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Media and Sport, 2007.
This paper researches the importance of the media's role in sports marketing.
3,590 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 145.95
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Abstract
The paper emphasizes how the role played by the media in sports marketing is one that cannot be undervalued or under-estimated. The paper explains that media roles include advertising products and services for companies who 'sponsor' sports teams or sports celebrities through buying advertising time on the air. The paper discusses how the advent of interactive media has changed the shape of today's sports marketing initiatives and has produced a need to reconsider how the effects and effectiveness of marketing communications are measured. The paper is of the opinion that further study is needed in this area of media sports marketing.
Outline:
Introduction
Importance of Research
Literature Review
Summary and Conclusion
Recommendations of This Study
From the Paper
"According to The 2006 Sports Marketing Handbook the reason that there is so much in terms of money invested in sports programming is because sporting events, and specifically major sporting events: "brings networks stronger affiliates and crates an ideal platform to promote prime-time shows along with the added opportunity to fill many hours of the broadcast week with practical entertainment." (The 2006 Sports Marketing Handbook, 2005).
"Fox reported 133.7 million viewers turning to the channel that the game was playing on during Super Bowl XXXIX, which provided FOX with the largest viewing audience ever. However this total fell 2.5 million short of CBS's 35.7 million in 2004."
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The Media and Politics of Sports, 2002.
A look at the relationship between Canadian media and sports culture with a focus on the control of the national hockey league.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper will first consider the history of the relation between media and sports culture. Then the paper will examine the more recent changes in media corporations, where large media conglomerations now manage sports teams, and the impact these control systems have on the national hockey league. In conclusion, this paper will re-draw attention to the exclusive nature of hickey as "culture," and indicate possible changes in media representations which might elaborate Canadian notions of identity, and culture.
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The Sociology of Sport: The Ideals of Sports as a Reflection of Society, 2002.
A paper which looks at what sports represents and what it communicates to society.
2,917 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 0 sources, APA, AU$ 125.95
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Abstract
Sports has become a central part of society, introduced to children at a young age and often continuing to be part of a person?s life throughout their lifetime. Sports impacts on people in a number of ways. The paper shows that in childhood, the focus of sports is often on participating, working with other people and aspiring to be the best one can be. Successful sports people also become heroes for children, something that continues into adulthood. The paper shows that as individuals grow older their focus may change from playing sports to watching sports. At the same time, sports people continue to be respected and viewed as heroes, the fact that successful sports people get paid millions in sponsorship money is evidence that they must have a major impact on consumers. Overall, this paper looks at what sports represents and the values it communicates to people.
From the Paper
"Sport is also closely related to a person?s life in society in a general way. In sport, people compete against each other to win. In a person?s working life the same thing occurs. A person works against others in the workplace to earn individual rewards and promotions. A person also works as part of the company team, to grow the company. The same occurs in schools where students works in competition with each other to receive awards. Students then work to get into college, with the best students winning the college place. This illustrates one of the main aspects central to sports, the competition factor inherent to sport. This also shows how this competition factor inherent in sports is also one inherent in life. This is another major reason why sport reflects society."
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Sports Science and Sports Medicine, 2004.
An overview of sports/exercise science and medicine, two fields that have only recently begun consolidating into distinct professions.
2,272 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 101.95
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Abstract
Sports has become a multi-billion-dollar business, and the ever-increasing competitiveness and challenges, both mental and physical, faced by the modern sportsperson has increased the need for a medical and scientific support system for athletes. This paper discusses two fields that have developed from this need: sports science and sports medicine. The paper shows that they are interrelated, the former being more of an investigative and experimental area, while the latter deals with the implementation of the knowledge and techniques developed by sports science.
From the Paper
"High quality sports performance depends largely on an individual?s movement pattern and is usually referred to as technique. Good technique not only produces an effective performance but also reduces the risk of injury. The effect of physical forces on the movement and on the size, shape and structure of the body is scientifically studied by biomechanists today in an attempt to help optimize athletic technique. (Stein, 2003) Through qualitative analysis via direct observation on film or video tape, a biomechanist will study an athlete?s performance with a view to diagnosing any problems which might be limiting sporting potential. In close consultation with the athlete?s coach, training patterns may be altered to incorporate elements which may help to rectify the problem."
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Mass Media and Professional Football, 2005.
This paper discusses the influence of mass media on professional sports, focusing on football. Includes three-page outline.
3,775 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 0 sources, MLA, AU$ 149.95
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Abstract
The research studies the changes that have developed in sports over the past decades and argues that globalization and capitalism are responsible for this change. The mass media has brought these matches into the homes, and this means that the excitement of viewing them live is no longer just limited to those who can afford a ticket or find one. In this way, especially with the development of satellite channels, the whole world is the audience of a football match. This has placed tremendous pressure on the players to perform to the best of their ability and more. The paper shows that media coverage of sports may have caused many players to retire early or to live insecurely due to death threats against them or their families, but it appears to have improved the quality of such games as football. To prove this, the writer look at statistics on the performance of the top players before the media age and top players in this media age. It proves that media has improved the quality of sports, but has removed from it the idea of clean competition and even player loyalties to their clubs or national teams. These players now go after the highest bidder, and it is difficult to keep track of who is playing for which side. Accordingly, the media has transformed sports into a financial game, and it is no longer an athletic one. As a support for the argument that money rather than playing well for the love of the sport itself is the main motivation of the performance of players and clubs, the writer finds statistics on the profits that clubs make through winning and the losses that they suffer by getting beaten. Furthermore, it finds statistics on the salaries of the top players and how their performance affects the terms of the renewal of their contracts. Additionally, the writer finds out how much sponsors and advertisers pay for the presence of their ads during games or their logos on the players' clothes.
From the Paper
"We are now living in a world of instant media communication in which the way that different countries and people interact with each other has greatly changed. The mass media has entered every area of life and covers almost all events, whether large or small. Sports are one area that has received a great amount of media attention, and that attention has changed the nature of some sports such as football. Essentially, that change can be described as the internationalization, or the globalization of football in the sense that the characteristic of the national team has changed forever through the inclusion of foreign players. Media's concentration on football and its live coverage of games has globalized this sport, or made it international. The consequence has been the improvement of the quality of the game, and the potential development if closer cultural understanding between different ethnic groups as a consequence of the diverse ethnic composition of teams and supporters. Some, however, such as the anonymous author of "An English Case Study," published in The Economist, argue that globalization has weakened the development of local footballer talent in countries as the United Kingdom but, on the contrary, the import of foreign talent has improved the performance of many teams, increased their clubs' profits, and uplifted the quality of the game, further rewarding deserving players with experience and money."
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Women in Sports, 2006.
A discussion regarding women's unequal participation and media coverage in sport.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the major problem of gender inequality in sports. This inequality reaches further than just participation in sport, but also to the media coverage of women's sport. This paper further discusses the theory that men are considered to be more competitive and therefore are deserve to be more in the media spotlight.
From the Paper
" Gender inequality is a major problem in sports both in terms of women's participation and media coverage. Gender inequality has its source in gender stereotypes. Men are viewed as deserving a dominant position in sports because they are more competitive and sport is their proper sphere. Sexual difference and the notion of male dominance have a specific purpose, which is to guarantee that male dominance or hegemony will continue. My position is in agreement with researchers that media coverage serves the purpose of maintaining sexual difference and opposing sex roles."
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Sport Commissions and Amateur Sports.
An exploration of how the sports industry is a land of opportunity for sports commissions and the local communities that are trying to generate economic impact from sports.
3,688 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 148.95
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Abstract
This paper explores different avenues for small-scale sports tourism in the direction of amateur sports tournaments and how establishing a sport commission can help. It focuses on recreational sport tournaments for adults and youth by examining a case study dealing with the organization of a sports commission and the economic impact it that has resulted on the community. The reason for discussing sports tournaments is because they are fairly low-investment opportunities that small communities can explore, with large returns for the resources that are already present.
Outline
Introduction
Review of Literature
Case Study
Discussion and Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Green and Chalip (1998) help explain who is participating by exploring the motivations of the active sport tourist traveling to participate in their chosen sport by examining a women?s flag football tournament. The authors explain the increasing growth in active lifestyles and how it is not only the younger population, who are participating, but also the older segment is starting to stay more active. This trend is leading to more vacations that are based on or around sport. The paper presents the ideas that the active sport tourist does not only travel for the competition, but also to be able to identify with the subculture of their sport. As in the case of the women football players, they enjoy being able to socialize with people who share their same interests during social events sponsored by the tournament organizers. They travel as teams, and along with these teams comes family and friends, which in turn bring along more economic impact for the community hosting the event."
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Mike Tyson and David Beckham, 2002.
Discusses how the media has affected the sports careers of Tyson, the boxer and Beckham, the soccer star.
1,653 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and compares the careers of Mike Tyson and David Beckham. It shows how both became stars at a very young age and were suddenly thrust into the global spotlight. The paper examines how each of the two dealt with the glory and fame - Tyson landed up in jail for three years and Beckham had to deal with death-threats to himself and his family. Ultimately, the paper shows that David Beckham was more successful in handling the media attention than Mike Tyson.
From the Paper
"What made the difference in their responses? That?s difficult to say. Maybe it?s the difference between soccer and boxing that affected the way in which they responded to it. Or maybe it was the difference in their support networks. Beckham had a complete soccer team who was willing to be supportive for him, and he had a family (including a wife and child) who was completely there for him. Tyson was in a competitive sport alone, without a team. He was feuding with his manager and ex-wife. He had never had a real family. He had grown up on the streets that taught survival, instead of in a supportive environment that emphasized sportsmanship. Tyson had learned boxing when he ?was sent to a correction unit where discipline was to be enforced upon him.? (Iron Mike Biography) Perhaps he simply didn?t have the network for support that he needed. Some would suggest that it was more than that. Maybe it?s a racial or class issue. They are approached by the media in a very different way, certainly. Beckham is portrayed as a traditional bad boy, but he was also loved. The media let him be a perfect victim every once in a while."
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Sexism in the Media, 2004.
An analysis of sexism in the media via a portrayal of female athletes in media coverage.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the phenomenon of sexism in the media. This is done by an examination of sports coverage. The paper explains that gender differences and inequality in media coverage are very prevalent in the area of sports or athletic coverage. Women are not only portrayed less often than men, but also with a more sexist scope and utilization of language. The paper offers a suggestion to correct this problem.
From the Paper
"Sexist portrayal of men?s versus women?s athletic events and sporting events has prevailed in the media for some time. Armstrong and Hallmark (1999) note that until very recently, women in profession NCAA Division I women?s basketball teams, though popular, had received ?virtually no television exposure? during key station segments; women also suffered unfavorable practice times and ?hand me down uniforms? (p. 1). Perhaps no other area of media portrayal reveals as much gender inequality as the portrayal of women athletes. This is not because of a lack of interest in female sports necessarily. More and more women are participating in sports formerly considered male only."
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Different Eras in Sports, 2001.
A comparative essay between ancient sport and modern sport. A look at their differences and similarities.
1,615 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
A paper about sports history, a comparison between ancient sports and modern sports of today. The author looks at aspects such as the sports played, how they were played, their technological differences and how their symbolic and societal meanings differ.
From the Paper
"Sports in the ancient world had their similarities to modern sports, but there are a few differences as well. In modern sports, there is more attention to detail when preparing fields for play, but nonetheless there are numerous amounts of workers who prepare the fields that athletes play on. In modern sports, nearly every sport has their schedules devised much before the season even begins. Although not all sports had officials at that time, there were people who kept order. In ancient sports, there were no records that were kept of ongoing statistics. Without role players, teams could not play to their optimum levels at all times."
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Women in Traditionally Male-Oriented Sports: A Possibility, 2005.
A research paper that explores the possibility of women participating in male-oriented sports.
1,937 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 88.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this research paper is to determine whether or not women participating in traditionally male-oriented sports are likely to experience the same respect from both the media and the general public as women participating in other events. Specifically this study examines whether women have the potential to be treated equally when participating in male-oriented sports and whether they are as likely to succeed in men in the same venues. The researcher determines the extent to which women are portrayed as athletes in the news media. The paper explores the following questions: (1) Do women have the same opportunities as men in traditionally male-oriented sports, (2) Are women perceived in the same manner as men when participating in these sports and (3) Do these portrayals influence women's participation in sports. A comprehensive literature review is conducted to discuss these ideas further.
Paper Outline:
Purpose
Research
History of Women in Sports
Women in Sports Today
Status of Women in Male Dominated Sports
Discussion
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Wiley, Shaw & Havitz (1999) suggest that women are more likely than men to emphasize pleasure and enjoyment with regard to sports, whereas men are more likely to focus on the competitive aspects of a sport. However women also face higher levels of constraints, thus are only willing to participate when they remain highly motivated. Self expression is also discussed as an important aspect of sports participation, and the authors suggest that women participating in male dominated sports might have an increased sense of self and need to express themselves in an outward and competitive manner than other people (Wiley, Shaw & Havitz, 1999). This pattern was found in men and women alike."
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Missing Pieces; Where are the Women in Sports?, 1999.
A paper on the effect of gender on sport participation, sport television programming and commentary.
2,954 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 18 sources, AU$ 126.95
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Abstract
As the title implies, this paper evaluates both the history of womens' involvement in sports and the recent developments. The author blames the media for the present imbalance citing many specific examples and causes. She examines sports on the High School level as well as the professional.
From the Paper
"I have decided to look into the issue of media coverage and the imaging of female athletes because it is an area of popular culture that I am not only interested in, but have become intensely aware of as a spectator of sports programming. I have also watched and noticed over the years that sports coverage of women is another means by which the media sexualizes women. Mass media, which has long been transmitting negative stereotypes of women, portrays female athletes with these same stereotypes on place."
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Sports Stadiums and Arena Finance, 2002.
A comprehensive analysis of the social and economic impact of sports facilities and sports teams on cities and states.
12,083 words (approx. 48.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 337.95
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Abstract
This research paper provides an overview and background of the issues, followed by a discussion of specific stadiums throughout the nation. An assessment of the legal issues involved in financing a major sports arena is followed by a summary of the research and an analysis of the future of sports arena financing in the conclusion.
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
II. Review and Discussion
III.Review and Discussion of Recent Examples
V. Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper
"We may not have the Circus Maximus, but Americans come close. Not only do sports enjoy a special status in the hearts of Americans, it turns out that sports franchises do too. New sports facilities costing at least $200 million each have been completed or are under way in Baltimore, Charlotte, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Milwaukee, Nashville, San Francisco, St. Louis, Seattle, Tampa, and Washington, D.C., and are in the planning stages in Boston, Dallas, Minneapolis, New York, and Pittsburgh. Major stadium renovations have been undertaken in Jacksonville and Oakland. Industry experts estimate that more than $7 billion will be spent on new facilities for professional sports teams before 2006. Most of this $7 billion will come from public sources. The subsidy starts with the federal government, which allows state and local governments to issue tax-exempt bonds to help finance sports facilities. While major sports franchises across the country are reaping the benefits of taxpayer-financed arenas in which to compete, the debate continues about the appropriateness of providing such enormous amounts of resources for the reasons provided by the promoters."
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Society and Women's Sport, 2005.
A review of how society views gender and how this has affected sports and the sporting arena.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 141.95
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Abstract
It is only recently that women have been permitted to participate in almost any sport, both in an amateur and in a professional capacity. This is largely due to the fact that our society generally views the ideal of female and male, as polar opposites. This view is the main factor influencing this issue, but not the only one.
From the Paper
"Sport is shaped by our society, and our society is largely based on an ideal of female and male as polar opposites. This rigid notion of gender has shaped the way sport is practiced in our society. This is one reason why it was only recently that women were allowed to participate in most sports, both on an amateur and a professional level. It is now often thought that women have broken through the barriers and claimed sports as a realm in which they have an equal right to participate. However, the battle is not over."
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Society and Competition in Sports, 2002.
A report examining the link with a focus on competition in sport and what effect overemphasizing competition in sport can have on society.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 99.95
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Abstract
The following paper begins by describing the link between sport and society. It then moves on to discuss competition as essential to sport. This is followed by a discussion of the link between society and competition. Perspectives on overemphasizing sport will then be given as well as a discussion on the value of sport to society. Finally, the paper concludes by summarizing the problems that result when competition in sport is overemphasized.
From the Paper
?Sport can be identified as an important part of society, often reflecting the values of society. Christopher Bates Doob in Sociology: An Introduction notes how sports stars are idolized, being seen as the ultimate models of success, with Michael Jordan, Shaquille O?Neal and Charles Barkley being given as examples, with it being noted that these sports stars are famous, wealthy and widely marketed. The impact of sports on people is largely related to identity and to the process of people identifying with sports people. In the Olympics, country competes against country, with spectators of a country cheering for their own and reacting as if they have won when the athlete wins. The reality is that the spectator has no relationship with the athlete except that they share a common culture. Logically, this seems absurd that the spectator would register a win because the athlete wins. This shows the way that people associate with the sports person and the way their actions impact directly on the spectator. It also shows just how much sport means to an individual. The same can be applied to town against town sports, or university against university sports. In all cases, the spectator identifies with a certain side and this gives the sport meaning to them.?
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Sports Fans, 2002.
Discusses the impact sports has on its fans and the impact fans have on sport.
2,370 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the psychological make up of a sports fan and shows that it is much more complicated than its first glance suggests. The payback for being a sports fan includes the feeling of belonging, a better sense of well being, the ability to identify with the success of someone else and the ability to escape stresses in real life. The paper shows that sports fans around the world behave as consumers in both positive and negative ways which lead marketing departments scrambling to put their finger on keeping it profitable. Sports fans of all kinds identify and lock into their sport or team. Through their own actions they continue to drive profits up while relishing the togetherness being a fan affords them. The paper shows that for sports marketing departments to increase profits, it is important that they focus on making the group experience a positive one for fans.
From the Paper
"Tailgate parties, thematic approaches to office parties and the selling out of merchandise are all examples of the psychological stronghold that being a sports fan holds for the person who becomes one.
Sports fan behavior has been studied since the 1970s (Nelson pg 18).
The social identity theory has long since been attached to sport fan behavior to explain how self esteem and evaluation can be elevated by identifying with the success of someone else. This is because many fans will discuss the athletic wins in the first person including statements such as ?We played well? but when it came to losses the fan moves back to third person with statements such as ?They lost last week? (Nelson pg 18) This behavior provides an understanding of what draws sports fans to become fans. They feel success through the success of the athletes and can push losses off on the team because they are not on the team themselves."
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