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The Legitimization of Drugs.
This paper discusses various categories of drugs and the issue of their legitimization.
1,760 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 21 sources, MLA, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the term 'drug' is extremely broad and can be used to describe nearly any substance, which has a discernible effect on the person using the drug. The author points out that the legalization status of drugs in general is widely varied: Some drugs are entirely legal, others are legal but require a prescription and still others are completely illegal. The paper states that if drug use is legalized, drug abuse would become a public health problem; therefore, the benefit to society is that the treatment of drug abusers would become health-focused rather than criminally-focused as it is now.
Table of Contents
Stimulants
Caffeine
Amphetamine
Other Stimulants including Ecstasy and Cocaine
Depressants
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepiness.
Drug Legalization
Definition of Drug Legalization
Arguments For and Against Legalization
Potential Effects of Drug Legalization
Drug Abuse after Legalization
From the Paper
"Caffeine is one of the most widely used drugs in the United States. It is a stimulant found in coffee, black tea, many soft drinks, and some other consumables. There are two primary steps in the way caffeine works. First, the drug interrupts a process in the nervous system that generally stems the body's release of adrenaline, causing more adrenaline than usual to be released into the body. Additionally, caffeine inhibits the reuptake of adrenaline by the nervous system, causing the heightened amounts of adrenaline to have a prolonged effect. ("Caffeine"). The purchase and consumption of caffeine is legal for all ages in the United States."
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Budgetary Politics: America's War on Drugs, 2004.
Examines the political war waged by the United States government on drug usage and production.
6,500 words (approx. 26.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 215.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the government of the United States has had a free run in many public policy matters, including the war on drugs. While the crusade was, by and large, assumed to be legitimate and adherent to public policy and national security measures. it has a very devious and conniving agenda known only to a select few. The paper argues that what is said to be a war fought on the lines of national safety measures and upholding of public policy is, in truth, an agenda to fill the coffers of influential people, including politicians, congressmen, and businessmen.
From the Paper
"While the administration calls for increased and renewed funding of its efforts on the war on drugs, a look at some truly startling figures proves beyond doubt the ulterior motive of the people who run the government. A study has indicated that virtually every part of the federal government has benefited extensively due to the increased funding under the banner ?War on Drugs.? It seems that the annual average budget allocation of $20 billion goes a long way and has extensive aims other than mere fighting off drug trafficking, proliferation and usage."
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Drugs and Morality, 2005.
Argues that drug laws should be morally enforced as they infringe on the security and welfare of the public.
2,086 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
While the paper argues against the concept of morality laws as an infringement upon civil liberties and human rights, it maintains that drug laws are an acceptable and legitimate form of morality laws. This is due to the fact that drug addiction is not an entirely private behavior, as it can lead to criminal public behavior that threatens the welfare of society, harming nations economically and threatening the lives and property of citizens.
From the Paper
"The logic behind laws should be the protection of society's welfare, but never through interference with issues of morality, unless they involve behaviours and practices that are of harm to others. In this context, laws should not try to address issues which relate to private sexual behaviour, regardless of how bizarre or unusual the majority views that behaviour. This is because, as long as it occurs between consenting adults and has no harmful effect on others, legal interference would undermine the doctrine of liberty and individual freedom. Many drug users and others who are sympathetic to their lifestyle choice, argue that the same principle should apply to drug use. Supporters of drug legalization maintain that use should be a matter of individual choice and that government interference with the right to decide on whether or not to use drugs, conflicts with the concept of liberty."
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The Concept of Legitimate Authority, 2001.
This essay is an analysis of the concept of legitimate authority in "Antigone" written by Sophocles in 442 BC.
1,705 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper is an analysis of the play "Antigone" written by Sophocles and its main themes. It discusses mainly the concept of legitimate authority and how it is portrayed in the play. In the play we see a very strong distinction between the laws of the gods and the laws of Creon, the king of Thebes. The play tells of Antigone and Ismene and their brothers Eteocles and Polyneices. It compares the play to "Letter from Birmingham" which was written by Martin Luther King, Jr. after he had been jailed in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963. The letter was a response to a statement made by eight white Alabama clergymen urging the black community to withdraw support from demonstrations taking place in Birmingham.
From the Paper
"Letter from Birmingham deals with a situation different from, but the same as, that in which Antigone found herself. The letter was written by Martin Luther King, Jr. after he had been jailed in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963. He had broken the law by participating in a demonstration against the treatment of blacks in the community. The letter was a response to a statement made by eight white Alabama clergymen urging the black community to withdraw support from demonstrations taking place in Birmingham. The statement of the clergymen appealed for law and order and common sense to be used in dealing with the racial problems faced by the blacks of Alabama. They believed these matters could be handled in the courts, and that the decisions made by the courts should be obeyed. They deemed the demonstrations, some of which were being lead by outsiders as unwise and untimely."
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Legitimate Authority, 2008.
This paper discusses the principles of just war and legitimate authority.
733 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the principle of legitimate authority, which mandates that war cannot be waged against any government, nation or population without it first being authorized and approved by the proper legal authorities. The paper shows how the current war in Iraq and civil war in America are used as examples of this principle.
From the Paper
"One example of this policy can be seen in the United States. In America the body of Congress is able to declare war, and in fact is the only body of government with the authority to do so(Principle of Legitimate Authority http://atheism.about.com/od/warandmorality/a/jusadbellum_3.htm).
"Because Congress is comprised of many political representatives, and a majority must agree to declare war, the US public is protected from having its government go into a war without considering the consequences first."
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Legitimating Role of the United Nations, 2003.
Examines the role of the United Nations as a legitimating instrument.
3,680 words (approx. 14.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 184.95
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Abstract
The role of the United Nations as a legitimating instrument is discussed in this paper. A contrast is drawn between the Gulf War of 1991, with broad international acknowledgment of its legitimacy, and the unilateralism of the war against Iraq.
From the Paper
"The most common criticism of the United Nations is that it is incapable of taking decisive action on its own. It can act only if some member nation or a coalition of member ..."
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Can Civil Disobedience Be Legitimate?, 2002.
This paper argues the position that it is sometimes necessary and ethical to disobey the law.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses how it is sometimes imperative to disobey the law. There are indeed many circumstances one can think of in which disobeying the law might be the ethically right thing to do. A general right of civil disobedience is defensible.
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The Health Care Industry, 2004.
This paper discusses three articles from ?Health Affairs Chevy Chase? about problems within the health care industry in the area of pharmaceuticals and leadership.
2,520 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 110.95
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Abstract
The paper examines these articles: ?The Link between Gross Profitability and Pharmaceutical R&D Spending? by F.M. Scherer; ?The Impact of Pipeline Drugs on Drug Spending Growth? by Mullins, Wang, Palumbo and Stuart; and ?Improving the Quality of Health Care: Who Will Lead?? by Becher and Chassin. The first article explains pharmaceutical firms are not playing fair and square with the data regarding what amount of profits they are actually pouring into legitimate research and development projects. The author points out, from the second article, that the market can predict quite easily the impact of each new drug because an increase in consumer spending on these drugs can be evaluated by using the three factors of price, utilization, and product shift. The paper relates, in the third article that, today in the health care industry, there are three categories of quality problems, which harm patients, including not getting beneficial health services, undergoing treatments or procedures from which they will not benefit, and receiving the medical services they really need, but having those services provided badly, which exposes patients to an addition risk of preventable complications.
Table of Contents
Article 1: The Link between Gross Profitability and Pharmaceutical R&D Spending
Introduction
Time-Series Analysis,
The Gross Margins versus R&D
Article 2: The Impact of Pipeline Drugs on Drug Spending Growth
Article 3: Improving the Quality Of Health Care: Who Will Lead?
From the Paper
"However, if those making executive decisions within pharmaceutical companies have the vision to see what will sell on the market two or three years down the road ? as for example, Tagamet sold well in 1977, and it was an R&D launch ? there are great opportunities for great new profits. That means drug companies are not just hiding profits or concealing profits on so-called R&D, to satisfy stockholders and other interested parties."
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Money Laundering, 2004.
This paper discusses money laundering, a process of legitimization that conceals the illegal source of funds or, in the case of terrorism, the illegal application of income.
1,905 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that money laundering is a principal element in organized crime and in terrorism. The author points out that, recently, the focus of federal law regarding money laundering has undergone drastic changes as legislators think of it less in terms of the obfuscation of ill-gotten gains and more in terms of terrorism and national security. The paper relates the Enron and Worldcom banking scandals of late 2001 and 2002 also prompted legislators to review money laundering legislation.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Recent Developments
Money Laundering and Terrorism
The International Attempt to Combat Terrorism, Fraud and Criminal Activity
Legislation since the RICO and the ?War on Drugs?
Future Threats
From the Paper
"In conjunction with the Reagan Administration?s ?War on Drugs,? Congress passed the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986, which created liability for any individual who conducts a monetary transaction knowing that the funds have been derived through unlawful activity. This act reflected the growing role of international money wire transfers; previous legislation had failed in that it didn?t address this problem sufficiently. It also was in line with the federal government?s new approach to organized crime that was defined in Title 18 of the United States Code; RICO or "Racketeer-Influenced and Corrupt Organizations." RICO encourages investigators "to think in terms of gathering evidence and obtaining indictments against entire 'enterprises like each organized crime family," and it allows prosecutors to present at trial "a complete picture of what the defendant was doing and why -- instead of the artificially fragmented picture that traditional criminal law demands.""
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Mythology in Art: the Ara Pacis and the Parthenon, 2003.
This paper looks at the ways in which mythology served as the means of legitimizing power for rulers who built and/or renovated the Ara Pacis and the Parthenon.
2,104 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by focusing on the Ara Pacis and then moves on to the Parthenon. Its argument is that both of these structures serve as sources of legitimization of power and that the means of this legitimization is mythology.
From the Paper
"Two works of art, the Ara Pacis monument and the Parthenon, exemplify the use of mythology as a tool of legitimization. In each case, the patrons sought to solidify their power by associating their societies with the gods. In the case of the Ara Pacis (fig. 1), Augustus sought to revitalize the Roman state to its former grandeur by building a monument to peace and a virtuous society. As David Castriota states, in The Ara Pacis Augustae?: ?The Ara Pacis was a complex creation intended to embody the ideology of the Roman state at a pivotal stage of its development? Augustus and the ruling Roman elite? were? committed to the belief that the Roman state could meet the imperial challenge only by renewing and revitalizing popular belief in the national mores and institutions which had been progressively eroded by the decades of military and political strife, social unrest, and cultural confrontation endemic to the Late Republic (3).? In the case of the Parthenon, Pericles sought to associate the victory of Athens over the Persians (in the Persian war) with the gods. This war began in 499 B.C. and stretched into the year 480 B.C., when the Persians sacked Athens (Skokstad 178). The temple was dedicated to Athena, the goddess of victory in war. Pericles claimed that she helped the Athenians vanquish over the Persians."
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Cryptographic Case Study, 2006.
A case study of an active data encryption solution (RSA), used by a customer at Modern Security Trust Bank, that is supposed to ensure that all transactions are legitimate.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This document discusses the case of Alice, a high net worth customer of the Modern Security Trust Bank in which she had significant deposits. Alice constructed an encryption device based on RST encryption technology and gave the public key encryption to Frank at the bank. She kept the private key in her residence. Frank claims to have received an order to transfer a $1,000,000 to his personal bank account from Alice's bank account upon her instructions. This is an instruction that Alice claims to never have given and she insists that Frank produced the encrypted message himself. The paper explains how, on the the surface, this case appears to be a simple one of bank fraud and breech of fiduciary trust, but it is complicated by the presence of an active data encryption solution (RSA) that ensures all transactions are legitimate or are intended to be legitimate within the context of the human organization within in which it is meant to function.
From the Paper
"Modern Security Trust (MST) is a technology dependent banking institution that caters to net-worth individuals as well as clients with less spectacular incomes. At issue is a $1,000,000 deposit withdrawn from Alice, a high net-worth client of MST which was, in turn, deposited into a bank account in the Caribbean island of Nevis where it was discovered that the bank account was owned by an MST employee entrusted with the security of Alice's account."
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Pablo Escobar - Colombian King Pin, 2002.
The paper examines the life of the late drug king pin, Pablo Escobar and the role he played in the Colombian criminal justice system.
1,999 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 91.95
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Abstract
The paper traces Escobar's life from humble peasant beginnings to powerful cocaine drug dealer and kingpin. The paper discusses the sound financial decisions Escobar made as well as the way he invested in legitimate projects using the funds he gained illegally. The paper explores the influence Escobar had and the way he worked, ultimately unsuccessfully, to establish a no-extradition clause into the Colombian constitution.
From the Paper
"Escobar believed his entire life that he was something special. He wanted to get to the top quickly and as a child decided he was not going to take the slow and steady path that law abiding citizens took. He began a life of crime, without regard to who he hurt and killed along the way(Fontaine, 2001). His eventual success in the community did not negate the means he used to gain that success however and when he tried to use his gained political popularity to change the constitution in a manner that would erase his past the public turned on him. He went to prison, escaped and died(Fontaine, 2001). Had Escobar not existed, the business aspects of the drug world would not be as organized as it is. He was able to develop solid financial and business practices in an illegal world. He left a mark in which is name will always be associated with the notorious drug lords of the world. Pablo Esobar wanted the good life, but he didn?t care who he hurt to get it."
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NATO in Kosovo, 2002.
Discusses the validity of the Independent International Commission's statement that NATO's action in Kosovo was "illegal but legitimate."
3,900 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 16 sources, AU$ 206.95
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Abstract
This sixteen-page postgraduate research paper discusses the validity of the Independent International Commission's statement that NATO's action in Kosovo was "illegal but legitimate." It also deals with NATO's action as "humanitarian intervention." It is discovered through critical analysis that NATO's action was perhaps humanitarian, illegal and legitimate. And new international laws are needed to discard the "illegal" element in such actions.
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Human Equality and Inequality, 2006.
An argument that Thomas Hobbes' view that all humans are equal is more legitimate than Aristotle's view.
1,870 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper explores both the philosophers, Thomas Hobbes and Aristotle's claims about human equality and inequality. The paper examines each argument and discusses the different points made by each philosopher. It argues that Hobbes' view of human equality is more legitimate than Aristotle's and discusses the reasoning behind this argument.
From the Paper
"Since the beginning of civilization, man has always been perplexed by questions dealing with the unknown. What purpose does the existence of human beings serve? Why do things happen the way they do? Throughout history, philosophers have gone through much contemplation in order to find reason for unsolved mysteries. Aristotle, an ancient Greek philosopher born into an aristocratic family, became a man of his time after trying to find rational explanations in tasks as simple as household activities to political concepts as complex as sovereign regime type. As a result of the traditions and culture of ancient Greece in the 300s BCE, Aristotle's ideas about life and human nature seem more idealistic than modern philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes. Having lived during the late 16th and early 17th century, Hobbes had a more scientific and rational approach to life than Aristotle did due to new ideas that emerged during the medieval time period."
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Voodoo, 2006.
An argumentative attempt to prove that Voodoo is indeed a legitimate form of religious practice.
956 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper provides details of the history, migration to the new world, principles, rituals, and key figures surrounding Voodoo, proving Voodoo to be a legitimate form of religious practice. This paper provides a thorough description of people, such as Marie Laveau, who brought Voodoo to new heights in America.
From the Paper
"Evil witchdoctors, devil worship, and flesh-eating zombies are merely three common misconceptions of ignorant America with regards to Voodoo. Voodoo, meaning "spirit", is a derivative of the world's most ancient religions practiced on the continent of Africa for over ten thousand years. This religion predates the majority of those practiced in present day America. Through out time there have been several attempts to ignore and eliminate this religious practice, for it was and has been frowned upon from the moment it was transplanted in the New World. The strength followers have received from Voodoo has made it possible for this faith to survive persecution."
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"Julius Ceasar", 2002.
Asks what principles legitimate political action in Shakespeare's "Julius Ceasar".
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Julius Caesar and the legitimate principles of political action. What makes this play so complex is that the political and moral outlooks of the main characters are opposed to their actual positions and actions. Right motives and noble principles are found where evil should be easily identified.
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