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The Legacy of the Ottoman Empire, 2005.
An assessment of the main legacy left by the fall of the Ottoman Empire on the modern Middle East.
3,609 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 145.95
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Abstract
The Ottoman Empire ranks alongside the Roman and Byzantine as one of the most powerful and long-lasting imperial systems in world history. This paper focuses on the disintegration of the Ottoman dominion and the manner in which their former territories came to be under the thumb of the victorious European powers. In particular, it analyses the manner in which the Western Powers exerted influence on the breakup of the Ottoman Empire and the makeup of the Middle East after World War One.
From the Paper
"The Ottomans had mistakenly chosen to ally themselves with the Central Powers, and when they were defeated, all of the Middle East, formerly part of the Ottoman Empire became 'up for grabs' as spheres of influence for the victorious Allied nations. This is where many of the Middle East problems we face today began. The generally unsound Treaties, drawn up by the Western powers, combined with those far removed, European politicians, arbitrarily created the Middle East national boundaries that exist today without any regard to local geography, tribal affiliations or national identity. Inevitably, this method of decision making and map drawing was to prove fallacious, yet at the time there was little criticism, bar that of the Turkish nationalists. Whether or not the victorious European powers believed or even desired that this system endure and even flourish is a topic of uncertainty."
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Introduction to the Ottoman Empire, 2005.
A historical overview of one of the most fascinating periods in the history of civilization, the era of the Ottoman empire.
3,301 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 14 sources, APA, AU$ 136.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a thorough overview of the history of the Ottoman Empire and the impact it had on the world. The paper describes the early structure of the empire's political and military might, the Ottoman empire's gradual demise and its final collapse.
The Early Structure of Political and Military Power
in the Ottoman Empire
Turkish Military: The First Place the Turks Occupied in Europe was
Gallipoli
The Growth and Expansion of Russia from the 18th Century Onwards
Egypt (because of cotton) Begins a Move Away
from the Ottoman Empire
Demands Pressed Upon the Ottoman State - and Russian Expansion -
Led to a Further Weakening of Ottoman
The Janissary Corps
The Ottoman Failure to Reform the Inefficient System of
Government they were Using
The Origin and Decline of the Ottoman Empire
From the Paper
"And it is important to note that Turkey's domination over Africa's northern areas was not entirely well defined, and the Ottoman Empire did not really have permanent, clear-cut borders; rather, the empire was more of a military administration over a vast region of diverse cultures and geography."
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Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 2004.
Analyzes events that led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire in 1922.
2,236 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 100.95
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Abstract
The legacy of the Ottoman Empire can be found in a modern secular Turkish nation today, which is poised to join the European Union as an equal partner in the international community. The causes for the downfall of the Ottoman Empire seem fairly concrete to some who believe that the economy was in a horrid state and that most people were near starvation, while others think that the internal economy was doing just fine, and it was only the external economic trade that was failing. This paper provides an overview of the events leading up to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1922, followed by an analysis of the events surrounding the internal and external economic conditions of the empire as it was declining through its ultimate collapse. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"According to McCarthy, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the reasons for the failing Ottoman economy mostly stemmed from internal problems such as a lack of capital, inadequate skilled manpower, and insufficient capital goods; however, the Ottomans could not be held accountable for all of the effects of the international invisible hand at work: "Some of the Ottoman's problems were simply the workings of the world market." For example, increasingly modern methods of transport enabled European countries with advanced production capabilities to send products more quickly and cheaply to underdeveloped regions where people were desperate for goods they were unable to produce themselves. In this environment, the European nations were in a position to demand more favourable terms from the Ottomans, and the Europeans exacted a series of trade capitulations that forced the Ottomans to accept disadvantageous terms of trade."
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Fall of the Ottoman Empire, 2008.
A discussion of the factors surrounding the fall of the Ottoman empire.
2,375 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire as a result of many mitigating factors, centralized and weak power in the ineffectual sultanate, nepotism, capitulations, military weaknesses, economic crisis and opposing European development and strength. The paper points out that the empire, which had been marked by extreme pluralism and demonstrative social order, in the face of massive variances of culture and economies in a huge empire faced internal and external strife that eventually toppled it. The development of the Ottoman Empire, which had begun under the auspices of economic power, was demonstrated in technological development and place-based economics, as well as social and religious tolerance. The paper concludes that, ultimately, the Ottoman empire fell because these progressive ideals were disseminated into a culture that demanded adherence to traditions that were archaic and contrary to continued economic and social development.
From the Paper
"European trade agreements were not an unusual economic situation in the Ottoman empire. Many in fact date back to the beginning of centralized development. As a mater of rational congress, individual and state sponsored cooperation was offered to European entities to facilitate profit and the export of goods that were thought essential to Europe and therefore Europeans and their traders were willing to pay well for. One clear example of this is the age old spice trade that could not reach Europe without some transgression across Ottoman lands. (Goffman 181) (Sicker 10) (Barsoumian 174) To some degree the centralization of power also demanded the continued centralization of economic dominance, by the state, so these age old compromises and pacts that were the development of regional propriety began to be seen by the central government as in need of its own official stamp. So, as an extension of the egalitarian manner in which individual principalities and faiths were allowed relative independence the state created trade capitulations to further develop European trade control."
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The Decline of the Ottoman Empire., 2002.
Examines the decline of the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 11 sources, AU$ 128.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the decline of the Ottoman Empire. It assesses the technological imbalance that arose between the Ottoman Empire and the European Powers. It focuses on the diplomatic dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire throughout the nineteenth century.
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Ottoman Empire Reforms, 2007.
This paper looks at the Tanzimat reforms of reformist sultans in the Ottoman Empire, with a focus on Mount Lebanon.
990 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that in the mid 1800s, reformist sultans in the Ottoman Empire developed and issued the Tanzimat, a set of policy reforms. The paper discusses the political environment and policy system that the Tanzimat was designed to address. The paper discusses the general direction of the reformist agenda and highlights the application of that agenda in the Mount Lebanon province in order to assess the success of the Ottoman reforms and their subsequent impact on policy administration in the modern Middle East.
Outline:
Local Administration in the Ottoman Empire
Implementation of the Tanzimat in Mount Lebanon
From the Paper
"In the mid 1800's, reformist sultans in the Ottoman Empire developed and issued the Tanzimat, a set of policy reforms that were designed to alter the established governing institutions of the empire and halt the empire's slow decline in relation to emerging border nations across Europe. The essential direction of the reforms was to centralize and secularize policy administration throughout the empire in order to ensure that individual citizens were treated fairly and equally, and that the empire remained united and strengthened. In order to achieve this, reformist sultans realized that local institutions had to be controlled so that they were not taking advantage of their distance from the capital to manipulate subjects and policy in order enrich a few local citizens. Their attempt at reform was, at its foundation, the same movement toward rationalizing and realigning policy administration that occurred in the nations of Europe in and around the 18th Century, so that the elements of the modern state could emerge throughout the scattered empire."
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"The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It", 2007.
An analysis of the book "The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It", by Suraiya Faroqhi.
947 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the discussion of the complex relationships the Ottoman Turkish Empire had with her European and Middle Eastern neighbors, as presented in Suraiya Faroqhi's book "The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It". In particular, the paper examines the writing style and expertise of author Suraiya Faroqhi. The paper discusses how the book examines the time period when the Turks were the foremost power in the Muslim world, taking the title from the Arabs before them.
From the Paper
"One of the most controversial and most generalized peoples that ever entered the European continent are the Turks. Beginning with the Seljuks, this ethnicity originally from near Mongolia has stayed in the European mindset, even to this day. The actions of Turkish ancestors still might be affecting modern Turkey's inadmission to the European Union."
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Greece and the Ottoman Empire ? Neither Assimilation nor Domination, 2006.
An examination of the influences of the Greek and Ottoman Empires.
11,527 words (approx. 46.1 pages), 22 sources, APA, AU$ 325.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author attempts to address exactly how the Greeks reacted to the fall of Constantinople to the Turkish Empire. He highlights how preliminary research appears to show that some Greeks renounced their culture and their church and were fully assimilated into the Ottoman Empire, but that a greater number of Greeks (The Phanariots) retained their language, their culture and their religion and were able to not only prosper but rise to positions of significant power in the empire. These individuals colluded with the Ottomans without becoming part of them. A third group of Greeks who remained in the Greek Islands evaded daily contact with their rulers and lived the ordinary lives of Greek peasants and sailors in the previous millennium.The paper concludes with the evidence that the Greeks ended up destroying the Ottomans.
Considering Assimilation
The Ottomans and the Bulgarians
What is Greece and Who are Greeks?
Introduction of the Ottoman System
Bulgarian Society under the Turks
Ottoman Domination of Eastern Europe and the Middle East
Slavery in the Arab World and the Janissaries
Dhimmis (Protected Persons)
Millets and the Phanariots
The Greek Establishment after Constantinople's Fall
Revolutionary Influences versus Ottoman Sympathizers
Greece's Revolutionary Phase
After the Revolution
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is interesting to observe that the founding father's of the United States looked to Greece and its early democracy as an ideal on which they would build post revolutionary America and that the American revolution was first fought by dissatisfied over taxed small farmers (North Carolina) and then joined eventually by members of the elite who had experience in military science and political organization. It is interesting to note that the wealthy and middle class colonists in America were very reluctant to revolt against the British especially in the early years of the revolution".
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16th Century Ottoman Empire, 2002.
This paper looks at how serious a threat the Ottoman Empire was to Europe in the 16th century.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 120.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the nature of the threat that the Ottoman Empire posed to 16th century European states. The author finds that the reality of the menace is accepted during the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent, but the magnitude of the danger is, however, questioned.
From the Paper
"At first glance it is tempting to view the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century as posing a very serious threat indeed to Europe. From the reign of Mehmet II, the achievements of the Sultans mounted, so that in order to understand the menace of the Ottomans one must place due emphasis on the capture of Constantinople by the aforementioned Sultan in 1453. From this point the momentum driving the Ottoman state to becoming a major power seemed to generally increase, through the reigns of Bayezit II, Selim I and culminating in the reign of the ?lawgiver? Suleyman, known by the West as the ?Magnificent.? Indeed, it is clear that the threat posed was a real one, and at times serious enough to provoke a sense off panic from European peoples, especially following moments such as when the army of Suleyman laid siege to Vienna for some 3 weeks before withdrawing before the winter of 1529. There were also some impressive victories for the Ottomans: Rhodes, described by Ann Williams as ?the thorn in the Sultan?s flesh? was taken from the Knights of St. John in 1522, and Belgrade the ?gateway to central Europe? captured in the same year as the defeat and slaughter of the army of Louis II of Hungary. Barbarossa, as Lord Admiral of Suleyman?s formidable fleet ravaged the coastline of Italy and North Africa and pitched himself against Dorea, and posed a serious distraction for Charles V. However, the reality of the threat the Ottomans posed has been inordinately presented, a process which began in the interpretations made by contemporary 16th century commentators whose knowledge of the east was often incomplete. An examination of Knolles ?General History of the Turks? praises aspects of the Ottoman Empire such as its military and political organisation and unified faith whilst revealing the author?s lack of acquaintance with it in his portrayal of the Turks as a society primarily militaristic, uncultured, corrupt and unstable. Thus whilst communicating the strength of the Islamic adversary in order to encourage Christian unity in the face of danger, he is loath to credit the Ottomans to highly as a race of foreign ?others.? His prejudices and motivations therefore dictates that his source by treated with caution, and indicates to the historian the dangers of accepting 16th century interpretations of the threat posed by the Ottomans too highly."
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The Ottoman Empire, 2005.
This paper offers a brief history of the Ottoman Empire based on the book; "A History of the Arab Peoples" by Albert Hourani.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper documents the Ottoman Empire based on the book; "A History of the Arab Peoples" by Albert Hourani. The paper explains the rise of Islam to the present day.
From the Paper
"Albert Hourani provides a history of the Arab-speaking parts of the Islamic world, from the rise of Islam to the present day. Hourani writes extensively about the Ottoman Empire, a state founded in the late 18th century by Turkish tribes in Anatolia and ruled by the descendants of Osman I. The principality founded by Osman was at the main point of contact with the Byzantine Empire."
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The Ottoman Empire and Current Balkan Conflicts, 2002.
Examines the relevance of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans to contemporary current conflicts and tensions in that region.
6,050 words (approx. 24.2 pages), 22 sources, MLA, AU$ 207.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the nature and long duration of Ottoman rule in the Balkans. The writer reviews the deep and long lasting effects on the nations which today make up the Balkan Peninsula. The first part examines how during the first several centuries of Ottoman rule, its legacy was conducive to the maintenance of order, prosperity and ethnic and religious toleration. The second part explores how certain facets of Ottoman policy and practice, also contributed to the stunting of the area's political, economic and intellectual growth.
From the Paper
"The term Balkans, which means in Turkish 'chain of wooded mountains,' refers to the southeastern peninsula of Europe, the largely mountainous lands which lie between the Adriatic Sea on the west, the plains of Central Europe to the north, the steppes of Russia/Ukraine to the east, the Black Sea and Asia Minor to the southeast and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. It contains the modern nations of Albania, Bulgaria, Greece and Romania and all of the nations which have emerged from the breakup in the 1990s of the former Yugoslavia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia and Slovenia."
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Jews in the Ottoman Empire, 1995.
This paper discusses Jews in the Ottoman Empire, the area of the city of Safed, (now in Israel) in the 16th Century: Living conditions in historical, cultural and economic terms, population, life-style, tolerance and oppression in different regions.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 68.95
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From the Paper
"The sixteenth century brought change to most of the western world. The general upheaval being felt throughout Europe affected the lives of the Jews, as well as the Christians. The Middle Ages had ended and the Renaissance begun. Jewish communities from all over Europe were being expelled. At the same time, the Ottoman Empire was in need of settlers and the nobility of Eastern Europe, soon to become part of Russia, was in need of services that the Jews could provide. National boundaries were not yet set between countries. The different groups of Jews found conditions at each region or locality dependent on the current ruling nobility. This paper will look in a general way at the conditions found by Jews living in the Ottoman Empire, in the sixteenth century, the area of the city of Safed, and the conditions that were found along the border of the ... "
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Ottoman Empire And Balkan Conflicts, 2000.
An examination of the history, development, conquests, contributions and decline of the Empire and its relevance to ethnic and territorial conflicts in late 20th century politics, economics, extreme nationalism and leadership.
5,400 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 22 sources, AU$ 195.95
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Abstract
This research paper examines the relevance of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans to contemporary current conflicts and tensions in that region. Because of the nature and long duration of Ottoman rule in the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire left deep and longlasting effects on the nations which today make up the Balkan peninsula
From the Paper
"Ottoman Empire And Currebt Balkan Conflicts
This research paper examines the relevance of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans to contemporary current conflicts and tensions in that region. Because of the nature and long duration of Ottoman rule in the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire left deep and longlasting effects on the nations which today make up the Balkan peninsula. In some respects and especially during the first several centuries of Ottoman rule, its legacy was conducive to the maintenance of order, prosperity and ethnic and religious toleration. However, certain facets of Ottoman policy and practice, which intensified as its Empire declined and its hold over the Balkans weakened, also contributed to the stunting of the area's political, economic and intellectual growth, and the development and the exacerbation of deep-seated ethno-religious..."
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Millet System and Christianity in the Ottoman Empire, 2005.
Describes the Millet system of governance, imposed by the Ottomans over their subjects, especially those in Eastern Europe. Focuses on the failures of the system.
2,725 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 117.95
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Abstract
This paper shows that there were few reasons for the millet, and later the tanzimat, to fail. The first and most important was the intolerance of Ottoman Muslims towards the other religions in the Empire. It explains that, while the earlier Arab empires tolerated foreigners and non-believers, Ottomans effectively shut Christians out of the society. Second, the Ottoman Empire failed to reform together with its European counterparts, forever remaining an inefficient feudal and militaristic regime with the Sultan holding an absolute power. The writer concludes that religious and ethnic tolerance in a society of that kind are simply impossible to achieve.
From the Paper
"The millet system that the Ottoman Empire introduced to its conquered territories has often been presented as the perfect solution for peaceful coexistence between the ethnically, racially and religiously different peoples in its lands. This misconception has enjoyed especially high popularity in the West. In order to accommodate the new geopolitical realities - a modern Turkey that is one of America?s staunchest allies, a member of NATO, and a candidate for an admission to the European Union ? the West has turned a blind eye on Turkey?s bloody history and its continuous history of human rights violations."
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The Ottoman and Mongol Empires, 2008.
A comparative analysis of the influence of the Ottoman and Mongol empires on western civilization.
1,299 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the Ottoman and Mongol empires have made their mark in history as powerful empires and how their influence extended across continents and defied the traditional Western powers. It looks at how both empires overpowered countries more established and stronger that they were while they themselves were still building their own countries. The paper also discusses how the study of their influence in Europe provides social and political scientists insights into the region's historical politics, economy and society and how these two empires have served as learning models for subsequent governments to strengthen their states as well as use the very same principles to extend their own interests in the world.
Outline:
Mongol Empire
Ottoman Empire
Comparison
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Ottomans are credited for the foundation of modern international commerce. They also used embargoes and other trade based strategies to support their political and military agendas (Cox et al, 2001). The modern form of trade organizations and toll systems were based on Ottoman system of trafficking and controlling goods. The Ottoman's rise and decline were both prolonged ("Ottoman Empire", 2006). Some historian believe that one of the reasons for this that the Ottoman empire was not a looming military threat for any country and that it was more programmed to operate in a leisurely way and states were allowed to manage their affairs independently (Sicker, 2000). In its later years, it became more active internally with civil strife which eventfully disintegrated the empire ("Ottoman Empire", 2006)."
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The Abbasid and Ottoman Empires, 2008.
This paper discusses the Abbasid and Ottoman empires, as possible examples of Islamic imperialism.
1,360 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Abbasid and Ottoman empires made use of the glorification of Islam. The author points out that these empires attempted a standardization of language, brokered different relationships with non-Muslims, saw extensive economic growth and continued expansion of the arts, letters and cultural attainment. The paper relates that both the Abbasid and Ottoman empires had the emotive symbols of their respective capitals as political, commercial and spiritual centers. The author underscores that both empires made errors in over-expansion, failure to consistently respect minorities and the use of force. The paper concludes that the result was forever fragmentation when faced by external pressures and the risk of oppressing constituent groups, which tends to affect all empires in the end.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Political Control and the Abbasid Empire
Economic and Social Affairs
Symptoms of Decline
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The decline of the Abbasids owed in good measure to the way in which the Shii community had been treated since the beginning. Anti-Caliphal sentiment understandably continued as much the Sunni ulama worked to crate the impression of Muslim unity by way of strong self definition and standardization of law, language, religious practice and political rationales. By the 13th century, the Abbasid Empire was a fragmented collection of states and territories ruled by military commanders. Of course, the Ottoman Empire would also over-expand, its different oppressive campaigns and government by military force creating quiet enemies."
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