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Media and the Darfur Genocide, 2008.
This paper explores the media's failure to adequately cover the Darfur crisis.
2,095 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
The paper examines mainstream and alternative newspapers and magazines in order to demonstrate how mainstream newspaper coverage of the genocide is woefully inadequate, while the efforts of alternative media sources are commendable. The paper highlights the wider repercussions of this failure and shows how the negligible coverage reveals the media's decades-long indifference and racism toward the inhabitants of Africa. The paper strongly asserts that newspaper editors must make amends by bombarding readers with daily accounts of the terrible slaughter.
Outline:
Introduction
General Analysis on the paucity of newspaper coverage on Darfur
How have the publications mentioned above differed in their coverage of the genocide
Repercussions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The average American citizen will, sadly, know more about the politics of the popular television show American Idol than about the ongoing carnage in Sudan's Darfur region. The genocide in that war-torn country has raged for approximately four years and claimed over 200,000 lives, but these seminal facts have yet to jolt the inhabitants of affluent countries into action. Admittedly, it is somewhat churlish to blame these individuals, as most media outlets cheerfully ignore the distant atrocities and, at best, pay vague lip service to the idea that governments must intervene and halt the bloodshed."
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Darfur Genocide, 2007.
This paper focuses on the genocide in Darfur and the international community's ineffective intervention.
1,523 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
The paper presents a chronological description of the events in Darfur and considers the factors that prevented post-genocide interventions and actions. The paper also explores whether the local government can be held responsible in terms of the Genocide Convention. The paper shows how while there has been worldwide outrage and condemnation, very little has been done in concrete terms to hold perpetrators accountable. The paper addresses the question of whether something can be done to change the current tendency to ignore genocide when it occurs.
From the Paper
"The Darfur genocide has a history of significant length that begins with several separate conflicts. The first of these is the conflict between the national government based in Khartoum and two rebel groups in Darfur, known as the Sudan Liberation Army and the Justice and Equality Movement. At the basis of this conflict was what the rebels saw as political and economic marginalization. After a major rebel attack on a Khartoum military airfield, Khartoum's intention was to eradicate the rebels. Instead citizens were in the way and mass violence followed (Straus: 125)."
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Genocide in Darfur, 2008.
This paper explores the ongoing crisis in Darfur, Sudan.
1,282 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how the present situation in Darfur emerged, the main groups involved and what the international community needs to do to improve the present situation and prevent such calamities from happening again. The paper discusses how a more interventionist global community must be more active in quelling troubling situations before they become humanitarian crises.
From the Paper
"The horrific genocide in Darfur that has taken place in recent years has brought into sharp relief just how deadly can be simmering resentments and ethnic/racial tensions if they are allowed to fester over a long period of time. Principally, the events in Darfur have led to a massive loss of life in that part of the world; for instance, between September 2003 and January 2005, Debarati Guha-Sapir and Olivier DeGomme (2006) estimate that the death toll among affected populations in Darfur was 122,000. The aforementioned authors go on to note that, of the approximately 134,000 deaths in Darfur and in Eastern Chad during the time-span highlighted above, at least 120,000 "were excess deaths directly attributable to the conflict, 35,000 of which were violent deaths" (Guha-Sapir & DeGomme, 2006)."
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Genocide in Africa and Kosovo, 2008.
An examination of genocide in Darfur and Rwanda and Kosovo.
2,523 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 110.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the genocide in Darfur, and also brings in information about other genocides in the past. The paper explains that even though the United States calls what is happening in Darfur "genocide" and the United Nations refers to it as "...the worst humanitarian disaster in the world today," little is actually being done to stop the slaughter of innocent people. The paper points out that there are no clean hands in this conflict - many rebels have turned to being bandits and just steal and sack villages wherever they wish to make trouble. The paper then looks at how innocent civilians, peacekeepers and humanitarian aid workers are caught in the crossfire.
From the Paper
"Journalist Hunter-Gault did her homework prior to coming to Sudan, and was aware that tensions had been building for a long time between the Arabs (Muslims) and Black Africans; indeed, there were ongoing issues including land and grazing rights in the area. A "rebel Darfur group" - mostly Black Africans - actually took up arms against the government in Khartoum, which is principally ruled by Muslims. Africans wanted a bigger share of the wealth that they claim the government was enjoying, but Hunter-Gault continues, instead of inviting a discussion of how life could be made better for the native Africans, the government responded with "a vengeance." They bombed rebel positions and began supplying arms to the Janjaweed militia (Janjaweed means "men on horses"), which is the marauding force that rapes women, kills men, and burns villages."
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The International Response to Genocide in Sudan, 2005.
Examines how the world community reacted to the genocide of non-Arab residents of Darfur in Sudan.
2,857 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 122.95
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Abstract
This essay presents an overview of the crisis that took place in Darfur, Sudan, in 2004 and critically examines the failure of the international community to respond. The essay further examines the history of international response to genocide, specifically the roles played by the United States and United Nations. The author argues for change in U.S. policy and U.N. structure and concludes that the international community still lacks the institutions, procedures, and political unity necessary to respond in a timely manner to keep such catastrophes from happening again.
From the Paper
"The Charter of the United Nations is not clear in regards to its authority in responding to human rights abuses and genocide. It ?reaffirm(s) faith in fundamental human rights? but does not do much to protect them, and Article 2.7 prohibits intervention ?in matters which are essentially within the jurisdiction of any State.? As a result there has been a long running argument in the international community between those who insist on a ?right to intervene? in and those who argue that the Security Council is prohibited from authorizing any action against sovereign States in regards to a matter which happens within their borders."
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International Genocide, 2008.
A criticism of the way in which the United Nations deals with international genocide.
10,895 words (approx. 43.6 pages), 24 sources, APA, AU$ 311.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the issue of genocide as proof of the lack of political and practical capacities of the UN in trying to avert mass killings and crimes against humanity. It begins by addressing the issue of genocide from the point of view of international law, by focusing on the history of the notion, the background, and the discussions surrounding this matter. It then takes into consideration the UN's general role in relation to the act of genocide by pointing out several aspects important for a proper description of the actions the organization took and should have taken throughout time. The next part focuses on particular cases of genocide, Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia. In conclusion, the paper determines several aspects that must be taken into consideration by the UN and the international community at large in order to prevent such cases from happening again, to increase the political and practical response to such situations, as well as to increase the capacity in which the UN deals with the issue of genocide.
Outline:
Introduction
Genocide: Definition, Context, and Legal Aspects
The United Nations and Genocide
Case Study: Rwanda
The Kosovo Crisis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The creation of the various organisms destined to trial these crimes have come about only in the light of the international law doctrine that dates back to the time of Hugo Grotius. In this sense, the 17th century personality argues that the issue of sovereignty is an essential component of the attributes of a state and it should stand at the basis of any political, economic, or legal agreement between countries at the international level. This is an important aspect because it justifies the structure of the actual United Nations and of the previous organizations, regardless of their spectrum of activity. It is based on the assumption that the state can and may, yet it is not obliged to engage in international relations. This possibility is given precisely by the exercise of the quality of sovereignty. "
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Genocide, 2007.
This paper examines the genocide in Rwanda and how the tragedy could have been avoided.
1,116 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that in 1994, more than 750,000 individuals were killed in Rwanda as a result of genocide. In an effort to understand the events of Rwanda, the paper focuses on the eight stages of genocide, as presented by Genocide Watch's president George Stanton. The paper shows how the Rwanda genocide followed each stage precisely. The paper attempts to show that, had the measures outlined in Stanton's stages to combat genocide been followed, the terrible situation could have been avoided.
From the Paper
"According to the Genocide Convention, adopted by the United Nations in 1948, genocide is "any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group": killing, causing serious bodily or mental harm, or inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction to the group, and imposing measures intended to prevent births or forcibly transferring children between groups (United Nations General Assembly, 1948). The Convention also dictates that attempts or conspiracy to commit genocide are punishable. Further, the Convention notes that any individual, whether political or citizen, is punishable for genocide (United Nations General Assembly, 1948)."
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The Roots of Genocide, 2005.
A review of genocide, focusing primarily on the atrocities of Rwanda.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
This essay examines and defines genocide in general with the emphasis on Rwanda. The essay analyzes the general causes of genocide and the particular causes of the genocide in Rwanda. It also looks at the various actors that were involved in the genocide: the victims, the perpetrators and the bystanders.The bystanders are especially important, as in the case of Rwanda they were the 'international community'.
From the Paper
"The 20th century may be called 'the century of genocide', despite all our technological achievements and strives towards a 'civilized', tolerant and global society. In fact it was in the 20th century that this term 'genocide' came into existence. Never before in the history of humankind were so many people killed or their culture destroyed on the grounds of their descent and ethnic affiliation. The Jews, Bosnians and the Rwandans are only three well-known examples. What compels one group of people to 'suddenly' destroy another group, killing men, women and children without any discrimination?"
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Understanding Genocide, 2008.
This paper examines Elie Wiesel's autobiography "Night" in order to determine the sociological implications of genocide.
2,360 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes Elie Wiesel's Holocaust recollections in his book "Night" with the goal of pinpointing the sociological realities that tend to breed genocide. The paper poses three central preconditions of genocide; the technological means of genocide, the role of propaganda and the role of extreme nationalism. The paper shows how Wiesel substantiates these preconditions of genocide in his book.
Outline:
Propaganda
The Mobilization of Technology
Nationalism
Never Again?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It would not be an exaggeration to write that Elie Wiesel's Night occupies a special place in the anthology of holocaust autobiographies. Of late, this short work has enjoyed a resurgence of sorts, and has skyrocketed to the top of numerous newspapers' bestselling lists. This paper, however, does not aim to delve into a literary analysis of the book--its inimitable style, its conciseness of language, and its mesmerizing refusal to lend itself to a clearly recognizable literary genre. This book, for all its concern with language and memory, is an autobiography that is grounded deeply in time and place--Poland of the Second World War. Wiesel's book, then, must be read as an autobiography of a Jewish man's appalling journey through that broken period. Consequently, it is up to the reader to make what he/she will of the work and to derive its sociological significance."
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Genocide, 2002.
A look at the definition of genocide and its use under Hitler in Europe and Suharto in Indonesia.
1,836 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the notion of genocide and offers different historical examples outlining the nature of genocide and how it affects the world and different communities. It specifically analyzes the genocide that took place in Indonesia under Suharto's rule and compares and contrasts Suharto with Hitler. It tries to offer explanations as to why genocide occurs, especially after the Holocaust in World War II.
From the Paper
"Indonesia is a country that has suffered through a series of tragic mass killings ever since the rebellion of 1965. Indonesia is made up of several islands that form one nation. The national composition of Indonesia is severely diverse and is made up of people from over 300 ethnic groups who speak over 250 languages that cover 13, 700 islands. With so much instability and almost no national unification, Indonesia is a difficult country to have any authority over. Indonesia gained independence in 1949 from the Dutch East India Company and from that emerged two great political parties: the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and the Indonesian National Party (PNI)."
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Armenian Genocide, 2007.
An analysis of the factors leading up to and following the Armenian genocide by their Ottoman rulers.
6,433 words (approx. 25.7 pages), 28 sources, APA, AU$ 214.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Armenian genocide that occurred at the hands of the Ottoman Empire from the start of the First World War. The paper describes the background of Armenian life and politics under the Ottoman rule. It then discusses the factors leading up to the genocide and how it was carried out by the Turks. The paper concludes by discussing the aftermath of the genocide and the subsequent denial by the Turks.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background
The Armenian People and the Coming of the Ottomans
Prelude to Disaster
Armenian Life and Politics under Ottoman Rule
Genocide
A Taste of Things to Come: The Hamidian Massacres
The Great Slaughter
Aftermath
The Agony of Turkish Denial
From the Paper
"It is now more than ninety years since the slaughter came to an end. Hundreds of thousands of Armenian men, women, and children suffered and died cruel and needless deaths at the hands of the Turks. The jingoistic authorities of World War One Turkey used military disaster as an excuse to exterminate an entire people. The state that remained after the final collapse of the Ottoman Empire, in the 1920s, was overwhelmingly Muslim and Turkish. Its new rulers did everything possible to extirpate memories of the past, to cause its citizens to believe that they had acted rightly, and steadfastly, in creating a new and purified Turkey that was stronger and better than the old multi-ethnic, multi-religious empire of the sultans. Today, children in Turkish schools are not taught about the Armenian Genocide... well, at least not in those terms. The massacre of one and a half million innocent souls is glossed over, washed free of its character as a global first in the "science" of ethnic cleansing."
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Rwanda Genocide, 2007.
This paper looks at the Rwanda genocide, concentrating on the failure of the United Nations to fulfill its peacekeeping role.
3,341 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 138.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the causes and events that led to the failure of the United Nation's peacekeeping mission in Rwanda. The writer points out that, as the United Nations peacekeeping contingency embarked on its mission, it arrived in Rwanda to find the country in a crisis, composed of civil unrest between the Hutu and the Tutsi, that eventually deteriorated into genocide. The writer maintains that the evidence shows a complete failure on the part of the United Nations and in its ability to intervene or control or have any significant impact on the genocide taking place in Rwanda. Further, the writer claims that there is some evidence that contributions were made by individuals or small groups of individuals who were able to assist in saving a few number of lives, but nothing compared to the 800,000 Rwandans who lost their lives in one of history's darkest times.
Outline:
Introduction
Rwanda
Genocide
United Nations in Rwanda
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The policies of the government are set by the president in consultation with the Council of Government, which is composed of 17 cabinet ministers. The president introduces laws, which are then submitted for approval to the CND. During its first year, this parliamentary body passed 49 laws, including new tax laws, commercial regulations, and modifications to the criminal code. The government is characterized by political moderation and fiscal conservatism and has focused on development problems, especially food production, education, health care, housing, employment, and infrastructure. Ethnic harmony is the government's stated objective, though an objective that has clearly failed to date."
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Genocide, 2006.
A discussion of the history of genocide and its implications.
1,977 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the history of genocide in the world. It discusses specific examples of genocide and gendercide throughout history - focusing on when and where they took place, as well as details of how and why they were carried out. It also discusses law that have been established with regards to acts of genocide.
From the Paper
" One of the most notorious modern acts of gendercide and genocide in the world occurred in the Bosnian silver-mining town, called Srebrenica, in July 1995 (Jones 2001). The events in this town were the culmination of the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina, the most vicious genocidal battleground in the Balkans conflict. This conflict started in 1992 and was characterized by large-scale genocidal and gendercidal acts. The Balkans is a major mountain range in Southeast Europe spanning 563 kilometers from Yugoslavia through central Bulgaria to the Black Sea. Bosnia is a region in the northern part of Herzegovina, while Herzegovina is the region in the southern part. The Serbs were the settlers in Bosnia in the seventh century until it became independent in the 12th century. It came under the control of Turkey in 1463 along with Herzegovina until the latter's conquest by the Austro-Hungarian Empire after 1878 and the addition of Bosnia in 1908. After World War II, Bosnia and Herzegovina united to form a constituent republic of Yugoslavia, which existed from 1946 to 1991."
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Cultural Genocide, 2007.
This paper discusses the cultural history of Canada and looks at the cultural genocide of the aboriginal population.
1,103 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the undertakings of dominant groups in Canada, such as Canadians of European descent, have systematically destroyed traditions, values, languages and many other elements associated with the indigenous population of Canada. The writer points out that the apt terminology for the destruction that has been wrecked upon the Native Canadian population is 'cultural genocide'. The writer then discusses that scholars have argued that the Canadian government and its European dominated population have perpetuated policies that engender genocide to aboriginal culture. In this study, the above areas are examined in detail to create a holistic picture of the cultural genocide perpetuated against Canada's aboriginal population. The writer concludes that it is now the responsibility of the Canadian government to rectify these wrongs through promoting greater efforts to increase respect for aboriginal culture and provide greater aid to their cause of re-defining and finding their lost heritage.
From the Paper
"At the core of Canada's aboriginal appeasement policy in the wake of land grabbing through Canadian migration, is the concept of reserves. The concept of reserves and "nation to nation" treaties are intended to preserve and promote cultural distinctness at the surface level. However, reserves face severe problems that have actually led to the disintegration of aboriginal culture, and in the final analysis, cultural genocide. Reserves have systematic unemployment and welfare dependency, and lacking a self-sufficient infrastructure forces aboriginals to live by the whim of government subsidies and general dependence. As a result, the conceptual understanding of reserves have changed form a Utopian vision to something that has changed dramatically, as aboriginals continue to migrate into city slums. Although a small urban aboriginal middle class have emerged in the past decade, the majority of Aboriginals still live in the shadows in created "ghettoes" in which aboriginals congregate. In essence the Canadian government has used its "reserve" policy to ignore the pragmatic needs of aboriginals, especially those who are force to migrate into the cities."
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The Genocide Convention, 2005.
The paper discusses how the Genocide Convention is a product of its time and is in urgent need of revision.
2,486 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 109.95
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Abstract
The paper examines three key areas in which the Genocide Convention has been frequently criticised: the limited scope of its definition of genocide; the significant difficulties associated with its 'special intent' requirement and its ineffective system of enforcement. The paper explains that the Convention was a product of the post-WWII era and its flaws stem clearly from policy issues of that time. The paper maintains that this provides a solid justification for revision of the Convention nowadays.
Outline:
Abstract
The Limited Scope of the Definition of Genocide
The 'Special Intent' Requirement
Enforcement of the Convention
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In 1944 Raphael Lemkin, a Polish Professor of International Law coined the term 'genocide' and then campaigned relentlessly to have it recognised as an international criminal offence after losing many family members to the Holocaust . His action combined with the "universal moral revulsion" felt towards the atrocities committed by the Nazi regime led to the Genocide Convention being drafted in 1948; however, universal condemnation of the recent past and the demonstration of a global commitment to a future which would be based upon the concept of human rights necessitated widespread acceptance of the treaty terms by U.N member states - this was of course especially so in the case of the major powers."
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Critical Analysis of Two Texts on the Rwandan Genocide, 2005.
An analysis of the Rwandan genocide from the perspective of two mass media representations.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 154.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the Rwandan genocide of 1994, one of the most profoundly disturbing and controversial events of recent global political history. Indeed, it may even be termed a "non-event" for the extraordinary refusal of the world's dominant political powers - the United Nations, the European Union, the United States and Japan - to intervene to attempt to stop, or at least mitigate, a genocide that resulted in the deaths of approximately 1 million Rwandans between April and July 1994. This essay explores the Rwandan genocide with particular reference to two mass media representations of the event.
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