing an introduction and description of the plant cocaine. It then describes how cocaine is used today in society and its manner of production. The writer discusses how cocaine has become entrenched into the mindset of social deviance and the etiology of the addiction to this drug. It lists signs and symptoms of cocaine addiction and discusses the way that the addiction has impacted society.
From the Paper
"Cocaine is a highly potent and addictive stimulant drug obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. It was first extracted from the leaf of the Erythroxylon coca plant, in the mid-19th century. This bushy plant is native to the Andes of South America, and is found predominantly in Peru and Bolivia. However, close to seventy five percent of the world's annual yield of cocaine is produced in Colombia, which is the world's leading producer of cocaine. (Cocaine, 2003). In the early 1900s, cocaine was used in tonics or elixirs, to treat a wide variety of illnesses. Even today, cocaine is used in local anesthetics for surgery of the ear, nose or throat."
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The Way To Produce Synthetic Cocaine, 1997.
Discusses the history and uses of cocaine. Examines the traditional and new methods of production. Includes a one page glossary of terms and a six page appendix of a complete guide to manufacturing cocaine.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 57.95
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From the Paper
"The Way to Produce Synthetic Cocaine
Introduction: History
Relative to medical usage, a stimulant is defined to be an agent that arouses organic activity, strengthens the action of the heart, increases vitality, and promotes a sense of well being. Cocaine is one of the most powerful stimulants found in nature (Future of drug use, 1997).
Cocaine was organically derived from the coca plant found throughout South America. The first use of the coca plant for its stimulant properties can be traced to the ancient Incas in Peru. Called the "divine plant," Inca nobility and priests chewed the leaves of the coca plant in order to achieve a trance state of consciousness during religious ceremonies. Later, common people began to chew the leaves in order to reduce fatigue..."
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Cocaine vs Crack, 2006.
A discussion regarding the punishments for users and dealers of crack and cocaine.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, historically, punishments for convicted users and sellers of the drugs cocaine and crack have differed. Penalties are more severe for those individuals who use crack, although it is merely the solid form of essentially the same drug. These disparate penalties may result from several things. The paper further discusses how the most prevalent of these causes seems to be that of race. The powdered form, cocaine, is more popular among Caucasians. In addition, cocaine appears to be the drug of choice for the middle-class and above. The dangers associated with either cocaine or crack seem to differ greatly.
From the Paper
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Alcohol Versus Cocaine, 2004.
A discussion on how alcohol is more hazardous to health and wellness than cocaine.
927 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how both alcohol and cocaine are addictive drugs, which exert negative effects on the in both physical and mental well-being. It looks at how alcohol has a more significant physiological effect and can cause more significant long-term physical consequences than can cocaine; alcohol tends to age the body more and cause more lasting physical effects than does cocaine. It shows how, in both cases, the substances may be associated with co-morbid or pre-morbid depression, only in the setting of a comprehensive treatment program can either the alcoholic or the cocaine addict truly seek meaningful sobriety.
From the Paper
"In contrast to alcohol, cocaine is an amphetamine drug which is taken in by smoking or injection or by absorption through mucus membranes such as the inside of the nose or the lips and mouth. As an amphetamine, cocaine produces an opposite effect to the sedative properties of alcohol. The cocaine user will have a sensation of euphoria and extreme well being associated with heightened sensation and increased heart and respiratory rates as well as blood pressure. While it takes several hours to overcome the effects of alcohol, the ?high? achieved from cocaine use is relatively short ? usually 30 minutes to one hour in duration depending on frequency and amount used. The effect on the cardiovascular system and the central nervous system ends when the high ends and a cocaine addict usually experience no physiological withdrawal and does not require any medical support for the post-use period."
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