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| Essay # 27828 |
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Locke?s State of Nature, 2001.
Examines John Locke's "Second Treatise of Government" and his description of the state of nature.
2,553 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 112.95
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Abstract
In Locke?s "Second Treatise of Government", his main concern is with the protection of private property. The paper examines Locke's arguments for a ?positive? and a ?negative? state of nature and his theories on how property can be protected from the government.
From the Paper
"To understand Locke's theory of legitimate government one must look at his theory of men in the state of nature. However in Second Treatise of Government there are inconsistencies and ambiguities as to the description of a state of nature. At first he describes men in a "good" state of nature: "a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of Nature, without asking leave or depending upon the will of any other man" (ch. 11, sec.4) They are also in a state of equality in nature; no man has more power than another does. The law of nature teaches mankind that, all being equal and independent; no one ought to harm another in his life, liberty, and possessions."
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Hobbes, Locke and the State of Nature, 2008.
A comparative analysis of the views of John Hobbes and Thomas Locke
on the state of nature.
2,944 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that both Hobbes's "Leviathan" and Locke's "Second Treatise of Government" were written in England during times of political unrest and that both works take a broad and critical look at political systems and society. The paper further relates that both men believed that in order to properly understand politics in a society, man must first be studied in the state of nature, a time before structured society. The paper then explains that both Hobbes and Locke created their own hypothetical states of nature and theorized on what motivates the behavior of men in this state. In addition, the paper looks at how each philosopher defends opposing theories on men in a state of nature and concludes that, while these perspectives may be very different, the truth may lie somewhere in between.
Outline:
Introduction
Ideas of Thomas Hobbes
Ideas of John Locke
Analysis and Validity of Ideas
Conclusion
From the Paper
"While both Hobbes and Locke make very convincing arguments on the state of nature, I believe the actual truth falls somewhere in between. Both thinkers seem to approach the subject with a preconceived notion of man, and then attempt to create a hypothetical state of nature in which this type of man would fit. To best understand man in a state of nature, we must first look towards wildlife in its own state of nature. Humans are, of course, the most complex of creatures, but there are still other animals that live in a state of individual self-preservation and in a community. Primates, in particular chimpanzees, are one of the smartest and most human-like animals of the world. Chimpanzees live in a community together and interact on a constant basis. "
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Locke?s ?Second Treatise?, 2004.
This paper discusses John Locke?s ?Second Treatise? and its influence on the form of government in the United States and other countries.
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that John Locke argued that the only legitimate sovereign power that exists lies in the community as a whole. The author points out that the American political system makes the same twinned assumptions as Locke: Power lies in the people as a whole, and there will always be internal differences in every community. The paper stresses the idea that kings and queens governed at the pleasure of their populations was a fundamentally important element of Locke?s philosophy.
From the Paper
"Locke helped free the populations of Europe from the idea of divine rule; rebellions against a monarch were still a very serious act, of course, but only because all acts of violence between humans are serious. He made both regicide and democracy possible. But even more than helping to free people from the idea that to rebel against a monarch was to rebel against God, Locke planted the idea that kings and queens ruled by authority granted to them by the people themselves. Locke set ordinary individuals in the place that had quite recently been held by God alone."
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The "Declaration of Independence" and John Locke?s "Second Treatise", 2002.
This paper illustrates the many parallel constructs between the "Declaration of Independence" and John Locke?s "Second Treatise".
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 91.95
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Abstract
The author believes that one of the ideas most expounded by John Locke was his belief that all men have been created free and equal by God. The paper points out that Locke said that God gave man "certain rights that shall not be taken away from him, those rights being life, liberty, health and possessions; but, in the "Declaration of Independence", the pursuit of happiness is mentioned instead of possessions. The author concludes that men tend to remain passive in times when action is necessary on the assumption that someone else will instigate a change. Table presentations.
From the Paper
"Men give their consent to be governed: therefore, the true power of the government is derived from the consent of the governed, as no people can be suppressed unwillingly for too long a time when freedom stirs in their souls. Once a man enters into a united political society, thereby submitting himself to the power, which he and his fellow citizens have bestowed upon his government; he is bound by obligation to uphold the laws that have been established by the government for the benefit of the community."
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Ludwig Feuerbach?s Concept of Alienation, 2004.
This paper discusses Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach?s definition of alienation, which is radically different from the understanding of the term in common usage today and rooted in the human conception of God.
970 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Feuerbach means that humans created God by defining all of the essentially redeeming aspects of God and projecting them outward onto a theoretical and analytical God-concept. The author relates Feuerbach?s idea that theology, with its abstract study of the object of God, which is a projection of human attributes, was a type of anthropology. The paper stresses that, therefore, while Feuerbach properly defines theology as a misdirected anthropology, he also points out that the consequence of this misdirection is alienation.
From the Paper
"Karl Marx, like Feuerbach, also was deeply influenced by Hegelian ideas of dialectic and the development of history toward a final stage. Similarly, he rejected Hegel?s understanding of alienation, but unlike Feuerbach, Marx placed the locus of alienation not in any philosophical misunderstanding of religion, but in the actual hardships and difficulty that working people were forced to feel because of the working conditions that developed from market pressures. Here, Marx saw that the complaints of working people as being the actual source of their difficulties. Alienation did not occur because of their inability to properly understand the attributes of their own humanity, but because real social and economic forces kept them working at the best of a basically inhuman structure?the market."
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Paulo Freire?s ?The ?Banking? Concept of Education?, 2004.
This paper discusses Paulo Freire?s book, ?The 'Banking' Concept of Education?, the classroom situation in which the student must only comprehend the thoughts of the teacher.
865 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that Freire suggests that a method to counter ?banking? education is a ?problem-posing? education, or cooperative cognition. The paper states that, within the ?problem-posing? method, the authoritative power becomes useless; arguments that must be taken on faith become irrelevant. The author states that he does not support Freire?s position because he does not feel that he is being dehumanized in the lectures, nor are teachers his oppressors.
From the Paper
"The aspect of time deserves more attention in the discussion of the ?problem-posing? method. That which may seem quick and efficient in the short-term may prove to be tedious and sorely inefficient in the long-term. A teacher that expresses something she holds to be true to a group is quick and easy. It can be argued that more topics are addressed, but how much is retained by the receptacles of this quick and easy method? Letting the discovery occur naturally, will inherently take much longer with respect to time, but how much of this will be held in the continual cognition of the being? In addition, a method of examination would be equally or more difficult to create for this continuously changing knowledge acquisition. This increase in the expectations of the teacher might compensate for the lesser role in the class group setting. Nothing can be created in advance that will continue to be concrete over time."
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Schopenhauer?s Concept of the Will, 2002.
Examines the views of philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer on the issue of will.
1,247 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 61.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Schopenhauer theory that the will reveals itself as the ?in-itself? of each person?s own phenomenal being and that the awareness we have of ourselves as will, differs greatly from that which we have of ourselves as body. However, he denied that the will?s operations and the movements of the body are two distinct series of events. Typically it is thought that operations of the will cause movements of the body. The paper explains that Schopenhauer believed that such dualistic conceptions, deriving largely from Descartes, had wrought havoc in philosophy, and he argued instead that the body is the will as it appears to external perception. The paper also discusses how Schopenhauer?s doctrine of the will constituted a reaction against the then dominant eighteenth-century, or ?Enlightenment,? conceptions of human nature.
From the Paper
"The primacy of will exhibits itself in a number of other ways. Although we are aware of ourselves as will, our consciously formulated conceptions of our desires or what we intend are unreliable guides when the question is what we will. Sometimes Schopenhauer seems to be claiming that conscious acts of choice never determine behaviour. He suggests in a number of instances that our decisions made intellectually and arrived at after weighing several possible courses of action, do not determine our conduct; the will makes the decision below the level of any rationally reflective consciousness. The sole role of the intellect is to place before the will the possibilities that lie open to the agent and to estimate their consequences. So, we never really form more than a ?conjecture? of our future actions, although we often mistake such conjectures for resolves; our decisions only become clear to us a posteriori, through our actions."
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Conception of Human Nature, 2002.
A look at Mill's and Dostoevsky's conception of human nature.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper presents Mill's idea of human nature and the role it plays in his argument about what controls society can place over the individual. An argument also is presented to demonstrate Dostoevsky's view.
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Confuciani vs. Buddhist Concept of Human Nature, 2002.
Explains both the Buddhist concept of human nature and the Confucian concept of human nature and then compares the two philosophies.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 1 source, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper compares Confucian concept with Buddhist concept of "human nature". Buddhism emphasizes the spirituality of the individual, and is a more "inward-oriented" philosophy. Therefore, as will be argued, while Confucianism represents "human nature" as external actions and rituals shaping the inner man, Buddhism represents the "Buddha nature" as the inner man achieving ultimate selflessness through meditation and reflection.
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John Locke's Theory of Natural Law, 2001.
An analysis of philosopher and politician John Locke's Theory of Natural Law and how this contributed to the pre-Enlightenment era of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at this philosophy whereby Locke?s perception of mankind was an extremely optimistic one, and he viewed natural law and the state of nature as being where all men are naturally moral and reasonable, and are born free, equal and possessing the inalienable rights to protect their life, their freedom, and their property.
From the Paper
""Nature is a state of perfect equality amongst all men. In this state, no one man has more power or jurisdiction than any other man." (Locke 1690)
John Locke (1632 - 1704) was a qualified physician and a respected Oxford academic, in addition to being one of several political philosophers who focused on the theories of natural rights and natural law during the pre-Enlightenment era of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Locke?s theory of natural law, and of the aims and purposes of government, were detailed in his work, ?Two Treatises of Government? (1690), and proved to be influential, not only in Britain, but across the world, especially in America, where his views formed the foundation of the Declaration of Independence and the American system of government."
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Concept Of Nature In Dickinson And Emerson, 2002.
Analysis of poet Emily Dickinson's view of nature & Ralph Waldo Emerson's ideas on nature.
4,275 words (approx. 17.1 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 195.95
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Abstract
Analysis of poet Emily Dickinson's view of nature & Ralph Waldo Emerson's ideas on nature. Emerson's transcendental notion of the unity of nature, humanity and God. Dickinson's image of nature as antagonistic and mysterious. Discusses several poems by Dickinson. Emerson's conception of nature & the poet's role in understanding nature.
From the Paper
The relationship between Emily Dickinson's poetry and Ralph Waldo Emerson's ideas on nature and the poet's function is very complex. Despite Emerson's great influence on the poet and the similarity of their conceptions of the poet's role early in Dickinson's career she was eventually to go beyond his light-filled, hopeful conception of the relationship between humanity and nature in her concentration on the questions of loss and death that cast not just human existence but all of nature in a wholly different light. Dickinson did, of course, write many poems that reflected Emerson's Transcendental notion of the unity of humanity, nature, and god. But Emerson's was ultimately a serene conception in which the means of transcendence resided in that relationship among the aspects of creation--nature mediated, he believed, between humanity and deity. Even though Emerson
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John Locke's Theory of Natural Law, 2002.
An examination of the premises that Locke bases his theory upon.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
Examines premises that Locke bases his theory upon. Law of God and Civil laws. Belief in superior power of God. Why man's laws can be changed, but not God's. Natural law and the state of nature. Locke's theory of property & property rights. Rule of common reason & equity. Discusses how Locke's 17th Century theory can be applied, or not applied, to the complex modern world.
From the Paper
"John Locke's Theory of Natural Law
Natural law, as Locke saw it, was something above and beyond laws made by Man. "He is quite confident that civil laws do not necessarily oblige the individual conscience, but he maintains there is a law of God which forbids 'disturbance or dissolution of governments'" (Laslett, 1999, p. 35). It is interesting to note that this sort of "natural" law's premises were founded on the belief in the superior power of God, and that God, literally as well as figuratively, created governments that rule, and laws that regulated that rule. It may be obvious, then, that America's Pledge of Allegiance, refers to "one nation under God"- which seems a direct descendant of the idea of natural laws as developed in the seventeenth century, a hundred years before the idea of an American democracy became fact."
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Marxism and Hobbe's Concept of Human Nature, 2001.
A look at Marxism and some of Hobbe's theories in the realm of human nature.
2,267 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 101.95
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Abstract
This is a brief debate on the concept of Marxism. It gives comments in favor as well as in against of the concept and mentions the arguments of Carl Marx in favor of it. Moreover, it discusses the Hobbe's theory of human nature in this context.
From the Paper
"Karl Marx laid the foundation of modern communism and socialism. His writings in the early nineteenth century initiated the movement of socialism set the wheels of modern Communism and Socialism in motion. With the help of his friend, Heinrich Engels, he developed the philosophy and concept of Communism in the year 1848. his theory was adopted by a number of failed countries for the development of their economies and political structures. The major economies that adopted this philosophy include the U.S.S.R and East Germany. The majority of people today believe that Marxism is no more applicable and that the theory has failed. The reason being that the ideas proposed by Karl Marx are not in consistence with the type of the societies that prevail today. The current system of a welfare society has outclassed the arguments made by Marx and have proved them to be irrelevant."
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Concept of Buddha Nature, 2005.
A discussion of Buddhism, Daoism and another Chinese religion in Asia.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Confucian concept of human nature versus the concept of Buddha-nature. The paper begins by discussing Confucian and Buddhist ideas in combination in Asia and the way that the views differ individually. The paper speaks of an effort to distinguish one tradition from another and to suggest a Chinese religion other than Buddhism or Daoism.
From the Paper
"The Confucian Concept of Human Nature vs. The Concept of 'Buddha-nature'. Introduction One can find Confucian and Buddhist ideas in combination in Asia, though people state they are Buddhists, for instance. As in any civilization, beliefs and the origins of concepts become fused, are known in combination, or otherwise as something other than their original intention. Y.P Mei noted now Buddhist teachings had gone against the Chinese outlook for some centuries, and through a millennium that began in 100 AD, "Confucianism was overshadowed by Taoism and, fundamentally, by Buddhism. (p. 161) Neo-Confucianism of the Sung and Ming dynasties involved separating Chinese from Buddhist beliefs, but this could not bring a clean distinction."
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Venus Fly Trap: Nature?s Own Bug Zapper, 2004.
An overview of the carnivorous plant, the Venus Fly Trap.
766 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Venus Fly Trap, or the Dionaea muscipula, which was first found in the savannahs of the Carolinas and is classified in the division of Magnoliophyta, the class of Magnoliopsida, the order of Nepenthalesniales, and the family of Droseraceae. It describes its many interesting traits and characteristics, such as its physical makeup, its methods of capture and ingestion and the effect of fire on its growth. It also provides information on how to take care of a Venus Fly Trap in your own home.
From the Paper
"The venus fly trap?s most interesting feature is its process of feeding. The leaves of the plant are in fact traps for insects to fall into; the inside of the leaf is colored red and a scent is secreted, both of which attract insects to the plant. Also on the inside of the leaves are small hairs which sense the presence of something inside the trap. When the hairs are touched twice (two touches are necessary in order to avoid unnecessary closings from rain droplets and the like), the leaves close in on the insect inside. Once enclosed, the plant covers the insect in digestive fluid and breaks it down in order to absorb the nutrients contained in the insect."
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