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The Effects of the Media on Terrorism, 2002.
Examines how the media influences terrorism, especially in the wake of attacks on American interests.
3,320 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 20 sources, APA, AU$ 136.95
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Abstract
Acts of anti-American terrorism are becoming increasingly common and more and more are occurring on American soil, according to Columbia political scientist Brigitte L. Nacos. According to Nacos, the rise in terrorism is not a matter of flawed national security. It has more to do with the success that terrorists have enjoyed in exploiting the relationships among the media, public opinion and political decision-making. This paper addresses the effects of the media on terrorism. It shows that according to Nacos, government policy is often shaped by terrorist action, even in cases where a conflict of interest between the safety of hostages and the interests of the nation exists. This paper examines the media?s influence on terrorism, to determine whether or not the media should provide less coverage of terrorism or if they should continue to report the news.
From the Paper
"While the democratic nature of the U.S. obviously offers more freedom and choices, it also places a great deal of pressure on the government to please the people. For example, President Jimmy Carter's failure to resolve the Iranian hostage crisis in 1979-80 contributed to his loss when he ran for re-election in 1980 (Morgan, 2002). Many Americans had watched him on television during coverage of the terrorist event and decided that he was an ineffective negotiator and leader.
However, many researchers argue that it was media coverage that pressured Carter into launching a poorly planned rescue mission, despite the fact that the military estimated only a 65 percent success rate. This shows the effect of the media on terrorism, and how terrorists use the media to influence the public and decision-makers (Nacos, 1994, pp.140-41)."
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The Media and Terrorism, 2007.
A look at the role the media plays in reporting terrorist actions.
1,371 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how an unfettered media can sometimes give terrorists an advantage by revealing security information and by giving them the publicity that their actions thrive upon. The paper shows, however, how the media can also be used during and following a terrorist action as a means of building connections amongst society and disseminating important information. The paper concludes that the media must play a balanced role in the case of terrorism.
Outline:
Introduction
Terrorism and the Media - A Balancing Act between the Freedom of the Press and National Security
Terrorism and the Media - Fostering Community Connections and the Dissemination of Important Information
Terrorism and the Media - The Future
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The roles and responsibilities of the media when covering a terrorist event varies depending on whose perspective one considers. Whether it is the terrorists, the government, or the media themselves being considered, three different sets of answers are often found, and these differing viewpoints often drive behavior during a terrorist action, which can result in both a tactical and strategic gain for the terrorists themselves. For this reason, it is important "to develop policy options designed to serve the interests of government, the media and the society" (Perl)."
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Media and the War on Terrorism, 2002.
A paper which discusses the media?s manipulation of the war on terrorism.
3,200 words (approx. 12.8 pages), 16 sources, MLA, AU$ 133.95
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Abstract
A paper which presents a detailed discussion about the war on terrorism and the media?s manipulation of the war. The writer outlines the societal views of the US attacks on Middle Eastern soil. The writer also describes the way the media has manipulated society members regarding the attacks by refusing to cover certain issues and cooperating with the US government.
From the Paper
"One of the earliest ways that the media began to manipulate the world opinion about the United States attack in the Middle East was its coverage of Bin Laden?s reaction to the attacks on 9-11. The media on an almost world wide basis began to claim in November that Bin Laden had proclaimed credit was his for the attacks(Truth pg 10). Media in the United States, Britain, New Zealand and other nations insisted that he had admitted, ?we did it? (Truth pg 10). It was reported that he confessed on a news network in England. This would have a very heavy impact on the way society would view Bin Laden and the war against the Middle East. Until this occurred, America as well as other nations were outraged at the attacks on America which killed thousands of civilians but there was a hesitation about who to attack. "
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The Dangerous Impact of the Media on Terrorism, 2001.
A look at how the media can inadvertently assist terrorists in their cause.
2,360 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
This essays shows how the media can actually assist terrorists in their cause, and advocates regulations for the way that terrorist acts are portrayed in the media.
From the Paper
"?Terrorism is...the unlawful use or threat of violence against persons or property to further political or social objectives? (Szumski 16). Terrorism has disrupted the lives of millions in the United States and around the world. Fifty percent of all terrorist acts occur in the Middle East, and most of these events are connected to Israel, Iran, and Lebanon (Kronenwetter 38). Media has had a considerable impact on terrorism and its growth, both positively and negatively. Many believe that the media presents terrorism in way that informs and warns people of the danger, yet others believe that the news coverage helps the terrorists in their cause. The manner in which mass media presents terrorism to the public should be regulated in order to reduce the number of terrorist acts."
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Media and the War on Terror, 2006.
An essay looking at media representation of the War on Terror.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 128.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses the role of media in the war on terrorism. The paper asserts that media provides a pre-packaged hysteria that has dominated both U.S. rhetoric and mainstream media, who, at times, are joining forces to create cynicism about the global war on terror. In short, it is a business, a product. If people are scared, they are going to want to know what is going on, driving both the medium and the message; even if it is, at times, difficult to tell exactly who is wagging the dog.
From the Paper
"At a media event last fall, U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld told soldiers at a Florida base how to combat growing confusion about the war on terror. Acknowledging that soldiers could find themselves fielding queries about America's goals, Rumsfeld briefed soldiers like a spin-doctor, printing off a figurative sound bite to keep handy in their hip pockets. "Tell those who ask such questions that you...are standing on the front lines to protect them and to safeguard their freedoms... And you can tell them something else: America is not what's wrong with this world."
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Post-911 Media Coverage on Terror, 2003.
Examines the media's role in diverting the public's attention away from local terror.
1,844 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that, ever since September 11th, the United States' media has aided the government's effort to direct the public's attention away from important questions concerning native terrorism and the administration's failure to prevent the terrorist attacks on the United States, despite the information it had on these attacks, by focusing attention on Afghanistan and Iraq as threats to the United States security.
From the Paper
"Furthermore, the Jordanian intelligence also reached such information and did tell the Bush Administration but the Administration did not take these tips seriously, either (Trifkovic). This failure and the names of the intelligence agencies and the agents themselves were all published in European newspapers following September 11th together with the accusation that the US government had been careless in its duty, but the only American newspaper that published that story was the International Herald Tribune (Trifkovic). Even so, the mainstream American media did not raise this important issue (Martin). As with the anthrax case, this shows that the mainstream media is considering the political position of the government and its image in front of the American public, instead of focusing on the right of the people to know such important information."
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White Media, White Terror and Hate Speech, 2002.
Elaborates on how 'whiteness' in the media maintains inequality and racism through an authoritative practice of identifying hate-based crimes on the basis of identities.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
It is no secret that the white-controlled media is largely responsible for the language that is used for constructing public ideas about racial identities. . This paper will argue that the media effectively perpetuates racism, homophobia, anti-Semitism and other acts of oppression through language practices and speech acts.
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Terrorism and the Media, 2002.
An analysis of the relationship between the media and terrorism through literary review.
2,379 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how contemporary terrorism relies heavily on the media and how the modern media has much to offer the terrorist organization. It discusses how media coverage is used not only to convey the terrorist's objectives and political messages, but also to intimidate larger populations and how the media provides a relatively inexpensive and efficient method of relaying their goals. It examines the role of terrorism in the media from five different perspectives through a literature review. Brigitte Nacos, in "Accomplice or Witness? The Media's Role in Terrorism" gives a thorough and insightful view of the role of the modern media in terrorist activities, with a major focus on the Internet. In "Terror TV", Scott Stossel looks at the effect of 24-hour coverage of terrorism on television. Janet Fine's "Arabian Knight Woos West" is a fascinating study of Al-Jezeera, the first Arabic independent news channel in the Middle East, which gained a widespread audience after the events of September 11th. In "Spin Laden", Philip Taylor looks at the ability of Osama bin Laden and other terrorists to manipulate the media in order to take advantage of widespread anti-American feelings around the world. Lance Morrow's "The Gleam of a Pearl" looks at the real-life costs of terrorist coverage, through the tragic death of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl.
From the Paper
"Terrorist activities are often shocking, brutal, and in complete honesty, make for perfect news stories. Dramatic stories tend to get a great deal of coverage, often to the detriment of other issues. Nacos notes that early evening television broadcasts of ABC, NBC, and CBS carried 2,273 stories on terrorism from 1981 to 1986. This coverage far exceeded the combined coverage of crime, unemployment, poverty, and race issues. Further, she notes that terrorism coverage continued to climb as all-news cable channels created competition for the major news channels. It is certainly likely that the coverage of terrorist issues has skyrocketed since the bombings of the World Trade Center in New York on September 11th."
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Terrorism: An Analysis of Media Influence, 2005.
Examines how world media coverage influences terrorism.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 128.95
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Abstract
This paper examines terrorism and argues that media coverage of terrorist acts inevitably leads to more terrorism, for global media coverage of terrorist attacks wins worldwide attention for terrorists, and this attention motivates them to launch more attacks. The paper argues that terrorism thrives on media coverage, and fades in influence and significance when media attention is diverted elsewhere. Subsequently, terrorist tactics and strategy are very media-oriented, for the mass media is seen by terrorists as a long-range weapon that can strike fear into their enemies, regardless of where they live.
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Terrorism and the Media, 2008.
This paper examines the media's negative portrayal of the Weather Underground anti-war group during the Vietnam War.
2,042 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 93.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the media's direct or indirect role in spreading the message of revolutionaries. The paper discusses the Vietnam War era and focuses on the Weather Underground anti-war group that received indirect negative media coverage since they were seen as dangerous and irrational radicals. The paper shows how the Weather Underground's efforts to end the war tended to be counterproductive, because their radicalism discredited the entire anti-war movement at a time when it needed to gain support from average Americans, not alienate them.
From the Paper
"In order to recruit members and intensify pressure on the government, revolutionary movements need to spread their message of resistance to the public at large, either directly through the media, or indirectly, by taking action against the government so the media will be compelled to cover it in newspaper accounts or radio and television news broadcasts. During the Vietnam War era, the most prevalent approach adopted by anti-war organizations was indirect use of the media by staging huge demonstrations and rallies, which the media would be compelled to cover."
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Terrorism and Counter Terrorism, 2004.
A study of the development of international terrorism and counter terrorism, both in general and specifically, since the events of September 11th, 2001.
1,754 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the way counter terrorism and terrorism have changed since 9/11 and the growing role of the U.S. It also looks at the development of 'modern' terrorism and the possible consequences of the continuing War on Terror. It debates whetherr or not September 11th, 2001 can be seen as a day that changed the face of terrorism. It also discusses how since the invasion of Afghanistan, terrorist attacks have become more numerous and high profile although their basic purpose remains the same, to gain attention. It puts forward the view that what has changed about terrorism since 9/11 is the amount of media attention it now controls.
From the Paper
"As well as presenting a recent point of reference for terrorist activity, the conflicts in Palestine and Northern Ireland also show two different ways of dealing with the problem, certain aspects of which have been adopted by the United States. In the case of Britain and Northern Ireland, the conflict is one of territory and security for those who want British rule. In Palestine and Israel however, the situation is based purely on territory. This difference in the foundation for the terrorist action seems to have dictated the way in which terrorism has been dealt with. Because of the presence of British citizens in Northern Ireland, and the small section of society that is involved in the unrest , it has been British policy in recent years to try and settle the situation through political sanctions and increased security measures to prevent terrorism."
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"Terror" in the Mind of God: A Study of Terrorism, 2005.
This paper studies the dangerous influence that religion has on some believers-- an influence that ignites terrorism.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 100.95
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Abstract
Using Mark Juergensmeyer's book "Terror in the Mind of God" as a reference, this paper examines how religion sometimes influences its believers in such an extreme way that they turn to terrorism in the name of God. The paper examines the origins of terrorism, cultures of violence and the future of terrorism.
From the Paper
"Juergensmeyer's ideas discussed in the book go against what most criminological theories of crime causation tell us. Rational Choice theory, which is the theory used almost exclusively in today's criminal justice field, believes that criminals choose to commit crime by weighing the potential benefits versus the potential risks. (Siegal, 107). This assumption that offenders make a rational informed decision affects crime prevention strategies (Siegal, 129). The religious terrorist, however, is in a cosmic frame of mind where moral religious values override any sense of legal right or wrong."
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The Financing of Terrorism, 2008.
This paper provides an analysis into the financing of terrorism, including motivation and the influence of the media.
1,941 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 88.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines and analyzes the financing of terrorism. The writer's analysis is divided into successive components entitled: Forms of Financing, Motivations for Financing Terrorism, Exploitation of the Media, and Disturbing Trends. The final sections offer a solution to the problem of terrorism. In addition, the writer provides a concluding commentary concerning the consequences if the fundamental causes of terrorism are not addressed through Western foreign policy changes and alternative fuels are not developed so reliance on Middle East oil can be ended.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Forms of Financing
Motivations for Financing Terrorism
Exploitation of the Media
Disturbing Trends
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Terrorists, of course, do not consider themselves to be irrational or self-righteous, they believe they are defending Muslims from Western domination and economic exploitation. Millions of Muslims throughout the Middle East share this belief, and help fund terrorist groups by making contributions to Islamic charities, which greatly exacerbates the difficulties for Western governments and intelligence agencies trying to cut off the financing of terrorism.
"The fundamental problem in combating the exploitation of Islamic charities by terrorist groups is the fact that the act of charity forms a very important part of Muslim law and tradition."
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Mutating Forms of Terrorism, 2006.
This paper discusses different definitions and types of terrorism.
988 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that to understand terrorism, one may simply delve into its meaning, however, the term has changed throughout the years to have different meanings. Therefore, an examination of the various typologies of terrorism may help understand the concept better. Also, the writer points out that understanding the tactics used by terrorists can clarify its basic forms. The writer maintains that there has been an increase in media focus on terrorism for western society since the events of 9/11. The purposes of these events are complicated with no clear answers. In fact, defining the term terrorism is difficult for politicians, scholars and the military, especially since terrorism has changed over the years. The writer looks at the contexts of terrorism, definitions of terrorism and then discusses various typologies.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Contexts of Terrorism
Defining Terrorism
Typologies of Terrorism
Tactics of Terrorism
Summary
From the Paper
"The media can easily sensationalize acts of violence. By using the term terrorism they attract the attention of the public. Therefore, the media to simply gain viewers can overuse the term. The media can use criminal activity and refer to it as terrorist related. Except in times of conflict or government repression, all terrorism involves criminal activity. Usually innocent people are killed or seriously injured intentionally which carries criminal connotation throughout the world. In some countries government repression is done by terrorist modes to control the people. Saddam Hussein ruled Iraq through terror much like Joseph Stalin did in the Soviet Union. Religion usually plays a prominent role as groups feel they must purify the world with a cause that involves destruction to certain people. Religion like most other factors has changed the context of terrorism throughout the years."
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History of Terrorism, 2004.
This paper discusses the history of terrorism from ancient to modern times.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This article looks at the history of terrorism from ancient to modern times. The writer defines terrorism and its roots. The writer also discusses different types of terrorism: state terrorism and non-state terrorism. The paper looks at the many forms of terrorism.
Brief Historical Overview of Terrorism
Introduction and Purpose
Definition of Terrorism
Purpose
Brief History of Terrorism
Roots of Terrorism
Ancient History
Modern History
Types of Terrorism
State Terrorism
Non-State Terrorism
Responding to Terrorism
Identifying Proper Targets
Conclusions
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Any academic definition of terrorism would refer to a violent act omitted by individuals or a group not during a war undertaken in order to achieve a political goal. Modern forms of political terrorism became popular ... "
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Terrorism, 2004.
This paper serves as an examination of the ways that the media and Goverment use language to describe terrorism.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 34.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses various ways that the media and the Goverment use language to describe terrorism and the war against it. The writer studies language used by the Bush Administration to enlist Americans in his war on terrorism.
From the Paper
"While no single definition of terrorism has gained universal acceptance, terrorism can be defined as the use of violence or the threat of violence against civilians as a political social religious or ideological weapon to change the status quo through fear or coercion. Terrorism can be state sponsored or can be committed by non-government sponsored individuals or groups. William Greider suggests in 'The Nation' that when President Bush called Americans to enlist in the war on terror, very few Americans understood the consequences of this call to ... "
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