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Works by Early Writers Considered to be Lesbians, 2000.
An examination of 'lesbian' literary works in history using a passage from Bonnie Zimmerman?s essay, ?Lesbians Like This and That: Some Notes on Lesbian Criticism for the Nineties? as a basis for analysis.
860 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 44.95
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From the Paper
"The seventeenth century poem "To My Excellent Lucasia, On Our Friendship" by Katherine Philips was considered by her contemporaries as ?a pure expression of idealized, platonic love" (Faderman 18).. A nineteenth century poem by Emily Dickinson was denied as lesbian by many twentieth century critics(43). The twentieth century novel Well of Loneliness by Radclyffe Hall typified the medical inversion of lesbianism."
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Health Issues of d Lesbians, 2003.
A discussion on health issues for lesbians and specifically lesbians between the ages of 35-55.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses physical and mental health issues for middle-aged lesbians, specifically women between the ages of 35-55. It discusses health risks for lesbians in general, and then for middle aged lesbians. It also examines the impact of homophobia on provision of health care services.
From the Paper
"According to the Institute of Medicine IOM identifying the physical and mental health issues of lesbians in general and middle aged lesbians in particular is important because while lesbians clearly share many of the ..."
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Marketing Power of the Lesbian Community, 2007.
Summarizes and discusses the articles, "Advertising and the Political Economy of Lesbian/Gay Identity", by Fred Fejes and "Commodity Lesbianism", by Danae Clark.
858 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at two articles dealing with the growing economic, political and marketing power of the lesbian/gay community: "Advertising and the Political Economy of Lesbian/Gay Identity" and "Commodity Lesbianism". The writer explains that the gay and lesbian communities are finding themselves more recognized in society because marketers and advertisers have seen the importance of the demographic for marketing campaigns. The writer suggests that this new-found attention from the marketing community has produced some interesting social and political effects. In conclusion the article suggests that capitalism is creating a new identity for the the lesbian/gay community and that this identity is built on the recognition of the lesbian community as a viable and important market that can be exploited.
From the Paper
"In "Advertising and the Political Economy of Lesbian/Gay Identity" Fred Fejes examines the complicated relationship that gays and lesbians have developed between political agency and economic power. In fact, the interesting point that Fejes makes is that it may be that gays and lesbians are gaining political equality and clout not through traditional economic means. Other minority and disenfranchised groups have, in the past, developed political equality because they have controlled some aspect of economic production and/or capital. This is not the case with the gay and lesbian communities, Fejes argues. Instead, this group is gaining political ground because mainstream society is beginning to recognize the important market position of these individuals as consumers."
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Substance Abuse Among Lesbians, 2007.
A discussion on substance abuse as it affects the lesbian community, to discover if lesbians are, in fact, prone to a higher rate of substance abuse.
2,606 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 113.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how substance abuse has touched every demographic of America. This paper further discusses the trends and issues regarding substance abuse affecting specifically the lesbian group. The paper provides an overview of alcohol abuse in lesbians, as well as the "coming out" factor of substance abuse in lesbians. The writer recommends additional research and appropriate support programs. The paper examines how policy changes can better protect the lesbian population from discrimination and the associated stressors.
Outline:
Abstract
Overview
Trends and Issues
Alcohol Abuse in Lesbians
'Coming Out' as a Factor in Substance Abuse
Treatment: A Call for Additional Research
Implications for Research, Support and Policy
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Research concerning substance abuse amongst lesbians often center on regional data. There are challenges that face substance abuse research when discussing the specific population of lesbians, however. The term 'lesbian' alone often causes confusion as it is somewhat ambiguous. In addition to this challenge, sexual orientation in research is self-reported, leading to errors, especially in subjects who may fear the stigma of being labeled as a lesbian."
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Lesbian Parenting and Families, 2002.
This paper discusses lesbian parenting as a unique function in society.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
While many forces in our culture have traditionally opposed lesbian parenting, let alone lesbianism itself, lesbian parenting is now growing as an acceptable phenomenon. While much discrimination against homosexuality, and therefore lesbian parenting, prevails, the evidence suggests that none of the negative premises about lesbian parenting are true.
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The Lesbian Theory of Literary Critique, 2008.
This paper evaluates the definitional limitations within lesbian theory as a method of literary critique.
4,695 words (approx. 18.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 175.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that lesbian theory has struggled with definition. The author points out that, by its very nature, lesbian theory addresses the notion of the lesbian as 'an other', an entity marginalized beyond the dominant, patriarchal center of society. The paper stresses that, because the lesbian theory asserts its own ability to independently encompass the lesbian experience, this theory fails to acknowledge the complex and fluid nature of this otherness. The author relates that another more fundamental flaw is that, because it tries to empower the lesbian who finds her words relegated to the darker corners of the literary world, too often the theory tends toward a complete avoidance of exclusivity. The paper applies several existing modes of lesbian theory to Alicia Gaspar de Alba's book "Desert Blood" and to the poems of Emily Dickinson to reveal the extent to which these definitional flaws must be addressed.
From the Paper
"In "The Safe Sea of Women", Bonnie Zimmerman discusses the poem "I showed her Heights she never saw" by Emily Dickinson, calling it, "suggestively lesbian". Similarly, in "What is Lesbian Literature?", Lillian Faderman cites the poem "Her sweet Weight on my Heart at Night" as reason to include Dickinson's work in the canon of lesbian fiction even though, "there are no explicit suggestions of lesbian sexual relations in her poems." . Thus, both Zimmerman and Faderman assume the authority to label these poems as lesbian texts based entirely on personal assumptions made about Dickinson."
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Tourism for the Gay and Lesbian Population, 2008.
This paper discusses the gay and lesbian population within the travel industry.
860 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer focuses on the effect the gay and lesbian population has had on hotel management and marketing. By reviewing and analyzing various articles and reports on this topic, the writer demonstrates why the gay and lesbian population is a heavily marketed group within the travel industry. Likewise, the writer reviews why a hotel manager should market to the gay and lesbian traveling population. Finally, the paper also touches briefly on how effective marketing to this population can occur.
Outline:
Introduction
What Gay and Lesbian Travelers Want in a Hotel
Why Market to Gay and Lesbian Travelers?
How to Market to the Gay and Lesbian Population
What Others are Doing
From the Paper
"One of the most significant developments in the travel industry, particularly as it applies to hotel management and marketing, is the recent trend aimed at attracting gay and lesbian clients. This trend developed as marketing research showed that gay and lesbian people are more likely to travel, and have more disposable income to spend when traveling, than the general population does. Thus, this group of individuals, who for decades was regarded as a niche travel population that only gay or lesbian-only travel marketing niche catered to, is now a mainstream market within the travel industry as a whole."
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Gay and Lesbian Adoption, 2006.
This paper discusses the adoption of children by gay men and lesbian parents from the perspective of the social worker.
2,375 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the number of children adopted by gay men and lesbian parents has increased as more state laws have relaxed the prohibition on these types of adoptions and as more social workers and agencies now are willing to accommodate and intervene for them. The author points out that this changing trend has lead to critical concerns about sexual orientation, the probability of molestation, teasing and harassment of the child, which have created a dilemma for the social workers between the need for adoptive families and the principles of his or her profession. The paper relates that research suggests that the adopted children of gay and lesbian parents develop normal or straight relationships with their peers and satisfying relationships with adults of both sexes; therefore, social workers should support this type of adoption as guided by their professional code of ethics.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
History of Adoption
Reasons for Accepting Adoption by Gay or Lesbian Parents
Issues and Concerns
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The revolutions of the 1960s and 1970s further influenced and modified adoption practices. These revolutions were the women's liberation, civil rights movement, sexual revolution, the adoptee's liberty movement, and the birth fathers' rights, birth control, legalized abortion and a dominant single parenthood culture. One consequence was that social workers were encouraged to adjust their role as educators for adoptive parents in helping them recognize and cope with raising adopted children as against raising natural children. Adoptive parents now demand more information on the child they take and whose future is entrusted to them."
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Lesbianism, 2002.
Examines theories on the 'causes' of lesbianism.
1,078 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on lesbianism within the context of the genetic/biological and environmental causal explanation models which are being explored in professional literature. The paper demonstrates that rather than attributing lesbianism to some ill-defined impetus toward deviance or, in extreme cases, "sin," it is more appropriate and accurate to explore both the genetic/biological and environmental theories which are inherently non-judgmental toward lesbians.
From the Paper
"Since 1972, mental health professionals have been engaged in assessing and then reassessing the status of homosexuality in mental health. During the last three decades, causal explanations of lesbianism have been conceptualized as emerging from a disorder, a possible disorder, and most recently as neutral in terms of the mental status of an individual (Throckmorton, 283). In the past century, homosexuality in general as well as lesbianism in particular has provoked concern, fascination, and often repulsion. Physicians, mental health professionals, civic and religious leaders, and members of the general public have often exhibited a propensity toward treating lesbianism within the constructs of the "disease model" (Throckmorton, 284)."
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Suicide and African American Adolescent Lesbians, 2008.
An examination of suicidality among African-American lesbian adolescents and the correlation of adult support.
14,140 words (approx. 56.6 pages), 48 sources, APA, AU$ 360.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the risk factors and reasons for suicide among young people is discussed extensively. The paper also explains how many gay and lesbian adolescents, who commit suicide, leave behind a myriad of unanswered questions for their families struggling with their death. It maintains that suicide does not differ among any social or economic class. The paper concludes that there is a high rate of suicide among African-American lesbian adolescents and a lack of family support, which may contribute to the fatal action.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Method
Data Analysis
Discussion and Recommendations
From the Paper
"In recent years, sexual preference has come into view as a leading cause for adolescent suicide. The difficulties of dealing with the stigma of homosexuality might lead to depression and even suicide among gay men and lesbians is commonly known. When emerging sexuality becomes a central issue in young lives, depression and suicide are more likely to happen (Russell & Joyner, 2001)."
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Lesbian Voice in Works by Virginia Woolf, 2006.
Examines lesbianism in "Mrs. Dalloway", "To the Lighthouse", and "Between the Acts" by Virginia Woolf.
1,691 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
The traditional literary canon of the early 20th Century makes readily apparent the virtual disconnect between women and popular literature. An authentic female voice was a faint if at all audible contingent within what preceded modernist authors. Even rarer, were the voices of women who spoke against the normative restraints of their culture. The paper shows that the writings of Virginia Woolf offered significant contributions to this emerging literary demographic, both in the areas of women writing about women and, more specifically unique to her modernist experimentalism, the exploration of female-to-female intimacy. Woolf was a pioneer in her incorporation of these themes into her work. She creates characters who embody the struggle that she and other women experienced in early 20th century Britain. The paper shows that, beginning with her young protagonist, Clarissa, in "Mrs. Dalloway", Woolf explores the social constraints that limit agency and suppress these yearnings. The paper shows that with the later works of "To the Lighthouse" and her unfinished and posthumously published novel, "Between the Acts", lesbian desire is squelched by popular convention and its oppressive alienation robs her characters of the chance to possess the objects of their desires and withholds from them a social environment wherein it is plausible to assume a lesbian or woman-centered identity.
From the Paper
"The construction of character around the concept of artistic authorship is repeated in Between the Acts in a way that allows for art to function as a vehicle to express a marginalized or misunderstood subjective vision. This time, it is Miss La Trobe, the director and playwright of a community theatre exercise, who worked to transform their annual play into an opportunity to bring reflection and enlightenment to an otherwise limited congregation of intellectual commoners. Yet, her vision is grossly misinterpreted."
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Counseling Gays and Lesbians, 2005.
A look at the history of discrimination against gays, lesbians, and bisexuals and its implications for counseling this population.
3,895 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 22 sources, APA, AU$ 153.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at counseling gays and lesbians. It looks at this group from a cultural standpoint, going through the history of the culture and the discrimination it has faced, as well as the continuing discrimination it experiences. It looks at how counselors can be more sensitive to the issues that face gays and lesbians who seek counseling. Some of these issues include how family dynamics affect the counseling relationship, sexually transmitted diseases, and how the discrimination against this population can affect the client. This paper also looks at the steps counselors can take to become more aware of this population and how they can increase their multicultural awareness towards this group, all in the hopes of providing the best client-therapist relationship possible.
From the Paper
"Attitudes toward homosexuality are complex and multifaceted (Davies, 2004). Many people have mixed feelings about gays, lesbians and bisexuals. There is a lot of controversy over what causes people to prefer one sexual orientation over another. Some professionals believe it is organic, while others think it is a learned behavior. Many factors also contribute to the treatment of gays, lesbians and bisexual (LGB) clients. To understand many of these issues the history of the population, discrimination factors, and current problems facing this group need to be looked at."
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The Lesbian and Feminist Theory, 2006.
This paper examines lesbianism and feminism, based on an article by Cheshire Calhoun.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes a report by Cheshire Calhoun entitled "Separating Lesbian Theory from Feminist Theory" on differences between lesbianism and feminism and why these differences matter when discussing their problems. The report discusses the issue of male oppression and the various theoretical constructs used to examine these issues in society today, with reference to certain specific theorists.
From the Paper
"Cheshire Calhoun in her article "Separating Lesbian Theory from Feminist Theory" begins by citing Heidi Hartmann to the effect that Marxism and feminism had become conjoined, leading to a consideration of the nature of lesbian feminism and its relationship to Marxism and to other theoretical constructs. Many Marxist theorists have seen lesbianism as a feminist resistance to male dominance, while few lesbian theorists now see the issue in that light. Instead, they see the issue more and more in terms of women's relation to women and to a number of oppositions among lesbians as among others in society, addressing issues of ageism, racism, anti-Semitism and so on."
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Status of the Gay and Lesbian Population in Society, 2002.
A discussion of the gay and lesbian effort to carve out a place for itself in society in the face of stigma and criminalization.
620 words (approx. 2.5 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the current position of the gay and lesbian population in American society. The writer attempts to explore the culture and understand how spaces and territories are established. The writer also discusses the differences in social lives of gays and lesbians.
From the Paper
"America?s gay and lesbian populations have come a long way in recent decades. They are far less apt to remain in the closet than in days gone by and they are much more open about their lifestyle than they had been in the past. The gay and lesbian community worked hard to carve out niches in urban society including hang outs, social functions and other rights of passage that are an automatic given for the straights of the nation.
?The late 1980s and early 1990s saw a growing sensitization on the part of mainstream society to the issues of gay and lesbian liberation(Voigt, 1999). Though the questions of gays in the military and gay marriage remain controversial, a number of gay issues been resolved, even on the civic level."
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Challenging Kinship Assumptions: Adoptees, Gays and Lesbians, 2003.
Compares the difficulties faced by adoptees and gays and lesbians in contemporary American society.
1,398 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
Despite seeming unrelated, the search by adoptees for their biological families and the revelation of a nonstandard sexual identity by gays and lesbians to their families actually involve similar psychological components and elucidate similar cultural stereotypes about kinship. In both circumstances, individuals risk discovering weaknesses within assumed American definitions of family. This essays discusses the difficulties encountered by adoptees and gays and lesbians in coming to terms with their nontraditional status. It emphasizes the role of gender and cultural assumptions by looking at the views of authors such as Judith Modell and Kath Weston.
From the Paper
"Interestingly, both adoptees and gays and lesbians frequently rely on their mothers rather than their fathers for support. In Modell?s research, adoptees searched more frequently for their biological mothers than for their biological fathers, and they often expected more support from their adoptive mothers than from their adoptive fathers (1998: 158-9, 165-6). ??Mother? called up conventions about acting like a child to a parent? (Modell 1998: 166), showing the influence of traditionally assumed kinship ties felt by adoptees. Gays and lesbians also had assumptions about the roles their mothers would play in their coming out. Weston explains, ?when people attempted to predict the outcome of disclosure, their judgments generally reflected cultural assumptions about gender, power, and specific categories of kinship relations? (1991: 52). As a result of these assumptions, many people felt that a mother?s ?feelings? would make her more understanding than a father?s ?reason? (1991: 53)."
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Parents, Families & Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG), 2006.
A review of the Parents, Families & Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) website.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines a professional web site and outline its purpose objective as well as the source of its funding if such can be found. The paper also explores the criminal issues raised on the site as well as the user friendliness of the internet site. The paper discusses how ultimately, as it pertains to Parents Families Friends of Lesbians and Gays, it seems undeniable that the organization has crafted a web site that is informative on threatening and which strongly sets forth the stances and arguments of PFLAG.
From the Paper
"Few organizations are more controversial at the present time as the organization entitled Parents, Families & Friends of Lesbians and Gays (otherwise known as PFLAG). The following paper will review the organization's official web site with an eye towards determining the purpose/objective of the site, the wellsprings of its funding, what criminal issues are discussed on its site (if any) and the links it provides to relevant online sources (again, assuming any are provided). No less importantly, the paper also reviews the "user friendliness" of the site as well as the overall effectiveness of PFLAG's online presence in conveying its desired message. In the final analysis, the web site actually does an excellent job of advocating on behalf of those who are "different" from others. "
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