| Papers [1-16] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "MEDICARE PRESCRIPTION DRUGS": |
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Medicare Prescription Drugs, 2004.
A review of the Medicare Prescription Drug and Modernization Act of 2003.
1,476 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the Medicare Prescription Drug and Modernization Act of 2003 in the USA. This paper shows that the aim of these reforms is to balance the government's need to protect Medicare recipients and save money, with recipients' needs to receive appropriate treatment. But, as this paper reflects, the need for government intervention in the pricing of pharmaceutical drugs is now a heated debate.
From the Paper
"In recent years, the high cost of medical care in the United States has led to new and heated debate about the need for government intervention in the pricing of pharmaceutical drugs. Pharmaceutical spending has increased perhaps the most of all health care costs, marking about 11% of total health care spending in 2002. That same year, prescription drug spending increased a substantial15%, while other health care spending increased only 9 percent (Kaiser Family Foundation).
Government intervention in the area of pharmaceutical drugs increased with the passage of H.R. 1, The Medicare Prescription Drug and Modernization Act of 2003. The Act was passed on December 8th of 2003, and established a voluntary prescription drug benefit under Medicare. In addition, the Act requires an "initial preventive physical examination", and covers a variety of tests, including those for prostate and colorectal cancer, and diabetes. In addition, mammography, pap smears, and vaccinations are covered, among other services (Office of Legislative Policy and Analysis). "
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Medicare Fair Prescription Drug Act, 2008.
An analysis of the benefits of the Medicare Fair Prescription Drug Act.
885 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the Medicare Fair Prescription Drug Price Act of 2007 is an amendment of the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) and how, according to the latter, Medicare beneficiaries receive a prescription drug benefit called Part D. Private prescription drug plans are also approved for Medicare beneficiaries by the federal government. It also discusses how government interference in MMA, according to the regulations of the 2007 Act, would work for the benefit of price regulation, but to the detriment of choice and market competition.
From the Paper
"The main benefit of Medicare Part D is to beneficiaries and taxpayers - in other words, to the public. Beneficiaries are allowed to choose whatever they prefer in terms of pricing and type of drugs. The market competition encouraged the negotiations between private plans and drug providers are therefore not beneficial only in terms of lower costs for certain drugs, but also in terms of choice. Some beneficiaries choose the higher priced drugs that work best for them, while others prefer lower costs for the financial benefits gained in this way. The plan therefore provides enough diversity for the public to choose from."
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Medicare Prescription Drug Modernization Act, 2006.
A discussion regarding the role of the pharmaceutical lobby in the passage of the Medicare Prescription Drug Modernization Act.
2,740 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 117.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the success of the Medicare Prescription Drug Modernization Act. According to this paper, the US Government claims that it is a vital source for the elderly and disabled Americans. The paper further discusses how many critics have become doubtful about who actually gains from this act. This paper evaluates dynamics of the relationship between the Pharmaceutical lobby and Congress by revealing how this lobby manages to persuade the decision making in Washington.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Literature Review
Research Design
Limitations of the Research
Validity and Reliability of the Results
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The analytical strategy that will be employed in this paper will firstly identify the gravity of the situation at hand relating to how the drug companies have been influencing the policymaking taking place in Washington and the impact of these policies on the American people as well as, drug companies. Appropriate theories and facts will be given to prove not only the seriousness of the situation but also the validity of the arguments. Also, a brief overview will be given of the past and present situation by evaluating the strengths, weaknesses of the past and present trends and the emerging opportunities and threats. Furthermore, the most pertinent and possible factors relating to the topic (how the drug companies have been influencing the policymaking taking place in Washington and the impact of these policies on the American people as well as, drug companies) will be analyzed and thereafter a thorough examination of possible variables and alternates will be conducted. "
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Prescription Drugs for the Elderly, 2008.
This paper looks at the impact of legislation regarding prescription drugs for the elderly in the United States.
876 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in an effort to improve access to prescription drug coverage for the elderly, President Bush passed an amendment to Medicare that would provide seniors with some financial relief from the skyrocketing costs of their medications. Although this legislation was aimed at improving health outcomes for seniors--ensuring that they would not have to sacrifice basic necessities such as food and electricity to afford their medications--the outcomes of this change do not appear to be having a positive impact in this particular area. Using this as a basis for investigation, this essay considers prescription drug coverage for the elderly, its impact on overall health and the problems that have been created as a result of the new legislation providing seniors with prescription drug coverage.
Outline:
Introduction
Review of the Issue
Analysis of the Issue
From the Paper
"Synthesizing all of the data provided in this investigation, it becomes evident that while a some effort has been made to improve outcomes for seniors and improve their access to prescription drugs, the current program creates considerable gaps in accessing prescription drugs for seniors. For middle class seniors making more than 150 percent of the federal poverty limits, access to prescription drugs does not appear to be significantly improved. Seniors are still being asked to provide considerable out-of-pocket support that continues to create disparities in accessing perception drugs. As the number of baby boomers reaching the age of retirement increases-retirees will soon comprise almost one third of the population-improving access to prescription drugs appears to have significant ramifications for public health and the overall health care system."
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The Case Against Medicare Prescription Coverage, 2002.
This paper looks at Medicare from its inception and studies the trouble it faces today.
1,618 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
Medicare was established to provide health insurance to Americans 65 years or older. The paper looks at the way in which it was created and the ways in which it is suffering. The writer uses sources to argue that congressional budget cuts are leaving Medicare with little hope of providing the necessary service to its target population.
From the Paper
"Health insurance was made more available and more affordable due to governmental tax credits given employers providing this benefit to their employees. While this subsidy increased availability, it also drove up the cost of medical care for everyone. It was at this time that the plight of the elderly, the least able to bear increases in an area that impacted them more than any other group in the society, was brought to the forefront."
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Medicare Part D, 2007.
This paper studies the US Medicare Part D program that provides insurance coverage for prescription drugs.
1,403 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in the past few decades, the reduction of available Medicare funds in the US has emerged as a significant concern for taxpayers, elderly individuals, and government agencies alike. The writer points out that as a result, Medicare has often been a target for reformers in the past few years; however, as the aging population increases, so does a greater sense of urgency. In response to this growing crisis, the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 created a new and complex universal prescription drug entitlement, called Medicare Part D. This paper analyzes the basic contents of the Medicare Part D legislation, including the role of private groups and the implications of the drug subsidy for the nursing practice.
Outline:
Introduction
Overview and Content of the Legislation
The Role of Private Groups in the Drug Subsidy
Nursing Implications of Medicare Part D
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The benefits of Catastrophic Coverage vary depending on income levels, and extra-help programs are available based on financial need. Medicare Part D has been considered a complex plan for seniors as a result of the manner in which it works and the gap in coverage. This is complex for seniors because research indicates that the majority of needed prescription drugs by seniors fall into the gap in coverage bracket. Therefore, the major criticism of the drug subsidy is that it only truly assist seniors that either do not need very many prescription drugs, or those that are considered catastrophic coverage insured's. As a result, the bulk of this population is left to deal with paying out-of-pocket expenses for prescription drugs. Additionally, the plan is complex for seniors because the true cost of the drug entitlement expansion is unknown, and estimates could be understating the real cost."
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Implementation of Medicare Part D, 2007.
This paper discusses the prescription drug program that is part of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003.
2,204 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 13 sources, APA, AU$ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper describes in detail the new prescription drug program that is part of Medicare, better knows as Medicare Part D. The paper describes each prescription drug program and discusses factors that should play into choosing a plan. The paper further describes how one becomes eligible for Part D. Also described is the development of health related public policy and the expansion of health insurance coverage. The paper concludes expressing hope that any cheating or fraud within Medicare Plan D would be reported immediately.
Outline:
Introduction
Social Forces
Political Forces
Cultural Forces
Technological Forces
Ethical Forces
Economic Forces
Effect of Current Issues on Future Initiatives in Healthcare Delivery
From the Paper
"Medicare Part D is a part of the social health insurance that is provided by our government. Social health insurance is an entitlement program, not a charity. Medicare benefits, including Part D, are earned by the enrollee during the course of their employment. The fundamental aim of this government provided program is to provide prescription health care coverage to the American society."
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Medicare's Dilemma, 2002.
This paper examines the political, social and economic woes of Medicare's drug problem: No prescription coverage for the disabled and the elderly.
2,050 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 15 sources, AU$ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper covers the much debated issue of the Medicare program?s lack of prescription drug coverage for the elderly and disabled in the US. A brief history of the program itself, descriptions of and actions taken by the key players in the debate, including the Medicare recipients themselves, support/interest groups such as the AARP, the government, pharmaceutical agencies, and the American public are included.
From the paper:
"At the time of its establishment in 1965 through to the present, the U.S. Medicare program was designed to provide quality health care services for elderly and disabled Americans. The two-part program provides coverage for hospital visits as well as a limited amount of medical insurance to aid with doctors? bills and things of the like. Although it has always been one of the most popular federal programs among elderly and younger citizens alike, the Medicare program has been and remains to grow progressively ineffective in providing quality health care to its recipients. While issues such as the exclusion of certain medical procedures from Medicare?s coverage realm have come and gone, the single most longstanding issue of debate is that of prescription drugs."
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Medicare and Medicaid, 2002.
An analysis of the government funded healthcare programs, Medicare and Medicaid, focusing on the elderly population.
2,272 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a lengthy argument concerning the implementation of a national prescription drug plan for elderly persons that are dependent upon Medicare and Medicaid for their medical insurance needs. The paper claims that since prescription drugs are costly and vital to the improvement of the overall health and well-being of elderly persons, they should be the key characteristic involved in Medicare and Medicaid reform. The paper examines the importance of Americans becoming aware of government initiatives such as Medicare and Medicaid.
Introduction
A Brief History of Medicare in the United States
Problems that Medicare Faces
Medicare and the Prescription Drug Quandary
Medicaid Participation by Elderly Residents
History and Background of Medicaid
Research Methods and Resources
Conclusions and Recommendations
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Medicare and Medicaid are government-sponsored programs whose objective is to provide patients with health assistance upon meeting specific criteria. Medicare is the federal program that provides insurance for elderly patients aged 65 and over, and approximately 40 million people are enrolled in this program. Medicaid is an insurance program that is available for disadvantaged persons, including the elderly, who cannot afford health benefits because of low incomes or other factors. Both programs are subsidized by government funds and in many instances, will cover the costs of basic medical care as well as specialized testing and supplies."
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Medicare Part D, 2005.
This paper discusses Part D of the Medicare and the power given the regulatory agencies under this law.
1,280 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Medicare, which is the health insurance program by the United States Federal government, provides medical treatment to qualified recipients and is run by The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Part D is the new outpatient prescription drug benefit. The author points out that, because the enactment of Medicare Part D makes the United States Federal Government the biggest client of pharmaceuticals in the U.S. and possibly the world, drug development and approval process will be notably affected by this law through the direct involvement of CMS in application reviews. The paper stresses that, by using a system of risk corridors, which compares actual incurred drug benefit costs to estimated costs submitted in bids, Medicare limits the profits and losses of Part D drug plans.
Table of Contents
What is Medicare?
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and Its Influence on the Health Care Industry
Economics
How CMS Affects the Operation and Finance of Medicare Part D
From the Paper
"CMS is also working with other health agencies such as the National Cancer Institute with regards to research and development of drugs. A new policy gives them additional powers to pay for off-label uses of a new drug or device, so long as patients are in involve in studies to gather new data that may be beneficial to future patients. This policy however raised certain concerns from industry players as to fears the agency will reject compensation of new cures or procedures unless the post-approval studies are paid for by sponsors. Nonetheless, guidelines have already been drafted to address this concern."
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Elderly and Medicare, 2004.
An analysis of the increased life expectancy of senior citizens and the cost of drugs to maintain them.
770 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of Medicare, a program of national health insurance setup in 1965 for persons who are over the age of sixty-five or seriously disabled. It looks at how many medical procedures of the 1960s have been replaced by drug therapies and how Medicare has never been updated to include outpatient prescription drug coverage, leaving senior citizens, many of whom live on fixed incomes, especially affected by this lack of coverage. It discusses how. with the baby boomer generation ageing fast, and advancements in medical science, the new challenge is now to ensure that those who were responsible for the above will be cared for in the new century.
From the Paper
"In 1998, the US spent a total of one hundred billion dollars on prescription drugs. According to a report published in June 2001 by the Washington Business Group Healthcare (WBGH) and the Financial Management Association (HFMA), the cost of prescription drugs shot up by 14.6% in 2000, after an 18% rise in 1999. (Arya, 2001) From 1992 to 1998, the number of prescriptions rose by 40%. The government is caught in a difficult position. On the one hand it needs to curb the spiraling costs, on the other it has to protect the interests of its pharmaceutical industry. Expanding the use of generic drugs would be one way of reducing costs, but this is unlikely to happen because of the billions of dollars spend by pharmaceuticals on research in an intensely competitive field."
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Medicare Reforms and Health Care Costs, 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to examine Medicare reform and determine whether it will actually end up costing taxpayers more money than the previous system did.
5,355 words (approx. 21.4 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 191.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that, with the proposed reforms of the Medicare system, most people will not be able to use it because it would actually cost them more to do so than it would to simply not have insurance at all. The author feels that one of the biggest problems is that seniors who have Medicare do not have any coverage for prescription drugs, and because of this, they have to pay a large amount of money out of pocket., The paper stresses that the study, designed to be more of a subjective rather than an objective study, is based on the review of the available literature and the opinions and beliefs of those that make up this literature group because it does not appear that statistical research would be helpful.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Overview of the Study
Significance of the Study
Rationale of the Study
Scope of the Study
Review of Related Literature
Description of Sources Used
Positive Aspects
Negative Aspects
Literature Review
Methodology
Research Design and Approach
Procedures Used and Data Analysis
Research Considerations and Limitations
Validity and Uniqueness of the Data
Summary
From the Paper
"The sources used for this particular literature review did not come from the expected peer reviewed journals and magazines. This is largely because the Medicare reforms have not officially been enacted, and therefore studies into how they are impacting individuals who use the Medicare system have not been conducted. Because of this, there are few sources that can actually be found that deal with the Medicare reforms and how they are going to affect the elderly. At least, this is true of professional journals and official sources."
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Medicare Stakeholders, 2007.
A look at how the reduction of available Medicare funds will impact Medicare stakeholders.
1,387 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the growth of both life expectancy and the cost of medical care has resulted in a noticeable reduction of available Medicare funds for use in the near future. It looks at how this rapidly growing reduction of available Medicare funds has emerged as a significant concern for Medicare stakeholders such as the American Associationof Retire Persons (AARP), drug companies, insurance companies and healthcare providers alike. As a result, Medicare has often been a target for reformers in the past few years, as each of these stakeholders has a distinct role in the Medicare system from either a financial or funding standpoint.
Outline:
Introduction
Stakeholders
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The AARP, formerly called the American Association of Retired Persons, is a U.S. based non-profit organization, with the mission of enhancing quality of life for people over age 50 by providing a wide range of unique benefits, special products, and services for members. The AARP operates as a non-profit advocate for its members, and sells life insurance, investment funds and other financial products. The organization claims over 35 million members and membership is expected to grow significantly as baby boomers age. The AARP plays a role in Medicare from a financial standpoint in that the organization offers products to its members. This is different from the past when social security and pension plans were devised at a time when relatively few people reached the age of sixty-five, and these plans covered their support. "
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Medical Issues in 2000 Elections, 2002.
Examines how both political sides campaigned for the expansion of Medicare to include coverage of prescription drugs in the 2000 American elections.
2,640 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 114.95
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Abstract
Although there are many important issues, both domestic and foreign affecting America, one of the major issues that the candidates chose to focus on in the Presidential elections of 2000 was the issue of prescription drug costs. The paper shows that this seemed to be a symbolic issue representing the different philosophies of the two major parties. The image that was presented was of the old woman who is unable to afford to buy necessary medications, or must choose between life-saving medication and food. The paper shows that it became a bellwether issue of the election, with the Democrats identifying themselves as the party of compassion and the Republicans trying to identify themselves as also a party of compassion, but of compassionate conservatism. In other words, both parties were saying that there is a problem, that they care about the struggles that people are undergoing and that they have ideas about how to ameliorate the problem. The paper covers the differences between the ideas of the Democrats and the Republicans.
From the Paper
"For Gore, the proposal is a straightforward addition to Medicare of prescription drug coverage for those 65 and older. It would cover all costs for seniors earning up to 135 percent of the poverty level and subsidies for people with incomes between 135 percent ad 150 percent of the poverty level. In addition, everyone else would receive 50 percent of drug purchases adding up to at least $2,000 in 2002 and adding up to at least $5,000 in 2008. Recipients would, however, pay something for this benefit. They would pay monthly premiums starting at $25 and eventually increasing to $50 per month."
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The Medicare Crisis, 2005.
A paper discussing the future of Medicare in relation to the increasing costs of Medicare in the healthcare system.
4,200 words (approx. 16.8 pages), 25 sources, APA, AU$ 162.95
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Abstract
This report takes a look at how Medicare impacts the American healthcare system and attempts to answer questions about the future of Medicare. The paper also touches upon issues affecting the elderly regarding present problems in Medicare and future problems that are foreseen. In addition, this report looks at both present and future possibilities with regard to Medicare by looking at present risks and then makes conclusions and recommendations for both future research and for programmatic change and advocacy in healthcare.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Issues Under Investigation
Research Questions
Literature Review
Analysis
Recommendations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Another issue associated with this topic is that one of the reasons that many older individuals are not prepared to face the costs of long-term care is because they think it is already fully covered by Medicare. Public education needs to be an important part of the insurance process, but often older individuals are confused by the plethora of insurance options and split coverage that are offered to them. Adding to this confusion, many older individuals assume that Medicare is prepared to give them long-term care allowances over sixty days. "A major obstacle to the development of long-term care insurance is the widespread misperception that Medicare and private health insurance policies that supplement Medicare cover long-term care, when in fact they do not...People must be educated concerning their need for private long-term care insurance" (Atchley, 2000, p. 367). Long-term care can be very expensive for those individuals who are not prepared to face these costs."
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Medicare: The Good and Bad of Senior Health Care, 2003.
An in-depth examination of whether Medicare is the best system for providing health coverage for an aging population.
18,105 words (approx. 72.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 360.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Medicare and the problems that it has faced recently. It deals with why this has become such a problem and whether there is anything that can be done to fix the failing Medicare system. Beginning with the statement of the problem and the rationale for studying it, the paper then moves on to discuss a review of the literature on Medicare and what kind of reform is occurring now, as well as what kind of reform has been suggested as being needed if Medicare is going to continue to help individuals. Right now, Medicare is experiencing some changes, but many do not feel that enough changes are being made. There are many seniors that are still struggling, and these people need help now. This is one of the chief problems of Medicare, as there are no easy solutions, and it is assumed that it will be some time before answers to its difficulties are found. Nevertheless, this paper is also concerned with the information collected in regards to the problems that Medicare faces, and it moves on to an analysis of the data that has been collected. This is followed up by the recommendations and conclusions that can safely be made and drawn about Medicare and where it is going from here.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Rationale for the Study
Purpose of the Study
Importance of the Study
Scope of Study
Definition of Terms
Overview of Study
Review of the Related Literature
Methodology
Data-Gathering Method
Database for Information
Approach to the Information
Validity of the Data
Originality of the Data
Limitations of the Data
Summary of the Information
Data Analysis
Summary and Conclusions
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Studies are important for many reasons, and one of the main reasons for any study is to look at something that desperately needs attention and determine what should be done with it. The Medicare system is such an issue. Attention is needed, because the system that people have relied on for years will soon begin to fail them. There is really no money left for Medicare to do anything more than what it is doing now, which is not enough. Until it finds a way to reform itself, many elderly people will go without adequate medical care, and these people were used to getting the care that they needed.
Now that Medicare has joined forces with managed care, it would seem that things would be improved, but the opposite has occurred and most people are not sure what they can do to correct this problem before it gets worse. There are those that said that managed care should never have a place in Medicare, and that would be one of the wrong ways to reform the system. That may be, but the managed care system and Medicare are together now, and that must be dealt with. There are clearly issues that must be addressed if Medicare is to be corrected, and the hope is that it can be accomplished before the system collapses entirely and causes more damage than has already been done."
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