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Canadian Mandatory Minimum Sentences, 2007.
This paper discuses the advantages and disadvantages of mandatory minimum sentences (MMS) in Canada.
910 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that mandatory minimum sentencing (MMS) rests on aims of deterrence and of incapacitation so that a lawbreaker, who is likely to repeat an offense, is removed as a risk to the public. The author points out that critics of the criminal justice system indicate that, without MMS, immense discrepancies regarding punishment assigned for the same offenses by different parties would exist. The paper also relates that, under MMS, a judge, who is able to discern an irregular circumstance related to a crime, is no longer free to adjust what he or she hands down to an offender. The author concludes that, in Canada, at present, perhaps the strongest argument against MMS is the inadequacy of prison resources and community support services, which would be overloaded because MMS would involve more offenders being assigned to prisons.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Minimum Sentencing in Canada
Defects in Minimum Sentencing
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"Gabor & Crutcher noted how the existence of minimum penalties for an array of crimes to an extent simplifies court proceedings towards reduced court costs, but that these are more than realized in the prison system where many timeservers now incarcerated for minimum sentences. Another factor to be kept in mind is the mentality of a serious offender who may not resent serving prison time as much as he or she may be more adverse to community sentences involving instructions, conditions and probation supervision."
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Mandatory Minimum Sentences., 2002.
Questions whether mandatory minimum sentences help or hinder the justice system.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the issue of mandatory minimum sentences for certain criminal offenses and whether these guidelines help or hinder justice.
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Mandatory Minimum Sentencing, 2002.
An examination of the principles behind mandatory minimum sentencing.
989 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the issues concerning mandatory minimum sentencing, created by politicians convinced that crime was out of control. It looks at how the public wanted something done and that one aspect of the problem was that judges were exercising too much discretion and not sending enough people to prison for a long enough period of time. It discusses how mandatory minimum sentencing began as a tool in the drug war in 1986 when House Speaker Thomas P. "Tip" O'Neill Jr. ordered his Democratic committee chairmen to produce a crime bill that toughened penalties on drug dealers.
From the Paper
"There is considerable public support for the idea that criminals need to be given harsher punishment and almost none for the idea that some other means should be taken to reduce crime. Those concerned about crime can point to a number of statistical studies to show that crime is increasing and is not being punished at the level the public would prefer. A National Punishment Survey conducted by the Population and Society Research Center at Bowling Green State University in 1987 showed that the public recommends prison sentences for a variety of violent and other serious crimes that would be approximately three times longer than offenders actually serve."
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Mandatory Minimum Sentencing, 2004.
This paper examines the need for politicians to get tough on crime.
2,917 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 16 sources, MLA, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper suggests that the solution to the problem of increased crime statistics is to do away with mandatory minimum sentencing and promote get-tough-on-crime measures by focusing on violent crime. The paper discusses how evidence laws should be tightened in cases of "conspiracy" to prevent the abuse of the system and rewarding upper-level dealers at the expense of the low-level dealer or associate. People should also be made aware of the reality of mandatory minimum sentencing.
From the Paper
"One hears a lot of talk nowadays about how politicians are getting tough on crime. The national prison population as a percentage of the total population is in America higher than in any other country. Currently about 2 million people are in jail. 10% of all men in America, and a third of all black men, will be incarcerated at some point. To defeat this trend, states such as Oregon often consider "get soft on crime" measures that cut back sentencing for serious offenders such as murderers and rapists. We regularly hear of murderers and psychotic child molesters serving only a couple years before being released. Murders, we are told, have to be released after only five or ten years because there simply isn't enough room to hold all of them. The average sentence served (in 1995) for rape and homicide was between five and six years; more minor crimes like robbery averaged under four years. So why are our jails so full, and are there really that many murderers? The answer, of course, lies in the fact that well over a third of the prison population consists of non-violent drug offenders serving minimum sentences. For example, the mandatory minimum sentence for "conspiracy" to sell drugs (even if no drugs were ever directly found on the offender) is ten or twenty years depending on the amount of drugs alleged to be involved. Unlike other categories of crime, since conspiracy is a crime of intention rather than commission, no physical evidence is necessary and hear-say allegations are sufficient for conviction. Serving minimum sentences without parole, the average drug offender will stay in prison twice as long as the average murderer. Minimum mandatory sentencing laws for drug offenders impose draconian sentences on non-violent low-level offenders, filling the jails and creating pressure to release violent offenders, while removing power of discretion from judges to assure that the crime and sentence are in proportion."
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Mandatory Minimums: The Solution?, 2001.
An argumentative paper about drug sentencing. A paper that argues why mandatory minimum drug sentencing does not work as a tactic in the so-called "war on drugs," with quotes, facts, and stories of the convicted.
890 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 33.95
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Abstract
A paper that argues why mandatory minimum drug sentencing does not work as a tactic in the so-called "war on drugs," with quotes, facts, and stories of the convicted.
From the Paper
"Our judicial system is set up so that one is innocent until proven guilty, and so that the punishment fits the crime. This is part of why many view America as the greatest democracy on earth: our laws and punishments, in comparison to some other countries, seem fair and humane. One would think, then, that a convicted rapist or murderer would spend more time in prison than a first-time drug offender charged with dealing a small amount of marijuana, for example. Naturally, right? Not so fast--today's "mandatory minimum" laws, designed to be harsh on all drug offenders, are putting people behind bars for a long time. Spawned by the United States' "War on Drugs," these laws leave judges with little choice when sentencing drug offenders, with mandatory minimum sentences for all drug offenders. These laws target everyone from small-scale pot dealers whose clientele consists only of a few friends, to large-scale heroin gangsters. These laws intend to scare drug offenders with a "no tolerance" policy, which, in theory, is a good idea. However, many are asking the question: is this really the most just and effective way of eradicating our country's drug problem?"
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Mandatory Sentencing, 2004.
A discussion of mandatory sentencing, its effect on the criminals and society in general.
3,653 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the mandatory sentencing guidelines and how they relate to the overcrowding that is taking place in prisons today. There is a distinct correlation between these two issues, which must be explored in order to determine what should be done about it and how the overcrowding in prisons can be alleviated, while still ensuring that criminals are punished according to the severity of their crimes. The first section includes a literature review, where seven scholarly sources are looked at in order to discuss the problems that come from prison overcrowding and what the sentencing guidelines mean for this.
From the Paper
"Naturally, the government is desirous of removing drug dealers and other criminals from the streets and undercover operations are often undertaken in the war on drugs in order to remove many of these undesirable individuals from society (Heaney, 161). Unfortunately, this necessitates undercover operations and there is often an amount of discretionary power that is just considered to be enormous when looked at realistically (Heaney, 161). Government agents have complete and total control over how long a particular drug operation lasts, who is targeted for it, and the amount of drugs that may or may not be involved in a particular transaction (Heaney, 161). Because this level of authority is so very high there is a strong risk of abusing it."
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The Three Strikes Mandatory Sentencing Law, 2004.
This paper reviews arguments against the efficacy of the three strikes mandatory sentencing law.
1,630 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that three strikes legislation mandates specific consequences when someone is classified as a habitual offender by having three strikes, convictions for a serious or violent felony crime. The author points out that the ideology behind three strikes laws is that criminals are guided by the expected utility principle theory, which states that the costs of their crime outweigh the benefits. The paper relates that the general goal of a three strikes law is to make punishment severe for repeat offenders in hopes that this will deter them from committing additional crimes and that, if they still choose to commit crimes, locking them up for 25 years to life is an effective means of incapacitation. The author underscores that the deterrence ability of three strikes laws is not accepted by many researchers and that this law has numerous negative side effects including increased homicide rates and prison overcrowding.
From the Paper
"The federal version of the three strikes law is the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, also known as the Federal Crime Bill, which was enacted by Congress in 1994. According to Schichor, the act mandates life in prison for criminals convicted of three violent felonies or drug offenses if the third conviction is a federal crime. In addition to the federal law, in a three year span from 1993 to 1996, 25 states adopted their own three strikes laws. Schichor (1997) believes this shift in criminal justice policy focuses more on "controlling aggregates instead of individual offenders" by sorting criminals into groups such as high rate offender and career criminal."
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Mandatory Sentencing in Australia, 2002.
A look at the history of manadatory sentencing in Australia.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper gives an account of the history of mandatory sentencing in Australia. The paper also explains what lessons can be learned from this history.
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Gun Laws and Mandatory Sentencing, 2006.
An analysis of the effect that the 10-20-life law in Florida will have on gun crimes.
5,248 words (approx. 21.0 pages), 48 sources, MLA, AU$ 139.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses gun laws in Florida, particularly the 10-20-life law that has been passed. The research hypothesizes that juvenile offenders within Alachua county will be unaffected by the 10-20-life advertising campaigns and that the majority of youth offenders surveyed will not grasp the severity of punishments for crimes committed with guns.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
From the Paper
"While mandatory minimum sentences, such as Florida's 10-20-life law, are currently popular across the nation that has not always been the case. Such policies first were put into practice in the 1950s and after a substantial period when they fell out of favor came back into style in the 1980s (Yates, 2001). The motivation for most of these laws has been based on the desire of politicians, prosecutors and the general public to be 'tough on crime.' Mandatory minimum sentencing had its true rebirth in 1984, when Congress passed the "Sentencing Reform Act" to establish the U.S. Sentencing Commission (H.R. 6428) and followed that with the passage of the "Armed Career Criminal Act." That law established mandatory 15-year prison sentences for certain armed offenses (U.S.C. 3551)."
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Federal Drug Offenders' Sentencing Guidelines, 2005.
This paper argues against mandatory minimum sentencing federal guidelines for drug offenders.
2,455 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 21 sources, MLA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the high federal prison rate, resulting in the overcrowding of federal prisons, is caused by the long, unjust and ineffective sentences required by the federal mandatory minimum sentencing guidelines. The author points out that re-instituting federal parole or instituting programs similar to the programs of the state drug courts would help reconcile the issue of the ever increasing prison population and the related ever increasing cost. The paper recommends federal parole, which would allow inmates to be released from prison earlier than their imposed sentence with very specific rules to abide-by overseen by a parole officer, and required drug treatment for addicts.
From the Paper
"Drug laws were first enacted in 1914 with the Harrison Narcotics Act, which taxed narcotics and required those who dispensed drugs to obtain a license. The Harrison Narcotics Act specifically targeted the growing number of opiate addicts in the United States after the Civil War. The sale of opium and cocaine were regulated, and later the prohibition of production and importation of heroin were all included in this Act. In 1937, marijuana was characterized as a narcotic, and was taxed and legislated by the Marijuana Tax Act. The Narcotics Control Act of 1956 introduced the first law requiring mandatory prison sentences for using and selling illegal substances."
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Corrections in Modern Society, 2008.
This paper discusses the "Three Strikes" legislation, mandatory minimum sentences and the effects of prolonged incarceration.
706 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines two opposing views of the "Three Strikes" legislation and contends that the proponents of this legislation demonstrate a more convincing argument. The paper looks at the issue of mandatory minimum sentences and their effects upon drug crimes. The paper also reviews the length of incarceration time and its effect upon recidivism. The paper concludes that it is the duty of the citizenry to be sufficiently informed in order to encourage the proper actions of their political leaders.
From the Paper
"Few topics create political turmoil more than crime and punishment, and thus being such a hot button issue there are equally passionate and divergent points of view on the subject. Each point of view generally relies upon the same data set to draw their polar opposite opinions, and rarely do the facts get in the way of a strong politically motivated opinion. It is important to bear in mind the realities of a politically charged climate when reviewing these subjects, especially when each party is equally interested in the same goal, an overall reduction in crime and victimization of the innocent."
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Discretion in the Criminal Justice System, 2002.
Discusses the impact of mandatory-minimum sentencing laws imposed on the court system by Congress.
1,217 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
Uses the specific example of John S. Martin, a federal judge in New York City, to explore the negative consequences mandatory-minimum sentencing laws have on the authority and performance of judges, parole officers, and probation officers.
From the Paper
"John S. Martin, who served as a federal judge in New York City for 13 years, originally intended to retire as many of his peers had, reducing his workload but staying involved in what he considered an interesting and valuable profession. Indeed, he thought that value outweighed the modest salary he would receive; he knew full well he could earn much more as a lawyer in private practice."
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Mandatory Health Insurance in Oregon, 2007.
An analysis of Oregon's proposed mandatory health insurance policy.
2,676 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the effects of imposing mandatory health insurance laws on all citizens of the state of Oregon. The writer discusses the financial challenges such a law would impose on low income citizens and how these citizens, that lack the financial ability to pay for insurance, would, consequently, not be able to avoid violating a mandatory health insurance law. The paper concludes that even though the framers of mandatory health insurance do not seem to have placed much value in the potential impact of unforeseen unemployment and do not seem to have much regard for the guarantees provided under equal protection under the law, these factors are directly relevant and must be evaluated. This document appends some of the sources used in writing this paper.
Outline:
Impact/Effectiveness Analysis
Workability Analysis
Efficiency Analysis
From the Paper
"Oregon's proposed policy that would implement mandatory health insurance requires careful study and a three dimensions of feasibility analysis, primarily because several inherent provisions of this prospective law appear to be unworkable and unenforceable. A range of other potential problems exists, but a significant unforeseen problem is that criminalizing low income citizens for being unable to afford health insurance may be in conflict with the constitutional guarantee of equal protection under the law."
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Mandatory Retirement at 65, 2005.
A discussion on issues concerning mandatory retirement at 65 in Canada.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
The ending the inclusion of mandatory retirement provisions in employment contracts has achieved public prominence in Canada. This paper examines the issue from a law and economics perspective addressing not only the legal history of the issue but also the question of the efficiency of mandatory retirement in terms of economic theory.
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Registered Nurses and Mandatory Overtime, 2005.
A look at the problem of mandatory overtime and its consequences in the nursing field.
1,153 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the developing trend in many hospitals of mandatory overtime for nurses. The paper reviews literature regarding the issue to discuss the effects of mandatory overtime on the overall health care of patients and the nurses themselves.
From the Paper
"With increasing number of patients requiring inpatient care, nationwide, hospitals are faced with a stiff resource crisis. Invariably, this shortage of nurses is met by implementing mandatory overtime regulations for the nursing staff. However, this has proved to be an unhealthy and dangerous practice affecting the quality of patient care as well as overburdening the nursing staff. Providing extended hours of service on a regular basis, nurses become tired and stressed out which not only increases the attrition rate but also affects the outcome of the patient. Foley of the ANA says, "By far the riskiest result of understaffing is the abuse of mandatory overtime as a staffing tool," [Robert Steinbrook]. Over extended, burnt out and even underpaid, nurses develop job dissatisfaction and as statistics indicate one out of five nurses are contemplating on quitting the profession altogether. Further the increasing patient/ nurse ratio directly implies a serious compromise on personal care to patients. Let us now look into some recent research studies that also confirm the negative effects of mandatory overwork among nurses."
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Mandatory Military Service, 2007.
An argument against introducing mandatory military service in the United States.
2,322 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that since the war in Iraq began, several bills have been introduced to try and start mandatory military service in the United States. The paper looks at the history of the draft system in the United States and at the current situation around the world. The paper presents several reasons why mandatory military service would not be beneficial to the people of America. The paper asserts that it would also contradict America's reputation as the land of the free.
Outline:
Introduction
US History
Around the World
Protests
America's Latest Developments
Why it is a Bad Idea
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Each year around the world, millions of young men reach the age of majority, kiss their families goodbye and go off to join the military. This is not because they dreamed of becoming soldier while they were growing up. It is not because they understand and appreciate the benefits that a military training camp can give them. They join because the law says they must. Mandatory military service is not a new concept in the world. It has been practiced in many nations, for many reasons with many different programs. The United States disbanded its only mandatory military service when it dismantled the military draft program in 1973(Conscription in the United States."
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