| Papers [1-16] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "MEDICARE PRESCRIPTION DRUG MODERNIZATION ACT": |
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Medicare Prescription Drug Modernization Act, 2006.
A discussion regarding the role of the pharmaceutical lobby in the passage of the Medicare Prescription Drug Modernization Act.
2,740 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 117.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the success of the Medicare Prescription Drug Modernization Act. According to this paper, the US Government claims that it is a vital source for the elderly and disabled Americans. The paper further discusses how many critics have become doubtful about who actually gains from this act. This paper evaluates dynamics of the relationship between the Pharmaceutical lobby and Congress by revealing how this lobby manages to persuade the decision making in Washington.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Literature Review
Research Design
Limitations of the Research
Validity and Reliability of the Results
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The analytical strategy that will be employed in this paper will firstly identify the gravity of the situation at hand relating to how the drug companies have been influencing the policymaking taking place in Washington and the impact of these policies on the American people as well as, drug companies. Appropriate theories and facts will be given to prove not only the seriousness of the situation but also the validity of the arguments. Also, a brief overview will be given of the past and present situation by evaluating the strengths, weaknesses of the past and present trends and the emerging opportunities and threats. Furthermore, the most pertinent and possible factors relating to the topic (how the drug companies have been influencing the policymaking taking place in Washington and the impact of these policies on the American people as well as, drug companies) will be analyzed and thereafter a thorough examination of possible variables and alternates will be conducted. "
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Medicare Fair Prescription Drug Act, 2008.
An analysis of the benefits of the Medicare Fair Prescription Drug Act.
885 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the Medicare Fair Prescription Drug Price Act of 2007 is an amendment of the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) and how, according to the latter, Medicare beneficiaries receive a prescription drug benefit called Part D. Private prescription drug plans are also approved for Medicare beneficiaries by the federal government. It also discusses how government interference in MMA, according to the regulations of the 2007 Act, would work for the benefit of price regulation, but to the detriment of choice and market competition.
From the Paper
"The main benefit of Medicare Part D is to beneficiaries and taxpayers - in other words, to the public. Beneficiaries are allowed to choose whatever they prefer in terms of pricing and type of drugs. The market competition encouraged the negotiations between private plans and drug providers are therefore not beneficial only in terms of lower costs for certain drugs, but also in terms of choice. Some beneficiaries choose the higher priced drugs that work best for them, while others prefer lower costs for the financial benefits gained in this way. The plan therefore provides enough diversity for the public to choose from."
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Medicare Prescription Drugs, 2004.
A review of the Medicare Prescription Drug and Modernization Act of 2003.
1,476 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the Medicare Prescription Drug and Modernization Act of 2003 in the USA. This paper shows that the aim of these reforms is to balance the government's need to protect Medicare recipients and save money, with recipients' needs to receive appropriate treatment. But, as this paper reflects, the need for government intervention in the pricing of pharmaceutical drugs is now a heated debate.
From the Paper
"In recent years, the high cost of medical care in the United States has led to new and heated debate about the need for government intervention in the pricing of pharmaceutical drugs. Pharmaceutical spending has increased perhaps the most of all health care costs, marking about 11% of total health care spending in 2002. That same year, prescription drug spending increased a substantial15%, while other health care spending increased only 9 percent (Kaiser Family Foundation).
Government intervention in the area of pharmaceutical drugs increased with the passage of H.R. 1, The Medicare Prescription Drug and Modernization Act of 2003. The Act was passed on December 8th of 2003, and established a voluntary prescription drug benefit under Medicare. In addition, the Act requires an "initial preventive physical examination", and covers a variety of tests, including those for prostate and colorectal cancer, and diabetes. In addition, mammography, pap smears, and vaccinations are covered, among other services (Office of Legislative Policy and Analysis). "
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The Rising Cost of Prescription Drugs, 2002.
An analysis of the factors which have caused the recent price hike in prescription drugs.
1,250 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 61.95
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Abstract
In recent years the high costs of prescription drugs have generated a great deal of controversy. From the individual who is hit hard by rising drug costs, to insurance companies, federal politicians and large drug companies, almost every player in the controversy has an opinion on why prescription drugs cost so much money. This essay summarizes the reasons prescription drugs have risen in cost from several different points of view. First, a thorough discussion of the state of prescription drug costs is presented. Second, the drug companies? position on why prescription drugs cost so much money is given. Third, criticisms of the drug companies, and advocacy for decreasing the cost of prescription drugs are presented. Finally, a thorough conclusion contrasts the drug companies? position with criticisms and advocacy plans for decreasing prescription drug costs.
From the Paper
"The cost of prescription drugs has been increasing steadily over the past decade, and now has reached staggering amounts. In fact, prescription drug costs are currently the fastest growing expense in healthcare. For managed care companies, prescription drug costs are rising from between 16 to 22 percent each year. Further, the total cost of prescription drugs topped over $83 billion in 1997, marking an astronomical increase over the 1992 figure of $49 billion (BlueShield of Oregon, 1999). The cost of brand name drugs has been the primary contributor to this increase (Turkel)."
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The Prescription Drug Debate, 2005.
Examines the controversies surrounding the sale and import of prescription drugs in the United States.
6,401 words (approx. 25.6 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 214.95
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Abstract
Traditionally, the promotion and advertisement of drugs in the United States occurred through simple face-to-face meetings between a pharmaceutical representative and a doctor. The face-to-face meeting was the main method of selling, advertising, and promoting drugs. However, the traditional method has evolved rapidly over the years. Today, Direct to Consumer Advertisement ("DTCA") is one of the main reasons why patients seek drugs. DTCA is a method used by drug companies to sell and promote their drugs, a sum that has grown from $800 million in 1996 to the astronomical sum of $2.7 billion in 2002. This paper examines several issues relating to prescription drugs. It covers advertising, selling, 'Direct to Consumer Advertisement', and examines whether the US should allow prescription drugs to be re-imported from Canada.
Paper Outline:
Introduction: Background and Observations
Controversy: Proponent vs. Opponents
Regulation: An Overview of Advertisement
The U.S. Should Continue to Ban Re-importation
The US Should Allow the Re-importation of Drugs
Ethical Analysis against the Re-importation of Prescription Drugs
Ethical Analysis of the Support for Re-importation of Prescription Drugs
Compare and Contrast Re-importation of Prescription Drugs
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Taking this approach would make it seem like the best way to deal with prescription drug costs is to allow the re-importation of drugs to the United States from Canada because it helps poor people be able to get their drugs at a reduced cost to them. The people who get their prescription drugs illegally from Canada do pay a significantly less price than if the same drug was purchased in an American pharmacy. This is only a temporary solution to the rising prices in prescription drug costs. So when trying to do the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people we must look at the biggest picture."
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Prescription Drugs for the Elderly, 2008.
This paper looks at the impact of legislation regarding prescription drugs for the elderly in the United States.
876 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in an effort to improve access to prescription drug coverage for the elderly, President Bush passed an amendment to Medicare that would provide seniors with some financial relief from the skyrocketing costs of their medications. Although this legislation was aimed at improving health outcomes for seniors--ensuring that they would not have to sacrifice basic necessities such as food and electricity to afford their medications--the outcomes of this change do not appear to be having a positive impact in this particular area. Using this as a basis for investigation, this essay considers prescription drug coverage for the elderly, its impact on overall health and the problems that have been created as a result of the new legislation providing seniors with prescription drug coverage.
Outline:
Introduction
Review of the Issue
Analysis of the Issue
From the Paper
"Synthesizing all of the data provided in this investigation, it becomes evident that while a some effort has been made to improve outcomes for seniors and improve their access to prescription drugs, the current program creates considerable gaps in accessing prescription drugs for seniors. For middle class seniors making more than 150 percent of the federal poverty limits, access to prescription drugs does not appear to be significantly improved. Seniors are still being asked to provide considerable out-of-pocket support that continues to create disparities in accessing perception drugs. As the number of baby boomers reaching the age of retirement increases-retirees will soon comprise almost one third of the population-improving access to prescription drugs appears to have significant ramifications for public health and the overall health care system."
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Prescription Drugs, 2006.
This paper explores the the abuse of legal prescription drugs.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how it is well known that abuse of illegal drugs causes major problems for society. This is reflected by the fact that every country has laws that attempt to minimize such abuse. However, the paper contends that comparatively little attention is paid to the abuse of legal, prescription drugs. Yet these can also cause enormous harm. Millions of people in the USA are addicted to various prescription drugs. Many of these people lose their jobs, their families and even their lives because of this addiction. This paper highlights the problem of addiction to prescription drugs, showing that many people are addicted and that such addiction causes great harm.
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Prescription Drugs and Young Adults, 2005.
This paper explores drug abuse in young adults and how it includes prescription drugs.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 154.95
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Abstract
The paper examines drug abuse in the United States, which is a significant and prevalent problem. The paper explains that drug dependence and addiction are imposing a variety of intra-personal, interpersonal, social and economic consequences. The paper discusses that unfortunately, American society is not acknowledging that much of this dependence and addiction involves prescription drugs, since the focus has always been on illegal drugs.
From the Paper
"In terms of the consequences for young adults, the damage inflicted by drug abuse cannot be truly measured, for it is impossible to put a dollar value upon the suffering that dependence and addiction inflict. But as Baum (1997) notes, some idea of the harm drug abuse causes can be obtained by pondering the fact that each year, drug-related problems cost one-hundred and sixty-six billion dollars."
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Advertising Prescription Drugs, 2002.
This paper discusses the history and problems of advertising prescription drugs.
1,020 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the problem of patients receiving prescription drugs, which they do not actually need because they see the advertising and demand that their doctors give them these drugs. The paper explores the positions of the American Medical Association and the Federal Drug Association. The author concluded that until the drug companies stop hiding the truth and exploiting their drugs, the federal government should do its best to control what the advertisements say and to eliminate loopholes within the law, so that these ads will stop misinforming the public about what the drugs can actually do.
From the Paper
"Drug companies that portray their drugs to improve substantially the lives of the afflicted individuals are not quick to stress the dangers and serious side effects that can endanger lives. The new drugs advertised have a twenty percent chance of ending in an FDA drug recall or having additional FDA safety warnings placed on their labels within 25 years. Advertisements account for hundreds of millions of dollars every year that drug companies spend."
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Prescription Drugs, 2007.
This paper discusses prescription drugs and the pharmaceutical sector.
2,403 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 106.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer claims that for several years, the pharmaceutical sector has been regarded as a certainty in the world of investing. The writer argues that in America today, more drugs are needed to fight arthritis and lower cholesterol levels, and treating disease with medicine is far more cost-effective than surgery and other procedures. The writer examines the topic of expenditures for prescription drug coverage and maintains that as society does not worry about prices when it comes to healthcare, the large drug-makers boast astounding profit levels, gross margins of 80 percent, operating margins of 35 percent. The writer concludes that drug companies began to focus on blockbuster drugs and did everything possible to squeeze every bit of profit from them, thus after the initial wave of breakthroughs, the big money was largely in imitation, not innovation.
From the Paper
"However, the drug giants were actually profoundly less innovative through the 1990s than they appeared to be, and their amazing growth numbers were due to a handful of drugs that addressed a surprisingly narrow range of conditions. Furthermore, they copied one another's drugs while ignoring promising avenues of research, and merged with one another, slashed costs, and sometimes, propped up earnings. Overall, 2002 was not a good year for pharma stocks, and the primary culprit appears to be the fact that big drugs like Claritin came off paten and saw sales plummet as generic versions hit the market, while few new drugs came along to replace them. Added to all of this are several scandals over product safety and the growing anger from consumers and policymakers over rising drug prices, resulting in serious challenges for the drug companies."
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Prescription Drug Advertising, 2005.
This paper discusses ethical issues regarding prescription drug advertising.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 138.95
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Abstract
The writer examines ethical issues involved in prescription drug advertising. The writer discusses that according to the FDA, the purpose of such advertising is to educate the public and thus empower them to play a role in their healthcare decisions. The writer looks at opinions of critics of the process, who claim that the advertising is misleading. The writer shows that the advertising encourages some patients to ask for drugs which are unnecessary or more expensive than substitutes.
From the Paper
"In the Federal Drug Administration issued guidance on marketing prescription drugs directly to consumers instead of only targeting medical professionals. The response from the pharmaceutical industry was enormous .... "
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Prescription Drugs, 2003.
The economics and ethics of prescription drug rights and patents and how it affects Third World countries.
819 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the ethical issues of intellectual property rights that prescription drug companies hold in comparison to the economic rights and goals of those companies.
From the Paper
"In developing nations, many people do not have the advantages of the western world, including food, clean water, adequate shelter, and namely, health care. They are dying of diseases like Malaria, that can be easily treated and that most people in developed countries are vaccinated against. Prescription drug companies are not manufacturing the drugs that people in the developing nations need because there is no one able and willing to buy them. For this reason there is not a market to sell the drugs and these companies cannot make any money off of them."
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Making Prescription Drugs Affordable?, 2004.
This paper discusses the use of parallel trade to reduce the cost of prescription drugs in the United States.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the United States is the only country that prohibits "Parallel Trade?, the importation of prescription medications from abroad; therefore, there is an attempt to reduce the cost of these medicines by making legal the reimportation of medicines that are actually manufactured by American corporations, which are much less expensive in foreign countries. The author points out that committed free trade and Parallel Trade supporters contend that allowing pharmaceutical imports would provide the best of both worlds, affordable health care for ordinary Americans, with competition further stimulating research and development. The paper reiterates that rather than allowing the consumer to decide if a foreign, or reimported, product is safe, the official position of the United States government through the FDA is one of ?we know better than you do"; nevertheless, Americans should be able to use the power of the marketplace to ensure that they receive not only the best care, but also the best price.
From the Paper
"Individual states, too, support schemes such as AARP?s when it comes to saving money on their employee health plans. In particular, states near the Canadian border actively encourage consumers to ?shop around.? Many municipalities are already taking the plunge, taking full advantage of the equal quality, and yet dramatically lower priced Canadian reimports. The Mayor of Springfield, Massachusetts, Michael Albano, sees reimportation from Canada as the answer to the rapidly rising healthcare costs that have become such a strain on his city?s employee benefits provisions."
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Prescription Drug Pricing in America, 2005.
A look at the increasing problem of high-cost prescription drugs in America.
1,658 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the insufficient government intervention, corporate greed, and double standards in national and international import markets that have left American consumers to pay inflated prices for their prescription medication.
From the Paper
"The cost of the drugs needed to treat colon cancer has soared 5000%, from $500 in 1999 to $250,000 presently (Harris). American consumers are being taken advantage of by pharmaceutical companies. Americans have to pay inflated prices to foot the bill for research and development due in part to restrictive laws while the rest of the world gets price controlled prescription drugs. The price increase has affected the elderly community significantly, since they tend to need more medication and a large percentage of them survive on a fixed income. American consumers are beginning to look to Canada, Mexico, and countries overseas for cheaper medication. The price of prescription drugs has risen excessively due in part to governmental ineptitude, pharmaceutical companies' greed and double standards in pricing between the U.S. and the rest of the world."
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Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs, 2001.
Analysis of the effects of direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs.
3,295 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 13 sources, AU$ 136.95
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Abstract
Explore the issues surrounding the controversial use of DTC advertising by drug manufacturers. The paper investigates the causes and effects of this new marketing phenomenon in an effort to determine what makes DTC advertising so effective in our society.
From the Paper
"The pharmaceutical industry has always relied on marketing and advertising to move drugs from manufacturers? laboratories to consumers? medicine cabinets. From 1938, with passage of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, until the mid 1980s, the industry focused its efforts almost entirely on physicians. Accurately recognizing physicians as their principal customer, drug manufacturers deployed large armies of sales representatives who marched into physicians? offices carrying promotional materials, drug samples, coffee mugs, calendars, ?continuing education? dinner invitations and baseball tickets. "
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The Case Against Medicare Prescription Coverage, 2002.
This paper looks at Medicare from its inception and studies the trouble it faces today.
1,618 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
Medicare was established to provide health insurance to Americans 65 years or older. The paper looks at the way in which it was created and the ways in which it is suffering. The writer uses sources to argue that congressional budget cuts are leaving Medicare with little hope of providing the necessary service to its target population.
From the Paper
"Health insurance was made more available and more affordable due to governmental tax credits given employers providing this benefit to their employees. While this subsidy increased availability, it also drove up the cost of medical care for everyone. It was at this time that the plight of the elderly, the least able to bear increases in an area that impacted them more than any other group in the society, was brought to the forefront."
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