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Lawrence of Arabia, The Sheik, and the Dialectic of Enlightenment, 2002.
Analysis of the films, "Lawrence of Arabia" and "The Sheik", vis-a-vis the theories of Horkheimer and Adorno as presented in their work, "Dialectic of Enlightenment", among others.
863 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the author analyzes some aspects of the production and reception of the film, "Lawrence of Arabia" (1962), by situating it within the industry that Horkheimer and Adorno describe in order to further an understanding of what is meant by a ?dialectical? critique of film as ?culture industry?. The paper goes on to briefly discuss the relevance of applying this type of analysis to a film like "The Sheik" (1921).
From the Paper
"In Dialectic of Enlightenment, Horkheimer and Adorno make the claim that film plays a key role in what they call the ?culture industries? of the 20th century. Writing in 1944, they describe an ?iron system?, which is in large part a reference to the Hollywood system and its fascistic employment of the ?genre film (Horkheimer 154).? Of the effects of mass culture, they write: ??culture now impresses the same stamp on everything. Films, radio and magazines make up a system which is uniform as a whole and in every part (120).? This criticism has specific implications for the feature film: ?They are so designed that quickness, powers of observation, and experience are undeniably needed to apprehend them at all? yet sustained thought is out of the question. Even though the effort required for his [the viewer] response is semi-automatic, no scope is left for the imagination (126,127).? The standardization of the spectator, as it were, via the genre film and through the standardization of the viewing experience, is, for Horkheimer and Adorno, the crux of the culture industry where film is concerned. ?The culture industry as a whole,? they write, ?has molded men as a type unfailingly reproduced in every product (127).?"
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"Lawrence of Arabia", 2005.
An analysis of David Lean's, "Lawrence of Arabia".
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how David Lean, the director of "Lawrence of Arabia", provides a cultural integration within his scene transition. It explores how Lawrence, played by Peter O'Toole, becomes the central figure that binds British and Arabian cultures into a single entity. The paper examines the various scenes that Lean presents in various stages of the film. It highlights how Lawrence slowly becomes a more spiritually awakened man who is willing to drop many stereotypes about the Arabs and bring greater unity to their tribal factions.
From the Paper
"This film study will analyze the theme of cultural diversity in the film: Lawrence of Arabia, directed by David Lean. By analyzing the relationships that Lawrence (peter O'Toole) has with the Arabians that he comes into contact with his travels, this film provides cinematic techniques that transition his cultural integration into Arabic society. By creating a scene analysis of each of David Lean's transitions from Lawrence's own native culture into Arabic, one can realize the spiritual and cultural significance of this extraordinary cinematic biography of this British hero. In beginning, transition between scenes provides a context into which one is to view Lawrence's development from an Englishman--to a virtual member of Arabic society. Asher (1998) defines Lawrence's personal affiliation with Arabic culture through his physician care of them ..."
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"Lawrence of Arabia", 2002.
Discusses the qualities of Masculinity and imperialism in the film, "Lawrence of Arabia".
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a study of the traits of both masculinity and British imperialism as are presented in the classic film, "Lawrence of Arabia" (1962).
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D. H. Lawrence and Freud, 2002.
A discussion of the relationship between Sigmund Freud and D. H. Lawrence in Lawrence's work.
6,920 words (approx. 27.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 226.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to take a psychoanalytical view of the work of the novelist D. H. Lawrence and discusses the underlying reasons for the obscenities in some of his works such as "The Rainbow" which was was prosecuted under the Obscene Publications Act and destroyed by order of the court. It evaluates whether Freud's two books, "Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious" and "The Fantasia" which were published in the two years following Lawrence's success in finally securing the publication of "Women in Love", are, in part, explanations--perhaps even justifications--of that shocking book and of other facets of his literary production up to that point. It examines how the two books lay out the views on human psychology and the promptings of the unconscious that had contributed so much to the underlying scheme of "Women in Love" and others.
From the Paper
"The characters in Women in Love were deliberately created in a way that rejected, as Lawrence put it, "the old stable ego of the character" and plumbed, instead, the depths of the unconscious (quoted in Kinkead-Weekes xiv). These characters were subject to change in accordance with the pull of forces and drives which they only partially comprehended but were acutely interested in understanding more fully. They were, and, as Lawrence suggested, we all are, "unstable and governed by subterranean impulse" while moving through lives that are in constant flux--ideas which his readers "found much more threatening or even outrageous than mere sexual explicitness" (Kinkead-Weekes xiv). The basic difficulty of expressing such ideas through the construction of literary characters and finding the language that was best suited to this purpose would have made the composition of Women in Love difficult enough for a writer who believed that his book could be published. But Lawrence, in spite of all his difficulties, was intensely moved and fascinated by the process of writing that spurred him to go deeper into the unconscious than, he believed, anyone had delved before."
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The Age of Enlightenment, 2005.
An assessment of enlightenment, thought and the works of key Enlightenment figures.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explores some of the key ideas and participants in the Age of Enlightenment. The paper examines the Age of Enlightenment, in terms of its significance on influencing the historical record. It describes this period of philosophical advancement and discusses how the period was affected by the Age of Reason in which scientific theories were explored with increasing significance, and how that gave rise to a new understanding of humankind's relationship with the world.
From the Paper
"Assessing Enlightenment Thought and the Works of Key Enlightenment Figures Introduction When examined in terms of its significance on influencing the historical record, the Age of Enlightenment was one of the most profoundly significant periods in European history. The Enlightenment is a period of philosophical advancement that, when coupled with the corresponding Age of Reason in which scientific theories were explored with increasing significance, gave rise to a new understanding of humankind's relationship with the world. This paper shall explore some of the key ideas and participants in the Age of Enlightenment. The Principles and Participants in the Age of Enlightenment The concept of empirical thought was fundamental to the Age of Enlightenment; while brief glimpses of empiricism were seen in the Renaissance, those active within the Enlightenment tended to perceive associations between objects that were directly caused by action and reaction (Gay, 12-13)."
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Enlightenment and the French Revolution, 2004.
A discussion on the effect of the Enlightenment on the French Revolution of 1789.
3,321 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 136.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how revolutionary changes in the leadership of 18th century France did not occur overnight or with some sudden spark of defiance by citizens. It looks at how the events and ideals that led to the French Revolution were part of a gradual, yet dramatic, trend toward individualism, freedom, liberty, self-determination, and self-reliance, which had been evolving over years in Europe, and which would be called the Enlightenment. It examines and analyses the dynamics of the Enlightenment, and also those individuals who contributed to the growth of the Enlightenment and to the ultimate demise of the Monarchy, in terms of what affect it had on the French Revolution.
Outline
Thesis
Introduction to the French Revolution
Social Issues leading up to the French Revolution
The Enlightenment?s Historical Origins
The Scientific Revolution was one of the Engines Driving the Enlightenment
Michel de Montaigne, Charles Montesquieu and Rene Descartes
Enlightenment Heavyweights: Voltaire vs. Rousseau
Rousseau?s Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789)
The Enlightenment?s Direct Impact on the Revolution
Conclusion
From the Paper
"When the legitimate question is raised as to what role, if any, The Enlightenment played in the French Revolution, the best evidence from credible historic sources is that The Enlightenment did indeed play an important role in the transformation of key social and political dynamics leading up to and through the French Revolution. The trends in the early to middle 18th Century indicate that Europeans were in the midst of dramatic social change. For one, secularization was taking place: the Church was losing its once-powerful position; people were no longer true and total believers in the Church?s dogma that citizens would be damned if they strayed to a place outside the boundaries of the Church?s influence."
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| Essay # 34850 |
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Lawrence and Golding, 2005.
An analysis of the function and significance of landscape in literary works by D.H. Lawrence and William Golding.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the literary use of landscape in D.H. Lawrence's "Sons and Lovers" and in William Golding's "Pincher Martin". The paper claims that both Lawrence and Golding manipulate landscape for a specific purpose in their works. The paper explores both of these novels, commenting upon the stylistic uses of landscape, a literary device that may be employed towards the fulfillment of a particular artistic theme. Both D.H. Lawrence and William Golding make use of landscape in this fashion. Citing many specific examples from the novels, and drawing upon a wealth of bibliographic resources, the paper is relevant to any discussion of Lawrence, Golding or twentieth century literature.
From the Paper
"D.H. Lawrence's 1913 novel, Sons and Lovers, is set in the British Midlands at the turn of the twentieth century (Lawrence 9). This is a region in central England that was, at the time the novel is set, becoming highly industrialized. Factories, coal pits, and squalid row houses were plentiful. "We are in the northern Midlands at the turn of the century, seeing the daily life of the mining community through the eyes of one of its children, and seen with such intensity and clarity, especially in the first of three parts, that the reader feels in direct contact with life (Black 151). Robin Hood's Sherwood Forest is close by the busy industrial city of Nottingham, where Paul Morel obtains employment, and the river Trent, a significant piece of landscape in Lawrence's novel, swirls its way from the city through the wide-open country hills and vales. Sons and Lovers continually contrasts the sensuous, natural environment with that of the cold, drab monuments of industrial town and city life, providing the reader a vivid sense of the times."
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Immanuel Kant on the Enlightenment, 2006.
Presents general reflections on Immanuel Kant's work, "What is Enlightenment?".
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses philosopher Immanuel Kant's approach to the Enlightenment as presented in his work, "What is Enlightenment". The author of the paper addresses the following questions: Why did Kant choose to address the Enlightenment as he did? Is his approach as narrow as it seems to be? What exactly was the Enlightenment? Was it arborescent or rhizomatic? Depending on how it is defined, what approach should be taken to this phenomenon?
From the Paper
"The Enlightenment is an enigma in that it represents an abrupt transition from the thought of the preceding period with a subsequent transformation of all social and cultural institutions. Yet, Kant treats the Enlightenment by using an apparently very narrow focus which leads to numerous problems. "
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The Enlightenment and the Reformation, 2007.
This paper compares the social, economic and intellectual causes of the Enlightenment and of the Reformation.
990 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, unlike the gradual, cultural shift of ideas and attitudes, which characterized the Enlightenment, the Protestant Reformation had concrete institutional causes and was a profound institutional change in the governmental and religious structure of Europe. The author points out that the Enlightenment, which ultimately spawned the American and French Revolutions of the late 18th century, was not spurred into being by an increasingly strong set of nation-states like the Reformation but rather by the increasingly weak, corrupt and ossified monarchies of Europe, such as Louis of France and George of Great Britain. The paper relates that the intent of the Enlightenment philosophers was not to reject tradition in their quest for knowledge or to eradicate entirely the institutions, which had stimulated their own intellectual development.
From the Paper
"During the pre-Reformation, the age of the Renaissance, secular kingdoms with increasingly powerful chief executives and the decline of feudalism weakened the Pope's role in the political power plays of Europe. Before, popes had great power as they were the strongest land-owners in Europe, but now princes began to command armies of lords--secular power was less diffuse. And by far, the most famous allegations of Martin Luther against the Catholic Church were its sale of indulgences, which seemed to embody the church's craven and worldly institutional nature."
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The Ages of Reason and of the Enlightenment, 2007.
This paper discusses the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment and its most prominent philosophers: Voltaire, Jean Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant.
2,680 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 116.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while the Age of Reason is generally considered a separate movement in 17th and early 18th century Europe that evolves into the Age of Enlightenment, both eras are considered to have overlapping boundaries and to be one extended period of intellectual, scientific and philosophical advancement. The author points out that, while Voltaire's most memorable and influential work is "Candide" and Kant is famous for his philosophy of "Universal Law", Rousseau's most meaningful works are his "Second Discourse" and his "Social Contract". The paper concludes that the philosophical writings and intellectual discoveries of the philosophers of the Ages of Reason and of Enlightenment helped to start the American and French Revolutions.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Voltaire
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Immanuel Kant
Conclusion: The "Enlightenment" led to the American and French Revolutions
From the Paper
"Rousseau's logic was that disobedience, then, would be "legitimate" as soon as "sufficient power was acquired." Part of what Rousseau was accomplishing in this writing was a rebuttal to Hobbes, who had asserted in chapters 5 and 6 of "De Cive" and ..., that right and force should always go hand-in-hand. Hobbes' reasoning was that mere words (laws), without the "sword" to back them up, were not sufficient to stay the course. You can't just issue degrees without having the use of force lurking in the background to make sure those degrees have some "teeth" so to speak. But Rousseau rejected that idea."
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The Enlightenment, 2004.
This paper discusses how Franklin's work "Autobiography" and Jefferson's "Declaration of Independence" reflect the ideas of the Enlightenment.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper explains how Benjamin Franklin's and Thomas Jefferson's works (Autobiography and Declaration of Independence respectively) reflect the Enlightenment beliefs. The paper continues by briefly describing the Enlightenment movement and its ideas. The paper also examines why the United States was considered "a child of the Enlightenment."
From the Paper
"Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson were the leading intellectuals in eighteenth-century America. Both thinkers were steeped in the traditions of the Enlightenment and both earned praise for their erudition from Europeans at a time when America was considered a howling wilderness. David Hume, the Scottish philosopher, deemed Franklin the leading man of letters on the North American continent. Jefferson, for his part, was the brain behind the American Revolution."
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Concepts of the Enlightenment, 2003.
Examines the role of optimism and confidence in the Enlightenment.
1,403 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
Various thinkers, writers and philosophers have been associated with the Enlightenment, each expounding different theories on how the world works and how society could be improved, but all having a few core beliefs in common. This essay argues that while optimism and confidence were key factors to driving the enlightenment forward, it was reason and rationality that were actually the main concepts of the Enlightenment.
From the Paper
"The Enlightenment was a period in European history to which it is difficult to assign dates to. It is generally agreed however, that the 17th and 18th Centuries was when this kind of thinking was most prolific. It was a time when people began to change the way they thought, and the way they viewed the world. They adopted new values and beliefs in place of the old ones dictated by the Church and tradition. They believed that man was essentially a rational being, and that by using reason and logic to examine the world, the natural order could be discovered and understood, and used to make the world a better place. ?It?s watchwords were: rationality not tradition, happiness in this life, not salvation in the next.? Thus confidence and optimism were important aspects in the progression of this movement. However, to what extent they could be considered key concepts of the Enlightenment, is disputable."
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Women and the Enlightenment, 2007.
This paper provides an analysis of enlightenment thought and ideas in Mary Wollstonecraft's 'A Vindication of the Rights of Women'.
913 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Mary Wollstonecraft's seminal work, 'A Vindication of the Rights of Women', may be read as a product of the Enlightenment in terms of its privileging reason and the ideas of social progress and utility, in its critical analysis of the social structures that perpetuate female subordination in European society. This essay reviews Wollstonecraft's text from within the context of the Enlightenment. The writer argues the thesis that Wollstonecraft's proposals with respect to the central role of education in defining women's rights and freedoms reflect key Enlightenment values of reason, social progress and utility.
From the Paper
"From this Enlightenment perspective, ideas and arguments have value not in and of themselves but in how they advance the happiness of the greatest number of the human population. This premise is not only the basis of Wollstonecraft's critique of her fellow Enlightenment philosopher Rousseau but is also the justification for her entire argument that human society as a whole would benefit significantly from promoting the education and rationality of the female population."
"In advancing this program, Wollstonecraft considers the Enlightenment idea of "reason" to be absolutely central to promoting the rights of women and the social progress of Europe as a whole."
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Hades in Toyland: D.H. Lawrence's "The Rocking Horse Winner".
This paper discusses D. H. Lawrence?s use of childhood symbols as metaphors in an adult world in his book, "The Rocking-Horse Winner?.
935 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines D. H. Lawrence?s use of a fairy tale structure to enhance the ironic tone of the story,?The Rocking-Horse Winner?, by controlling three critical literary elements: plot, allusion, and symbolism. The author points out that Lawrence effectively uses the irony of the fairy tale structure to show how children can be overburdened and destroyed when the problems of the adult world, such as obsession, greed and jealousy, are transferred to the child?s world. The paper concludes that, although Lawrence is clearly a master writer, perhaps a writer with a different style, such as O. Henry, could take the same subject matter and write a story without the tragic overtones that are characteristic of ?The Rocking-Horse Winner?.
From the Paper
"However, even though the parallels are imperfect, they don?t obscure allusions to other stories in the genre. The idea of a ?gift? that is turned against a main character is a theme that recurs throughout the fairy tale and myth genres. The story of King Midas is about a gift that is turned into a curse. His greed for gold is turned into a ?golden touch? that destroys everything and everyone he holds dear. Likewise, Paul?s gift of special knowledge from the rocking horse is turned against him when his mother spends the money he wins at the races faster than he can win it."
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French Enlightenment, 2004.
An analysis of the economic and political situation of France during the enlightenment period.
1,060 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 54.95
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This paper analyzes the failure of enlightened absolutism in France. The paper examines two philosophes that became significant to the progress and development of the enlightenment in France: Montesquieu and Jean Jacques Rousseau. The paper contends that because of the incompatibility of the reform enforced by the French society during the Revolution, France was not able to successfully use the principles of the enlightenment towards material and social progress.
From the Paper
"The dawn of the 18th century saw the emergence of a period that eventually determined the future of modern society-that is, the Age of Enlightenment. Under the Age of Enlightenment, the prevalent ideology is that it is possible for people to formulate and enforce reform and changes in the society. Social reform is especially applicable in the European experience, wherein the rigid and conservative influence of Christianity has led to the development of a society that is characteristically theocentric."
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