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Locke and Government, 2008.
This paper looks at John Locke's concept of government as a trust.
943 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how John Locke conceives of government as a trustee, exercising power for the benefit of the society in general. The paper discusses Locke's "Second Treatise on Government" and how a critical requirement of goverment for Locke is that the power of government can never extend farther than the common good, and to be directed to no ends but the peace, safety, and good of the people. The paper concludes that Locke set the foundation for much of the political theory of western democracies.
From the Paper
"A trust is a legal arrangement under which one person (or entity), a trustee, exercises power over property for the benefit of someone else, the beneficiary. This power must be exercised for the benefit of the beneficiary in keeping with the concept of fiduciary duty (Black, 1680). John Locke envisioned government as a trustee for the benefit of society.
"As he explains in the Second Treatise on Government, beginning in chapter 9, entitled "Of the Ends of Political Society and Government," the individual gives up the rights he has in the state of nature in order to enjoy the security of a governed society. In the state of nature, "he be absolute lord of his own person and possessions, equal to the greatest, and subject to no body" (ch 9, 123), but "the enjoyment of [this freedom] is very uncertain, and constantly exposed to the invasion of others" (ch. 9, 123). To gain the benefits of order, he will give up his freedom, but only so that he can improve his condition."
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Locke and Rousseau on Government, 2002.
An examination of the views of John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau vissions on what government should be.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses the views of John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau on government. Rousseau's vision of government involved a society where the individual's will was subordinate to the "general will." Locke, meanwhile, believed that government functioned best if individual freedom was at the root of society.
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John Locke's Philosophy of Government, 2007.
This paper examines the work of several critics in order to analyze the meaning of political power as presented by John Locke in his "The Second Treatise of Civil Government".
3,850 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 152.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that John Locke suggestion, in his "The Second Treatise of Civil Government", that establishing the rule of law without the use of force is not easy; however, Locke's discussion is clouded not only by vagueness but also by the fact that he "says too much". The author stresses that there is evidence that John Locke indeed supported the American colonies' drive for freedom. The paper relates that Locke points out specifically in his "Second Treatise" that taking property without the will and consent of the people is against both natural law and the fiduciary nature of civil authority.
Table of Contents:
The Limits and Functions of Government
Political Power
Hobbes on Sovereignty
Does Locke Trust People Too Much?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In fact, the British had repealed the Stamp Act after the colonies dumped tea in Boston harbor and otherwise rebelled against heavy-handed British rule; the colonies also objected to the very fact that they had come over to the new world seeking both religious freedom and a chance to get a new start economically. And from far away in England, came oppressive rule and taxation "without representation." Locke expressed - in his Letter on Toleration, which was "highly esteemed in New England" and which "the care of souls cannot belong to the civil magistrate," ..."
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John Locke's "Second Treatise on Government", 2008.
A look at how John Locke expresses his belief in "Second Treatise on Government" that the English did the right thing in replacing the reigning monarch, James II, with William of Orange.
865 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that John Locke wrote the Second Treatise on Government at a difficult time in English history - when the English had just driven out the reigning monarch, James II, replacing him with William of Orange in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The paper further relates that while prominent political theorist decried this as a violation of the divine right to kings, Locke believed that the English had done the right thing and set out to prove this view. The paper then looks at how Locke expresses this belief in his "Second Treatise on Government".
From the Paper
"An individual's body is property belonging only to that individual. Anything that the individual removes from the state of nature by the labor of the individual's own he invests with labor by the very act of removing the thing from the state of nature. In doing so, the individual makes it his own property, appropriating it exclusively to himself. The labor which the individual invests in goods in taking them from the state of nature makes that the individual's property. Whatever he takes out of a natural state is improved by taking it out of the natural state."
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John Locke: On Government, 2002.
Why John Locke thinks civil government to be essential.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses political philosopher John Locke's ideas on why civil government is necessary. Examined in some detail are his theories of man's natural rights to life, liberty, and the protection of property, and his ideas concerning the structure of a democratic government.
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The Role of Property in Locke's Theory of Government, 2006.
A discussion regarding John Locke's theory of social contract.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how John Locke made a major contribution to the evolution of thinking about government. Along with two other major thinkers, he was the originator of the theory of social contract, which in turn laid a foundation for modern notions of democracy. This paper shows that the role of property was central in Locke's history of the social contract, and that in turn it was also central in his version of government.
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Thomas Hobbes and John Locke: Perspectives on Governance, 2005.
Discusses the differences in Hobbes's and Locke's ideas for a framework of governance that would protect the rights of individuals and how these ideas influenced the creation of the Constitution of the United States.
2,085 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the different theories of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke about how a government could best represent the people and ensure their individual rights. The paper notes that Locke believed that a system of checks and balances was essential to a democratic nation and the preservation of individual rights, while Hobbes, also interested in securing the rights of the individual, but having had different life experiences also believed that a strong hand was necessary within a governing body to prevent man from destroying himself. The paper then looks at how both ideologies were influential in the creation of the Constitution of the United States.
From the Paper
"Henry (1999) points out that Locke?s theory of natural law ?gives every man a title to so much out of another?s plenty, as will keep him from extreme want, where he has not means to subsist otherwise (p.1, cited from Locke 1967, 188). That said the right to subsistence according to Locke is a premise underlying Locke?s theories. Man has a right to live and to subsist; this right may be considered a natural right. Taking Locke?s position, one would side with an economic program that argues the case for workmanship as the ideal standard through which people?s rights should be measured. Lock supported productive labor more so than simple ownership (Henry, 1999). Lock suggests that rights should be grounded in theories that involve human nature. Humans by nature are laboring creatures that have a right to reap the rewards of what they sow. They have a right to own property."
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The Government and the Governed, 2004.
Compares and contrasts John Locke's and Jean Rousseau's theories about government and the people it governs.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 138.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the theories put forth by John Lock and Jean Jacques Rousseau concerning the ways that government and those governed should interact. The paper compares and contrasts both theories and examines their differing ideas on ways in which government must act to ensure a stable, orderly, just and prosperous society.
From the Paper
"Two philosophers who have contributed a great deal to an understanding of the relationship between citizens and government are Jean Jacques Rousseau and John Locke. The purpose of this report is to compare and contrast Rousseau's and Locke's theories regarding the ways in which the governed and the government must and should interact in order to ensure the continuation of a society that is stable, orderly and conducive to prosperity, equality and justice for its members. To that end ideas advanced..."
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Locke and Rousseau on Economic Inequality, 2008.
A comparison of John Locke's "Second Treatise of Government" and Jean-Jacques Rousseau's "Discourse on the Origin of Inequality".
2,790 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 120.95
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Abstract
This essay compares and contrasts two theoretical models regarding economic inequality. The first is presented by John Locke in his "Second Treatise of Government", which addresses the origins of economic inequality. The second, which is in sharp distinction to these views, is presented by French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his "Discourse on the Origin of Inequality". The paper outlines the strengths and weaknesses of both. It argues that, while both works are very similar in their imagined origins of economic inequality in the early history of property, they differ radically in how they represent property and the justifications for its differing accumulations that ultimately give rise to economic inequality. The paper concludes that Locke envisions property and moderate levels of economic inequality as a good thing, while Rousseau condemns this inequality as a corrupting influence upon human society in every respect.
From the Paper
"However, while there is a superficial similarity between how Locke and Rousseau each conceive of the state of nature, there is one important distinction between the two: property. While Locke conceives, as noted above, of an equality of property as existing in the state of nature, Rousseau contends that the innovation of property itself marked the ending of the state of nature and the beginning of human society.
"This is an important difference, and it goes to the heart of how each philosopher conceives of economic inequality. For example, it is clear from the outset of Rousseau's description of the state of nature and its defining characteristics that he sees property as not only a negative aspect of human society but as being fundamentally illegitimate as well."
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Locke?s State of Nature, 2001.
Examines John Locke's "Second Treatise of Government" and his description of the state of nature.
2,553 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 112.95
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Abstract
In Locke?s "Second Treatise of Government", his main concern is with the protection of private property. The paper examines Locke's arguments for a ?positive? and a ?negative? state of nature and his theories on how property can be protected from the government.
From the Paper
"To understand Locke's theory of legitimate government one must look at his theory of men in the state of nature. However in Second Treatise of Government there are inconsistencies and ambiguities as to the description of a state of nature. At first he describes men in a "good" state of nature: "a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of Nature, without asking leave or depending upon the will of any other man" (ch. 11, sec.4) They are also in a state of equality in nature; no man has more power than another does. The law of nature teaches mankind that, all being equal and independent; no one ought to harm another in his life, liberty, and possessions."
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Hobbes and Locke on The Best Regime, 2002.
The ideas of Thomas Hobbes, from "Leviathan", and John Locke, from "Second Treatise on Government". on the best regime.
2,610 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper emphasizes, using specific examples, how the systems of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes both leave too much room for abuse of power in their ideal governments. Specifically, Thomas Hobbes allows abuse of power by a monarch, and John Locke allows abuse of power by faction groups.
From the Paper
"In all likelihood, there has never been a more controversial political topic than what constitutes the best regime. Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke?s Second Treatise on Government are two examples of political theorists attempting to determine the best regime through reasoning. This paper will examine the connection between each author?s views on the state of nature and their idea of the best regime. It will also examine the problems with each author?s idea of the ?best regime?. Although there is something to be said for the views of both authors, they fail to provide enough checks on political power to ensure freedom from absolute tyranny."
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Origin, Extent and End of Civil Government, 2001.
This paper discusses and compares civil government according to Aristotle, Locke and Montesquieu.
4,600 words (approx. 18.4 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 172.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the origin, extent and end of civil government and compares the views of Aristotle, John Locke, and Montesquieu on why we need civil government, what that civil government should be, and what that civil government does for us. The first part of the paper is very specific in describing what each philosopher thinks of the origin, extent, and end of civil government. The end examines the extent to which our Constitution was found on the political philosophies of the liberals.
From the paper:
?Nearly 2000 years elapsed between the time that Aristotle expressed his theories on political philosophy and the time that Locke and Montesquieu expressed theirs, this accounts for many of the differences in their thinking. Aristotle wrote his philosophy from an ancient point of view and when Hobbes came along during the Enlightenment, he changed political philosophy forever. Hobbes influenced both Locke and Montesquieu this is probably why they both differ so much from Aristotle. The liberals, as Locke and Montesquieu were, hold in common one fundamental premise: the freedom and equality of human beings. This is why they back away from Aristotle?s emphasis on virtue. Aristotle spends much of ?The Politics? discussing regime, while Locke and Montesquieu are simply more concerned with establishing some for of civil government.?
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God and the U.S. Government, 2006.
This paper analyzes the views and opinions of two English philosophers, John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, on the topic of God and the American government.
1,360 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and examines the writings of John Locke's "Second Treatise of Government" and Thomas Hobbes' "Leviathan." This paper asks and attempts to answer the question: Does the structure of the American government glorify God? The writer analyzes the similar logical arguments of both philosophers, relating to God and theology, while also detailing their various differences in relation to their views on the government and politics in general. The writer contends and explains why Locke's opinions are more convincing. Locke's view depicts a system of government more suitable, not only for Christians but for all mankind which places a higher value on human rights and personal beliefs. This paper also analyzes Hobbes' opinion which basically states that people are naturally evil and must be ruled and controlled in order to prevent chaos. This paper discusses Hobbes' contention that in order for mankind to be controlled there must be a political society to oversee and instill order.
From the Paper
"Hobbes in his book, Leviathan, says that people are naturally wicked, and they most be ruled and controlled in order to prevent chaos. In order for them to be ruled, the people must enter into a political society. To enter into a political society, the people must make an agreement or contract with the other members of society in which they all equally give up their rights to a common superior. The common superior has to be an outside party, indifferent to everyone else, and not having a contract with the people. Once the people are in this common wealth, they cannot leave, and the person they put in control has indefinite, total, and absolute power over them. In the event that the ruler no longer works for the benefit of the people, they still do not have the right to leave or to replace him. In this system of government, Hobbes does not give people another chance if they make a wrong choice."
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Locke's Philosophy of Trust, 2002.
The relationship between government and society according to John Locke.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper examines what the relationship is between government and society in the works of John Locke. The author examines this issue from Locke's own perspective and relies upon "Locke and Representative Government: Civil Society and the State" for background analysis.
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John Locke, 2005.
This paper discusses John Locke's theory on politics and the establishment of government.
1,695 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that John Locke (1632-1704), English philosopher and social scientist, founded the school of empiricism and applied empirical analysis to ethics, politics and religion, was the guiding light for the founding fathers of the United States during the American Revolution; and his thoughts on politics and government are incorporated in the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. The author points out that, in the present day, post-socialist world, Locke's liberalism is more relevant than ever since there is once again a danger in Western societies to move in a direction in which social justice and compassion for the weak, civil liberty and the rights of minorities are being put on the back-burner. The paper relates that Locke's views about politics and the government are still relevant and have stood the test of time three hundred years after his death when several other political theories such as Socialism have fallen by the wayside because of the balance of his ideas.
Table of Contents
Political Theories
Political Liberalism: Refutation of Hobbes
Natural Rights
Social Contract
Nature of Government: Separation of Powers
Views on Tax by the Government
The Right to Revolt
Agreeing with John Locke
From the Paper
"His theory about the establishment of government appeared at a time in Western history when a transition from the standard monarchial form of government to a more representative form of government was taking place. It was a crucial period. If John Locke's liberal ideas about the sovereignty of the people and their right to place their trust in a government for advancing their interests through a 'social contract' (and their right to change it if the trust was breached) had not been put across with the force of empirical logic, there was every chance that authoritarianism would have become the norm in Western societies. In the seventeenth century Europe, it was only John Locke's genius that managed to stop the formidable political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes in its tracks: the philosophy that advocated absolutism and concentration of power, albeit in a group of people (the legislature) rather than in an individual-- the monarch."
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