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Lebanon: Whither its' Independence?, 2006.
An overview of Lebanon's history since its independence.
1,492 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the political strife, civil wars and social and economic chaos that have been a part of Lebanon's history almost since the country achieved its independence in 1941. The paper also looks at past leaders of Lebanon who were assassinated, tensions between Lebanon and its neighbors, Syria and Israel, and the persistent problem created by radical Palestinians and Hezbollah members who reside with Lebanon.
From the Paper
"In 1975, an even worse civil war broke out, and it is estimated (Brunner 808) that some 40,000 Lebanese of all religious persuasions, were killed. Again, there was an uneasy truce, with a lot of political shuffling among the politicians who wanted to, or claimed, they had the power to rule. "Civil war erupted again in 1983. From 1987 to 1990, fighting was heavy and thousands died. The government could not operate normally or sponsor elections for parliament, which was last elected in 1972. Amin Gamayel became president after Bashir Gamayel was assassinated in 1982. He served until 1988, when General Michel Aoun took control of the government. Aoun, a Maronite, ordered parliament dissolved in 1989. However, parliament did not recognize his authority and elected Rene Moawad president. He was assassinated a few days later by Aoun loyalists. Elias Hrawi was then elected president of Lebanon. Aoun was dismissed, but he continued to battle rival Christian forces" (CultureGram 2006 2). Worse yet, Beirut, the capital was bitterly dfivided, and a "Green Line"was drawn up separating the city into East and West sides, who did not want to interact with one another."
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Lebanon's Economics.
This paper discusses the management of Lebanon's public debt.
4,020 words (approx. 16.1 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 156.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Lebanon's massive debt, which exceeds $35 billion and which is attributed to the substantial expenditure to rectify the damages to the infrastructure caused by the civil war and continued borrowing and spending, is taking away most of the government's revenues in terms of debt servicing; however, Lebanon has registered a marked improvement in economic performance. The author points out that the Paris II conference in 2002 committed over $4 billion to Lebanon in the form of soft loans, subject to the condition that Lebanon would implement specific reforms, including privatization. The paper relates that the International Monetary Fund, while commending the improvement of macroeconomic parameters, has expressed deep concern at the rising debt levels and lack of progress in privatization.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Lebanese Economy and Economic Trends
Agreements with IMF
Lebanon's Debt Position
National Income
Treasury performance
Privatization
Recommendations for Improving the Debt Position of Lebanon
Rationalization of National Expenditures
Improve Macroeconomic Stabilization
Free Trade
Proceed with Structural Reforms
Better Debt Management
Improving the Functioning of Finance Sector and Banking Sector
Focus on Infrastructure
Flexible Exchange Rates
Other Recommendations
From the Paper
"The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has projected that the growth in GDP growth of 5 percent in 2004. Although the Iraq war did affect trade, Lebanon managed to achieve a real GDP growth of about three percent in 2003, even while keeping inflation under tight control. Added to this is the depreciation of the US dollar, which has resulted in greater price competitiveness for Lebanese goods and services, since the Lebanese pound is pegged to the dollar. Another reason is the substantial increase in the capital inflows in 2003, due to increase in Arab savings and good returns on deposits. For instance, yields on two year deposits and treasury bills have settled around 8 percent. Consequently, the liquidity showed a growth of 15 percent in 2003. Gross reserves were around USD 10 billion, However, the current account deficit declined only marginally to about 13 percent of the GDP."
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Lebanon, 2006.
An examination of business potential in Lebanon.
2,676 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 116.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author examines the industry and infrastructure of Lebanon. He looks at the changes the country has undergone over the past few decades. The author highlights how Lebanon is both oil rich, and high in demand because of its strategic geographical location within the Middle East. The author tells us that in order to fully take advantage of this country's vast resources, an understanding of its people, its economy, as well as the politics behinds its complex government system must be achieved. The paper proceeds to discuss all of these aspects of Lebanon, in the hope that the reader will have a better understanding of the country. He concludes that there is great business potential in Lebanon which has not yet been tapped. With businesses to buffer its infrastructure, Lebanon will once again emerge as a power within the Middle Eastern area, which is why this country is ideal for foreign investments.
From the Paper
"The actual figures for the growth of this country are significant. The annual GDP currently stands at 18.8 billion dollars. Although this is not large in relation to other countries in the region, proportionally it is much better than the state of financial affairs a decade before. The real growth rate is around 4% and increasing every year as the infrastructure of Lebanon improves. As of the 2000 census, most of the nation's GDP comes from the services sector of the economy which makes up 67% of the total GDP. The rest is split between agriculture which controls 12%, and industry, which takes the rest of the 21%. The labor force which consists of 2.6 million has within its population almost a million people that are foreign workers. These workers are split between the industrial and agricultural employment within Lebanon. The unemployment rate is still abnormally high at 18%, but with the recent privatization of many industries this figure is forecasted to drop. The real danger is that the current poverty rate within Lebanon is an astounding 28%. Which means that 28% of the population is below the poverty line in the country. Without a tangible welfare system to aid the poor, a full quarter of the country is in a state of starvation and extreme poverty."
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Lebanon Pound in Foreign Exchange, 2002.
This paper examines foreign exchange rate policy and its application in Lebanon and compares to it to the policies of Egypt and Israel.
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Lebanon was an important international financial center through 1975; but, since 1975 the Lebanese economy has seldom had a chance to function efficiently and monetary stability frequently has proven to be elusive. This paper points out that the current exchange rate policy followed by Lebanon is a managed float targeted to the United States dollar. The author reports that Egypt?s current exchange rate policy is the same as Lebanon?s managed float; but Israel follows a composite currency peg policy, which assigns proportional weights to a basket of currencies to establish the exchange value for their currency and reflects that country?s international trade, capital flows and other relevant economic aggregates. Annotated Bibliography.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Historical Overview
Current Exchange Rate Policy
Comparing Lebanon?s Exchange Rate Policy with Those of Egypt and Israel
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Since 1992, the government of Lebanon has faced-up to the job of restoring economic stability and confidence in the country. The government and the Central Bank of Lebanon also have broken the hold on the country?s the economy of the vicious circle of inflationary financing and instability of the rate of exchange of the Lebanese pound. These actions primarily were manifestations of the dire political status in which Lebanon found itself as both a pawn and a battleground for Israelis, Syrians and Arab militant organizations."
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The Republic of Lebanon, 2008.
A look at the issue of public administration in the Republic of Lebanon.
2,253 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 100.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses public administration in the Republic of Lebanon,
noting that the system is widely known for its corruption scandals, its high level of inefficiency, as well as its weak ties with the people it serves. The paper then provides a description of the current situation of public administration there and discusses the issue in the framework of the "ethical problem-solving model".
Description of the Public Administration in Lebanon
Analysis
Decision
From the Paper
"According to a 2003 Report of Transparency International, the most important nongovernmental organization following up on the corruption related issues concerning the countries of the world, Lebanon was place on the 78th position out of 133 countries surveyed in relation to the corruption index (United Nations, 2004). The same source indicates that the "numerous corruption cases on the Lebanese and international public opinion, (...) red tape in the administration and the frequency of bribery, not resolving corruption cases, such as that in the ministry of agriculture, embezzlement in Al-Madina Bank, and accusations of mismanagement in the Electricite du Liban would negatively impact respondents perceptions of corruption in Lebanon" contending that the most important element affecting the perception of the individual, as well as the general perception of the international forces accessing the country is the corruption and the lack of efficiency of the Lebanese administration (2004)."
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American Policy in Lebanon: 1945 to Present, 2002.
A thorough look at the American policies in Lebanon during this time period and how this has had to be balanced in a very unbalanced Middle East.
2,060 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 93.95
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Abstract
What were American policies toward Lebanon between 1945 and Desert Storm, and what were their bases and justifications? Were selfish national interests the main factor or were more egalitarian and humanitarian concerns the basis of US policy? This essay addresses those questions by assessing American policy in Lebanon as well as the common view of this small but strategic country in American eyes.
From the Paper
"The ?State of Greater Lebanon? was proclaimed by France in 1920 and then significantly enlarged as part of its post-World War I mandate. A new nation based on expansion of the Christian enclave of Mount Lebanon in the Ottoman Empire, Lebanon peacefully achieved its full independence from the French mandate in 1943. The country was destined to travel a strange and unpredicatble path in the ensuing fifty years: a model of stability and Westernism and a center of terror and civil war. In the American mind and heart during the latter part of the 20th century it became difficult to decide if the Lebanese were cultured polyglots or hooded terrorists. The powerful influence of the US in the Arab world after World War II created the need for sound policy based on clear objectives for Lebanon, but for several reasons both pragmatic and emotional decisions resulted. What were American policies toward Lebanon between 1945 and Desert Storm, and what were their bases and justifications? Were selfish national interests the main factor or were more egalitarian and humanitarian concerns the basis of US policy? This essay will address those questions by assessing American policy in Lebanon as well as the view of this small country in American eyes. It argues that the majority of decisions were the result of regional concerns involving the Arabs and Israelis or related to American self-interest and not based on the interests of the Lebanese people."
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Geographical Separation of Religions in Lebanon: A Solution to Violence?, 2002.
An assessment of the idea that partitioning Lebanon according to religious denominations might settle the centuries old conflict between Moslems and Christians.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 99.95
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Abstract
The paper studies the 1000 year old battle for cultural, religious and political supremacy between Christians and Muslims in Lebanon. It shows the demographic make-up of present day Lebanon and investigates the possibility of dividing the country according to the dominant religious group in the area. It brings examples of other countries in the world where this method of partition was implemented.
From the Paper
"In this framework, it was inevitable that the creation of Israel would be seen not as returning residents to their old land, but of Europe using the Middle East for expansion of power, influence and control. Israel was viewed as the puppet of European interests, and they saw themselves as pawns being played by outside forces in the Cold War between the U.S.S.R. and Western interests, and Israel as an example of Western colonialism in the middle of the Arab world. (Esposito, 1997) This view would be strengthened when the U.S.S.R. attempted to defeat the Moslem country of Afghanistan, followed after a relatively brief period by United States military action there."
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Intervention in Lebanon, 2007.
An analysis of the correlation between the principles of liberalism, realism and international society theory and the American decision to intervene in Lebanon in 1958.
1,716 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper looks for the best explanation for the American decision to intervene in Lebanon in 1958 by analyzing three theoretical schools - realism, liberalism and the international society theory. It examines the decision-makers involved, identifies their motivations and analyzes the justifications they offered for deploying American troops. The paper then compares these factors to the principles of liberalism, realism and international society theory in order to determine whether there is a correlation.
From the Paper
"In this bipolar world, instability in a particular region or country was often seized upon as a pretext for power projection by Moscow or Washington, and Lebanon provided Washington in 1958 with a justification to demonstrate American power and resolve in the aftermath of the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956, which produced perceptions of Western weakness. (Korbani 21-52) In addition, it has been suggested that the intervention was also an attempt by Eisenhower to assuage French bitterness over his harsh criticism of French actions during the Suez Crisis in 1956, and was a conciliatory gesture in the form of intervening in France's former colony of Lebanon in order to protect French economic and political interests."
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Lebanon, 1995.
A history and overview of the government and society in Lebanon.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 68.95
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From the Paper
"BACKGROUND
Lebanon has a lengthy history in the Middle East and a heritage extending back nearly to the beginning of humankind. The region first appeared in history in the time of the Phoenicians, around 3000 B.C. The region was under the rule of Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia, the Persian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and others over its long history (Countries of the World, 1991, Chapter 1). Lebanon became independent in 1943, and a government then had to be established that would enable the various communities to live in harmony. A government was then created with a president who is traditionally a Maronite Christian, the prime minister a Sunnite Muslim, and the speaker of parliament a Shi'ite. Many defense ministers have been Druzes. The National Assembly is the one-house parliament, and ..."
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Syria's Relationship with Lebanon, 1998.
Examines the history of Lebanon, a land with a mixed Muslim/Christian/Jewish population. Discusses its relationship with its powerful Arab neighbor Syria.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 57.95
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From the Paper
"Syria's Relationship with Lebanon
Introduction
Syria's relationship with Lebanon after 1976 does not really make sense unless it is placed in an histrorical context. In my history class in Syria I was taught that Lebanon was a part of post-Ottoman Syria until 1926, when the French established Lebanon as a separate nation (History, 1998).
Although Lebanon had rarely formed a distinct political entity, Maronites had developed a belief in Lebanon as a country with a history and a character of its own. Because the French fostered this belief, their rule was supported by the Maronites, who gained economically and politically from it. In 1926 the French established the Lebanese Republic, but complete independence was not achieved for Lebanon until 1946, when the.."
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Lebanon's Civil War and Emigration, 2005.
A look at how the civil war in Lebanon affected the country's patterns of emigration.
1,794 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Lebanese emigration from the perspective of the civil war?s effects on the nation?s population and discusses the nation and its populace in terms of cultural, political, and economic factors.
From the Paper
"National instability due to adverse conditions brought about by the presence of warring factions is often the cause of mass migration patterns that affect the demographic statistical information regarding the nation?s perceived economic and political stability. In the case of Lebanon, the nation had a governmental system in place before the 1960s that was lauded by international concerns for its stability and functionality in reference to the nation?s diverse population groups. This perspective is contrasted sharply with the years of civil war that wracked the region, particularly during and after the 1970s, when
extra-national interests became involved in domestic policy as both aggressors and supporters."
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Lebanon and Jordan, 2001.
A comparison of these two countries from historical, geographic, political and national points of view.
2,500 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 109.95
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This paper shows that even though Lebanon and Jordan are geographically neighbors, their current political and national positions are very different. Their similarities are discussed during Ancient Biblical times of foreign rule. Their present government and leaders are compared and their attitudes towards the politics in the region are analyzed - Israel-Palestine issues. Their levels of religions rule and the basic make up of their populations are also compared.
From the Paper
"Although geographically Lebanon and Jordan exist in the same region, few similarities exist with the two countries, especially in recent history. A limited number of similarities go back to ancient and medieval times. Some general religious and cultural similarities also exist. The geographic features differ significantly. Their governmental structure also differs and therefore their laws and rights diverge. Twentieth century history, geographic features, and economic variances link together to create substantial differences."
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Lebanon Civil War From 1975 To 1976, 1986.
Examines the background, causes, results of Christian-Muslim conflict, politics, religion, external influences (Syria, Israel, U.S.) and regional strategic concerns.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 14 sources, AU$ 103.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to provide a description and analysis of the civil war in Lebanon (1975-1976), including who was involved in the conflict, when and where the conflict occurred, the reasons for the conflict, and the results.
Lebanon's vulnerability to civil strife such as that experienced by the beleaguered nation in 1975-1976 is rooted in an ongoing social, religious and political struggle between Lebanese Christians and Muslims. Neither group is itself homogeneous in belief or background but instead is composed of individual sects. The largest Christian sect, the Maronites, are culturally and emotionally allied with the West, particularly France. The largest Muslim sect, the Sunnites belong to the dominant Islamic group in the Arab world. The Shi'ites, another Muslim sect dominant in southern Lebanon, claim an historical"
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Lebanon Pound in Foreign Exchange, 2000.
An examination of the foreign exchange rate policy as applied to the Lebanese monetary system. Tables.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 80.95
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From the Paper
"Lebanon Pound in Foreign Exchange
Introduction
This research examines foreign exchange rate policy and its application in Lebanon. Three issues provide the focus for this research. The first issue involves an historical overview of the policy and process of setting the value of the Lebanon pound in foreign exchange markets, to include a consideration of which officials and institutions exercise responsibility for the exchange rate. The second issue concerns the current exchange rate policy followed by Lebanon, together with a consideration of the outcomes of this policy on the country's economic performance. The third issue is the comparability of Lebanon's exchange rate policy with those of Egypt and Israel.
Historical Overview of the Policy and Process of Setting the Foreign..."
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Lebanon, 2001.
Historical background, present political, economic systems (2000). Stability of government; future outlook.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 80.95
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From the Paper
"Lebanon: The Historical Background
Lebanon was formed from five former Turkish (Ottoman) Empire districts and became an independent state on September 1, 1920. It was administered under the French mandate from 1920 to 1941, with French troops withdrawing fully in 1946 (World Almanac & Book of Facts, 2000). With a 70 percent Islamic majority and a 30 percent Christian minority, the 1943 National Covenant divided all public positions among the various religious communities. Initially Christians were the majority, but by the 1970s, Muslims had become the majority group and demanded a larger political and economic role (World Almanac & Book of Facts, 2000).
Among the independent states comprising the Arab world in the mid-twentieth century, Lebanon stood alone because of its Christian presidency, the high proportion of Muslims in its.."
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Maronite Christians In Lebanon, 2000.
An examination of the history, culture and religion, focusing on personal and group identity issues.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 57.95
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From the Paper
"Trying to discover who we are as both individuals and as members of the group to which we belong can be both difficult and full of ambiguities, and can last a lifetime. This process is especially difficult for those who find themselves to be minorities in their own cultures, especially if the majority groups are overtly hostile towards them. How the members of such minority groups come to terms with who they are can take several pathways, and Axtmann summarizes the most common of these:
The search for identity within a global society within a global world may manifest express itself politically in the formation of a global consciousness; it may also manifest itself in religious fundamentalism, civilizational consciousness, and/or ethnonational revivalism."
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