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Leon Tolstoy's "What is Art?", 2006.
This paper argues against Leon Tolstoy's conclusion in his famous book "What is Art?".
1,205 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Leon Tolstoy in "What is Art?" argues that
art is not the manifestation of an abstract and absolute idea, such as beauty, God or simply something created to give pleasure, as generally purported by most of the thinkers and philosophers, but rather is intimately connected with the religions and moral values of every age and of every people. The author points out that both art and religion can reveal a different, absolute reality; but it cannot be agreed that good art should strictly follow religious and moral values. The paper stresses that saying art is only supposed to express the religious idea of good denies the most important quality of art--- imagination. The paper includes several quotations.
From the Paper
"As you say it yourself, art can serve to unite people and to realize that brotherhood of man, just like religion, through its ideas of goodness and morality. But it is likewise obvious that good art can give an account of the varied human experience and if it speaks, as you say, of nudity, sexuality or adultery, it does nothing more than to relate about human passions or emotions. I think the subject of a certain piece of art should not be confused with its final purpose. And it is to be noticed that a piece of literature, for example, which is replete with "immoral" ideas can produce the same state of elevation of the soul, just like the one that praises moral or Christian virtue. I think the most important fact is that art can reveal the truth and it does this by means of an aesthetic revelation, no matter its particular nature."
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African Art, 2004.
Takes a look at African art forms, with a focus on art from Benin and Sierra Leone.
908 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper talks about some of the art produced in Benin and Sierra Leone and why so much of the more ancient art of that region no longer remains. The paper then describes art from Benin that is approximately 500 years old and more recent artwork from Sierra Leone made in the 19th century. The naturalistic heads and bodies of the Ife tribes of Benin and the Nowo masks from Sierra Leone are described, and the materials and techniques used are explained as well. Images of both types of art are included with the paper.
From the Paper
"Art from Benin, located in the rainforests of Nigeria on the coastal plain west of the Niger River, first came to the Western world in 1897, when members of a British expedition took out thousands of objects as war plunder after the English conquest. Through government and private sales, Benin sculptures were soon found on the shelves and displays of museums and personal collections in England, Europe and America (Ben-Amos, 9). The art of Benin is unique in Africa, due to its unusual makeup of cast brass and carved ivory. Much of artwork from this country acts as a heritage to the Royal Kingdom of Benin, one of the greatest times in the continent?s history (Ezra, 2)."
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Finding Meaning: Tolstoy's "The Death of Ivan Ilych", 2001.
This paper examines how Tolstoy attempts to persuade us to find meaning in life by presenting two distinct sets of supporting characters and by demonstrating why Ivan Ilych is afraid to die and what causes his suffering.
2,180 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 1 source, AU$ 97.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the title character of Leo Tolstoy?s "The Death of Ivan Ilych", making clear the author?s intention that each of us must discover how to lead a meaningful life. Tolstoy attempts to persuade us to his point of view by presenting two distinct sets of supporting characters and by demonstrating why Ivan Ilych is afraid to die and what causes his suffering. In addition, Tolstoy warns of the social conditions that prevent most people from accomplishing in life what Ivan Ilych could only achieve in death.
From the paper:
"Two hours before his death Ivan Ilych finally asks the right question. After three days of screaming through agonizing pain, he laments that his life ?was all not the right thing,? and passes into death wondering ?what is the right thing?? (151). With this final realization and questioning, the title character of Leo Tolstoy?s "The Death of Ivan Ilych" makes clear the author?s intention that each of us must find the right thing and discover how to lead a meaningful life. Tolstoy explains that even at this final moment, Ivan Ilych is capable of redeeming himself and making this discovery, that though his life had not been what it should have been, this could still be rectified (151). If Ivan Ilych can do it at the last minute, the rest of us still can."
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Leo Tolstoy's "Death of Ivan Ilyich", 2002.
This paper examines Tolstoy's attitude towards death and dying in his book, "The Death of Ivan Ilyich".
725 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 1 source, AU$ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that the novel, "The Death of Ivan Ilyich", by Tolstoy is almost a journal of the author?s fear of dying. The author points out that Tolstoy believes that death forces each person to face his or her life choices. The paper states that Tolstoy had a fear of being average and ordinary and, through the penning of this work, discovered that average often means exceptional.
From the Paper
"Tolstoy feared being ordinary and he let that show in the book. He feared being average and believed that is a fate worse than death itself. ?Ivan?s life had been most simple and most ordinary and therefore most terrible.? Tolstoy?s attitude and fear of being ordinary in life is so strong that he cannot maintain the averageness of his protagonist. He turns it around by the book?s end so that Ivan discovers he had accomplished things in his life."
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Sierra Leone, 2008.
A look at the causes behind the population increase in Sierra Leone today.
1,658 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
The paper outlines the history of Sierra Leone and shows how for nearly two decades, Sierra Leone's population has been deprived due to war, poverty, poor education, corrupt political officials and rampant rebel forces. The paper then looks at recent times and discusses the assistance of world organizations, foreign investment and a more stable political structure that have caused the population of Sierra Leone to increase in number and in standard of living.
From the Paper
"First, it is important to examine the history of the country to comprehend the decimation of Sierra Leone's population in the past due to mortality and migration, and the reasons behind such a reduction. European slave traders in Sierra Leone were among the first in west Africa. By 1652, slaves were being shipped from the area to the United States in vast numbers . However, in 1787, the British assisted 400 freed slaves in resettling the Sierra Leone area in what they called the "Province of Freedom". The plan, however, was nearly destroyed as disease and hostility from the local inhabitants nearly eliminated the entire population. The area survived, however, and became known as "Freetown" by 1792."
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Leo Tolstoy and Gabriel Garcia Marquez, 2003.
A comparative essay based on two literary works, "Anna Karenina" (Tolstoy) and "Chronicle of a Death Foretold" (Gabriel Garcia Marquez).
1,283 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper uses the author's tones in "Anna Karenina" and "Chronicle of a Death Foretold" to compare Leo Tolstoy's and Gabriel Garcia Marquez's cynical tone towards society. Both authors use satire and irony to criticize the corruption of society and the institution of marriage. The paper shows that Tolstoy focuses on his disapproval of the upper-class aristocracy, while Garcia Marquez satirizes society in general. Tolstoy does not present the aristocracy with much honor or morals, unlike Garcia Marquez who uses a town that, although is corrupted, still has a strong moral back bone.
From the Paper
"Tolstoy and Garcia Marquez also differ in the amount of honor and morals that their characters contain. Tolstoy?s mocking tone towards society is displayed when he is describing society?s view towards adultery. Vronsky thinks of ?the position of a man pursuing a married woman, and, regardless of everything, staking his life on drawing her into adultery, has something fine and grand about it, and can never be ridiculous? (Tolstoy 117). Adultery is not a fine or grand act; it is a sin that defies the purity of marriage. Tolstoy uses society?s indifference towards adultery as a way to create irony because society permits adultery, as long as it does not break apart a family. Once Anna leaves her husband for Vronsky, society rejects her. Tolstoy displays how society approves of adultery as long as it does not disrupt the social arrangements of marriage."
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Leo Tolstoy, 2006.
A look at the life, spiritualism and philosophy of Leo Tolstoy.
1,850 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the about face Leo Tolstoy had regarding his views on morality, religion and spirituality. The paper discusses the change in Tolstoy's views about how we should conduct our lives and his search for a morally righteous life. The paper further explains that, although Tolstoy was able to write about the spirituality within all of us and was able to reach and influence millions of people through his writings, he was never able to achieve for himself the peace and tranquility that spiritual enlightenment should bring.
From the Paper
"The most significant and lasting outcome of his change in world viewpoint was the influence his future writings had upon Mohandas Gandhi. Out of Tolstoy's demand that people be morally just and follow a path of non- resistance to evil, came Gandhi's strict adherence to this latter principle. Gandhi described himself as a "humble follower of Tolstoy's" (Rowe, p. 1), thus ultimately Tolstoy's belief in non- resistance fostered the most successful peaceful revolution in the world. As Tolstoy's change became more solidified in his own mind, he began to enlarge his realm of influence and his social categories in need of reform. His most admirable characteristic is that he truly tried to set an example for others by living his principles in his own life. He worked beside the peasants, shunned the success of his prior writings, gave away his wealth, maintained a degree of self- sufficiency, and tried to live by the "five commandments" he derived from Christ's teachings (Garrod, p. 3). Unfortunately this lifestyle enlarged the void within his family that was never breached."
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Leo Tolstoy and Deathbed Conversions, 2007.
An analysis of the theme of death in Leo Tolstoy's novella, "The Death of Ivan Ilych."
1,598 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Leo Tolstoy's novella, "The Death of Ivan Ilych." It shows how Tolstoy's work exploits the meaninglessness behind conventional norms, through examining the differences between artificial and authentic living and the inevitability of death. The paper looks at how Tolstoy focuses his characters around the death of Ivan Ilych.
From the Paper
"However, despite all the evidence of Ivan Ilych's deathbed conversion is a genuine realization, there is still another interpretation of Tolstoy's work. Moments before Ivan Ilych's death, he tries to apologize and ask for forgiveness from his family members. However instead of successfully saying "'Forgive me'," Ivan Ilych mutters a '"Forego' and wave[s] his," which questions the sincerity of his deathbed conversion (302). If Ivan Ilych truly meant and understood everything that led up to his conversion, why didn't he completely follow through? Perhaps, Tolstoy leaves Ivan Ilych's apology partially fulfilled to highlight the conversion as an additional example of yet another customarily for no good reason, meaningless, act people go through. Just as Tolstoy dissects the common life Ivan Ilych lives into a conventional, empty, hollow one; he may be doing the same to Ivan Ilych's conversion. Therefore whether or not "Death is finished" for Ivan Ilych because he successfully converted to Christianity, as opposed to merely doing so as an expected norm, is still up to our individual interpretations."
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Tolstoy on 'Angel', 2006.
This paper discusses Tolstoy's commentary of the novel 'Angel' by Chekhov.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses Tolstoy's commentary on Chekhov's Angel which is one of the more controversial works completed by the great Russian novelist. The following paper considers Tolstoy's view that Chekhov in his efforts to make fun of the unenlightened women of his age who valued their traditional feminine role far more so than they valued jobs as engineers or scientists or even as writers, failed to see that feminine perfection and success and masculine perfection and success were (presumably are) two different things - and that a woman who had the capacity to love others was ultimately more valuable to society than a woman who had the capacity to be a great lawyer or doctor.
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Tolstoy, 2001.
This essay examines the historical events that influenced author Leo Tolstoy.
1,525 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how Russian history influenced the life and writing of novelist Leo Tolstoy. The author discusses the repressive atmosphere under Czar Nicholas I, the Russian economic system and military events, all which affected Tolstoy and his novels, such as "Anna Karenina" and "War and Peace".
From the Paper
"During Leo Tolstoy?s lifetime (1828-1910), Russia and Europe went through a number of political and intellectual changes. Writing evolved from Romanticism to Realism during the period. As the term ?realism? implies the realistic novelists like Tolstoy focused on observation and attention to detail. In Russia the czars retained absolute power by preventing the political and social changes that the Western European countries were experiencing. Intellectuals including Tolstoy led the effort toward reform. The reform efforts met with considerable resistance until the twentieth century. For the writers, retention of power by the czars meant repression of writing."
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Tolstoy and his Contribution to European Realism, 2004.
This paper offers an evaluation of Tolstoy's writing and his thinking.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines Tolstoy's writing and his thinking. The writer explains that Tolstoy is considered a great contributor to the literary realisim beginning with the 19th century in Europe.
From the Paper
"To be honest in the U.S. most people read Tolstoy only because it is a class assignment. Certainly more people have seen films or even TV mini-series of War and Peace and Anna Karenina than ever read the novels. Yet in Europe, even today, Tolstoy is regarded as a master of emotion and realism giving great detail and insight to people caught in situations over which they have little or no control. But other than a life that turned ... "
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Tolstoy and Art, 2002.
A look at Leo Tolstoy's view on art.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Leo Tolstoy's view on art. Clive Bell's view is also discussed and compared to Tolstoy's view.
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Angola and Sierra Leone, 2007.
A comparative analysis of Angola and Sierra Leone as examples of two failed states.
1,729 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a descriptive look at the difference between weak, failed and collapsed states, naming the theories behind each occurrence. It then goes on to do a comparative case study of two states, namely Angola and Sierra Leone. With a closer look at both Angola and Sierra Leone, the paper concludes that greed and the presence of potential wealth (i.e. natural resources) can truly turn a country upside down. It looks at how both governments used their positions for greed, power and personal gain, and how both almost collapsed in the process.
Outline:
Failed State
Collapsed State
Case Study: Two Failed States; How do they Compare?
From the Paper
"Failed states are also caused by increases in criminal violence, oppression of citizens and lawlessness in the eyes of citizens. This relates directly to the concept of legitimacy loss, where citizens are forced to turn to drug lords or illegitimate means in order to satisfy their basic needs, like food, shelter, security, etc...Failed states have flawed institutions and deteriorating infrastructure (potholes, drinking water, power supply). According to Rotberg, an indicator and not a cause of failed states is the decline in per capita GDP due to increased income disparity (Rotberg 2003: pp.10). Sierra Leone is an example of a failed state, however details will be further discussed in the case study section of this essay, along with Angola. "
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Leo Tolstoy?s Works, 2004.
A look at the impact of life experience on the literary works of Leo Tolstoy, with a focus on "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", and "On Life".
1,504 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, historically, Leo Tolstoy writes from the perspective of a country in turmoil and how his social commentary is closely intertwined with the more general search for personal fulfillment. The result is the timeless quality of the works that are still enjoyed by a wide readership today. It explores how it is this timeless quality of his work, based upon his search for meaning in life, that most prominently begs for Tolstoy?s inclusion in today?s literary canon, and it substantiates this assertion through a review of "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", and "On Life".
From the Paper
"The characters are however far more than merely representatives of political aspirations. Indeed, this is revealed in Pierre?s relationship with his wife, Princess Ellen. The marriage proves to be a mistake, as Ellen?s flirtatious behavior brings the relationship to an end. She later divorces Pierre, but is unable to secure the affections of the man she is pursuing. She later dies, which the reader feels is a kind of justice. The emotional suffering caused by his wife?s behavior drives Pierre in a number of different directions. The first of these is the Freemasons. This however does not provide him with the solace he needs, and he turns to the battlefield for a more concrete way of dealing with is emotions. Here is later taken as a prisoner of war. Pierre thus suffers on two levels; both emotionally because of his wife?s behavior and physically as a result of the war and his life in prison. The end however is happy for Pierre, as he finds love, peace and contentment with Natasha."
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Humor Me: Tolstoy?s Mocking of Historical Russia, 2002.
Examining Leo Tolstoy's use of satire and irony to paint a vivid picture of Russian life in "War and Peace"
935 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes Tolstoy's clever use of irony and humor related to a subject that is not particularily funny - war. The writer shows how Tolstoy makes light-hearted jests at the values of wealthy society and resorts to a darker tone of satire as the novel moves on to military society.
From the Paper
"It is the early part of the nineteenth century, Russia is at war with that persistent fiend called Bonaparte, cities are burning, and misery runs rampant. With the seriousness of this environment threatening to overbear the mood of the epic War and Peace, Tolstoy chooses very wisely to intersperse various scenes of societal ?humor? into the historical tale. While the turmoil rages on, everyday life provides countless opportunities for satirical references to the superficial nature of society, the absurdity of overconfidence, and the ruthlessness of the military mind."
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The Sacred Struggle in Hesse and Tolstoy, 2001.
A look at struggle in Leo Tolstoy's "The Death of Ivan Ilych" and Hermann Hesse's "Siddhartha".
1,655 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This essay compares the struggle of Tolstoy's Ilych and Hesse's Siddhartha. The essay concludes that both characters needed to learn something similar: Knowledge is not always something that one should seek; rather it begins in a kind of listening to oneself, a turning inward and a clear-minded acceptance of one?s wounds. Both stories portray that only through struggle and strife do we gain clear insight into our innermost natures. In fact, the real crisis of our lives may not be in the struggle itself, but in the fact that we may refuse to look (or delay looking) at that part of ourselves where such struggles arises.
From the Paper
"Ilych finally became conscious and only then ?the screaming began? (1318). He finally understood how he had come to treat others, his wife and children, and himself. In a sense, perhaps he recognized that our lives are all about choices?choices about who we associate with, how we live, how we work, how we think, how we respond to adversity, how we treat others, and how we feel about ourselves. The real tragedy in the life of Ilych is that right up to the moment of his death, he believed he had no other choice but to live as he had, and die as he would. Cruel fate demanded it. And he had always believed himself to be deprived of choice or free will in terms of his life?but in reality, at each step, Ilych held the reigns of control."
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