| Papers [1-16] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "LAW NATURE": |
|
|
The First Law of Nature, 2006.
An analysis of Thomas Hobbes' first law of nature.
1,387 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 67.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines how Thomas Hobbes' definition of reason and principle of materialism harmoniously function to support his first law of nature. It looks at how, given that all events proceed from the mechanical pushes and pulls of objects in the physical world within a materialist philosophy, reasoning becomes a process by which to sum certain named things and arrive at incontrovertible conclusions. It shows how, with regards to human beings, Hobbes offers affirmations about their nature from which the first law follows as a logical conclusion. These premises conclude that acting in accord with the first law is the surest way to serve a person's primary physical interest, the preservation of their life.
From the Paper
"To find that a state other than peace is the most advantageous for human beings would be wrong reason because of error, a deception concerning what actually precedes and follows from given events. This is illustrated in the case of the Fool's claim that the "Free Rider" policy is in the best interest of the individual, and thus the most reasonable course of action, though detrimental to the state. Advocating this line of thought is the affirmation that the Free Rider would garner something by breaking contract, while premises allow thwart the personal surrender of any rights or privileges. "
| |
|
Thomas Hobbes: Laws of Nature, 2002.
An insight into the laws of nature set out by the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 64.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper defines the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes' laws of nature, explains how Hobbes says we should follow them, explains what they require of us, and discusses in what sense these laws resemble traditional moral dictates, and in what sense they differ from such traditional standards.
| |
|
Natural Law and America's Legal System, 2007.
An analysis of how natural law impacts the legal system in the United States.
1,156 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper presents an examination of how natural law impacts the American legal system. The paper provides a general overview of natural law and then explores how natural law applies to the current legal system in the United States. It argues that the natural law helps to drive the current system and describes how this is true.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Natural Law
Natural Law and the American Legal System
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Natural law in its most simple form, is the unwritten law of mankind. It is a concept of principle morals and values that are, or at least should be shared by all of mankind because of the central goodness of their concept. (Horowitz, 2000)"
"Natural law is therefore distinguished from -- and provides a standard for -- positive law, the formal legal enactments of a particular society (Dolhenty, 2004)."
One example of this is the belief that killing is wrong. There are few humans or societies on earth that would disagree with the basic tenet that the murder of another person without reason is wrong. (Green, 2005) It takes a loved one from a family, it removes financial support from children, it takes someone out of society that may have moved on to contribute great things and if one is Christian, then the act of murder is something that God does not allow. It is not up to man to determine who lives or dies, it is God's choice and to kill is to try and play God."
| |
|
Natural Law vs. Legal Positivism, 2006.
An argument that natural law is superior to legal positivism.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 76.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In an increasingly secular world natural law has frequently fallen under intense scrutiny. This paper, however, argues that natural law is superior to legal positivism and stands up well to three common criticism leveled against it; first that natural law is at least as subjective as any statute passed by legal positivists, second that natural law can impress a certain more absolutism and dogmatism upon the crafting and interpretation of the law which is inherently unhealthy in evolving societies, and thirdly that natural law is predicated upon faith and not upon reason as is the positive law tradition.
| |
|
Natural Law, 2006.
An overview of philosophical interpretations of natural law and the problems surrounding this issue.
1,411 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 68.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The concepts of natural law have been composed by a number of well-known philosophers. However, these multiple compositions have created a lot of problems in the context of the authenticity of the natural law. The paper reveals some of the fundamental problems related to the authenticity of natural law and provides a viable solution. The paper concludes that one can safely assume that correct interpretation of the natural laws lies in the guidelines of the Divine Law.
Paper Outline:
Statement of the Problem
Introduction
Review of Related Literature
Methodology
Collection of Data
Results
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"St. Thomas, though, thinks that the natural law is the gateway towards the natural reason of deciding what is good and what is not good or is evil. He also believes that the immoral action of an individual, such as burglary, without the knowledge of right and wrong does not justify him to be judged as a burglar. He can only be judged so if he knew the boundaries of right and wrong and decided to choose the wrong way anyway (Thomas Aquinas, 1947)."
| |
|
John Locke's Theory of Natural Law, 2001.
An analysis of philosopher and politician John Locke's Theory of Natural Law and how this contributed to the pre-Enlightenment era of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 52.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper looks at this philosophy whereby Locke?s perception of mankind was an extremely optimistic one, and he viewed natural law and the state of nature as being where all men are naturally moral and reasonable, and are born free, equal and possessing the inalienable rights to protect their life, their freedom, and their property.
From the Paper
""Nature is a state of perfect equality amongst all men. In this state, no one man has more power or jurisdiction than any other man." (Locke 1690)
John Locke (1632 - 1704) was a qualified physician and a respected Oxford academic, in addition to being one of several political philosophers who focused on the theories of natural rights and natural law during the pre-Enlightenment era of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Locke?s theory of natural law, and of the aims and purposes of government, were detailed in his work, ?Two Treatises of Government? (1690), and proved to be influential, not only in Britain, but across the world, especially in America, where his views formed the foundation of the Declaration of Independence and the American system of government."
| |
|
Natural Law and Canada, 2005.
Examines how the natural law perspective has influenced Canadian laws and lawmakers.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 76.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
It is indisputable that the natural law perspective has had a powerful influence on Canadian laws and lawmakers. However, some theorists believe that in today's multicultural and diverse societies, natural law is no longer relevant. It is argued in this paper that this is not accurate, and that the natural law perspective continues to have a powerful influence on Canadian laws and lawmakers. It shows, however, that other perspectives also have an influence.
| |
|
Natural Law, 2002.
A discussion of the concept of natural law, illustrating a number of different approaches to this concept.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 70.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper describes the ancient concept of natural law, which is derived from knowledge of the nature of man. The paper provides a few different approaches to the concept, discussing, among others, Plato and Aristotle's views and beliefs of this issue. The social, political and moral aspects of natural law are examined.
From the Paper
"Natural law requires a minimal moral content as a prerequisite for viewing something as in contravention of the law, while the positivist school holds that the law is whatever the state (in whatever form that exists) says it is. The concept of the natural law has the advantage of being based on something immutable, though admittedly morality may differ somewhat from one society to another. The concept of natural law was first developed in the Greek world and has been carried through to the present day. There are a number of different approaches to this concept. The Graeco-Roman tradition held that there was a natural law that was accessible to mankind through reason. Christian theorists adopted aspects of Cicero's Stoic philosophy, an example of natural law, because of its emphasis on moral content. The Christian legal philosophy that developed was in many ways a fusion between the fundamental Christian teachings and the adapted teachings of the Stoics. Natural law is the belief that there is a higher law than that of a government and that any law to be written by a government must be compared to and brought into line with natural law. This higher law is considered universally valid, and it is reached or perceived by the application of human reason."
| |
|
Natural Law and Homosexuality, 2002.
A discussion of "what is natural" as viewed by the philosophers Burton M. Leiser and James Rachels.
1,360 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 65.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper gives the opinions of both philosophers regarding natural law and homosexuality and addresses the Christian conception of natural law. Further, the paper asserts that many of the claims for a source for natural law are descriptive and are then distorted into something prescriptive. The paper concludes that natural law is not "natural" at all but is an artificial explanation for why certain behaviors are classified as unnatural.
From the Paper
"When we say something is unnatural, however, there is no objective measure for this term. Man-made laws emerge from the social contract, the mythical agreement by which society was created and by which those who join society agree to abide by its laws. Thus, we know what a law is, we know what breaking a law means, and we do not argue about whether we ought to obey or not because we have accepted this precept as part of the social contract. We are all part of society, so we are all subject to society's laws."
| |
|
From Natural Law to Human Rights, 2006.
This essay explores how human rights grew from natural rights.
4,511 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 169.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this article, the writer declares that early proponents of natural law argued that people have common sense and are born with an intuitive knowledge of right and wrong. This paper discusses that human rights are those rights that are based on human nature. The writer examines how human rights grew from natural rights. It argues that conceptions of right and wrong are not based on an unchanging, eternal order, but are negotiable; that is, open to revision as the years go by and times change. It is seen, for example, how women and children have used natural rights arguments to gain rights that formerly were denied them.
The writer concludes that human rights have evolved from natural law and natural rights and that human rights are intimately connected to morality and ethics.
Outline:
Introduction
Natural Law and the Concept of Rights
Changing the Law in Response to a New Moral Awareness
Human Rights for Women
Juvenile Death Penalty
Rights versus Utilitarianism
Conclusion
From the Paper
"More than anyone else the philosopher John Locke influenced the shape and form of democracy in the United States. He argued that human beings have certain fundamental rights, which governments cannot take away. He argued that no individual has a natural right to rule over others, and that a person's natural state is a state of freedom. Freedom, he explained, was not the same as license or permission to do whatever one wants; rather, freedom is based on the "law of reason which places precise limits on our behavior". Not everyone is able to enjoy their natural rights because other people and the government sometimes violate them; therefore, Locke suggested that men assemble and choose leaders who can be trusted to protect their natural rights. The primary function of government ought to be to protect the natural rights of its citizens, to protect citizens from other states, and to establish and maintain internal order. He suggested that oppressive governments (governments that had broken trust with the people) could, and should, be overthrown; in other words, sometimes, revolution is justified--especially if the government violates the natural rights of its citizens. In questions where natural rights are not the issue, then the will of the majority should prevail. His ideas profoundly inspired the Founding Fathers and the Declaration of Independence; moreover, the Constitution was written mainly to protect the people's rights from government interference, to insure internal order, and to establish defense."
| |
|
Natural Law and Plato, 2002.
An overview of Plato's theory of natural law from his work the "Republic".
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 141.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper will explore the area of natural law in the context of a discussion of Plato, and specifically, from his seminal work known as the "Republic". As well this paper analyses and presents the dominant strain of law in the modern context. This paper also focuses on the theory of 'rules' and 'legal positivism'.
| |
|
Natural Law According to Thomas Hobbes and St.Thomas Aquinas, 2000.
The following essay discusses the existence and meaning of natural law.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 67.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The following paper examines why many theorists reject the existence of natural law as well as why many agree to its being defined as a set of innate moral principles which are common to all human beings. It is the aim of this paper to identify and discuss the important similarities and differences that exist between the two theories making reference to the theories of Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679) and St.Thomas Aquinas (1224/25 - 1274).
From the Paper
"Aquinas proposed that the essential quality setting human beings apart from the rest of the animal world was that of reason. In a development of Aristotle's theory.Aquinas asserts that all men naturally possess an internalized divine spark of reason,which serves as the guide to an autonomous and responsible decision making process."
| |
|
Legal Positivism vs. Natural Law Theory, 2005.
Examines and compares these two theories of philosophy of law.
1,353 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 65.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In the philosophy of law, two competing factions each offer compelling arguments as to the basic nature, origin, authority and responsibility of law. These two theories are known as Natural Law Theory and Legal Positivism. This paper shows that while there are many disagreements between the two theories, at the heart of the argument is the questionable relationship between law and morality. The paper examines how Natural Law Theorists argue that there is an essential and innate overlap between law and morality, while Legal Positivists argue that while the decisions of law and morality do occasionally overlap, there is no natural relationship between them.
From the Paper
"Legal Positivists rely on a sovereign to legislate law; this sovereign,
whether it be a monarch, an aristocracy, an elected parliament, or any other person or body that writes the law for a society. For a sovereign to be considered as such, most, if not all, of the population must follow the sovereign's laws, and there must be a threat of force to enforce the law. If either of these conditions are not met, the leader cannot claim to be a true sovereign entity. Also, the sovereign cannot be subject to another sovereign's authority, such as God; if a sovereign is to be the head of a society and the maker of laws, she must be invulnerable to persuasion or else she is not a sovereign."
| |
|
John Locke's Theory of Natural Law, 2002.
An examination of the premises that Locke bases his theory upon.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 57.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
Examines premises that Locke bases his theory upon. Law of God and Civil laws. Belief in superior power of God. Why man's laws can be changed, but not God's. Natural law and the state of nature. Locke's theory of property & property rights. Rule of common reason & equity. Discusses how Locke's 17th Century theory can be applied, or not applied, to the complex modern world.
From the Paper
"John Locke's Theory of Natural Law
Natural law, as Locke saw it, was something above and beyond laws made by Man. "He is quite confident that civil laws do not necessarily oblige the individual conscience, but he maintains there is a law of God which forbids 'disturbance or dissolution of governments'" (Laslett, 1999, p. 35). It is interesting to note that this sort of "natural" law's premises were founded on the belief in the superior power of God, and that God, literally as well as figuratively, created governments that rule, and laws that regulated that rule. It may be obvious, then, that America's Pledge of Allegiance, refers to "one nation under God"- which seems a direct descendant of the idea of natural laws as developed in the seventeenth century, a hundred years before the idea of an American democracy became fact."
| |
|
The Power of Nature in ?To Build a Fire? and ?The Law of Life?, 2006.
This paper details the use and power of nature in two of Jack London's short stories "The Law of Life" and "To Build a Fire."
1,947 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 90.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper reviews and analyzes two particular works from American naturalist writer Jack London who focuses on the weakness, vulnerability and impermanence of human beings, juxtaposed against the strength, power and permanence of nature. This paper details the author's use of nature in his short stories, "The Law of Life" and "To Build a Fire." This paper details the common threads in both stories which include the laws and cycles of nature, the power of nature and human beings' fundamental vulnerability to nature's strength and permanence. This paper describes how in both works of writing, London creates nature, in particular the Arctic cold and snow, as a sort of character in and of itself, with which human beings are forced to interact, based on their being forced to respect nature's own power. This paper also contains various portions of text from both works of writing.
From the Paper
"Within "To build a Fire", then London implies that an animal's instincts, unimpeded by the prideful stubbornness of humans, are superior to those of humans. Animals, for instance, know that they cannot control nature; therefore, they respect it. Humans, on the other hand, having learned to control a great deal of their natural environment and have, therefore lost their fear of all natural environments. Animals like the husky of this story wisely and instinctively respect the power, mystery, and fickleness of nature; people such as the hiker sometimes do not, to their detriment. Because humans adapt to environments, the man attempting in vain to build a fire believes he can adapt himself even to this one, that he will be, somehow, invincible against the freezing temperature."
| |
|
Zipf's Law and Benford's Law, 2007.
An analysis of the mathematical significance and applications of Zipf's Law and Benford's Law.
1,279 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper addresses both Zipf's Law and Benford's Law. It describes the theories of each law in detail and discusses how they can be applied to various situations. It describes Zipf's Law as not a theoretical law, but rather an experimental law. The paper then discusses the significance of these two laws to the field of mathematics.
From the Paper
"However, there is some lack of precision where this is concerned. Most items have to occur a number of times that is actually an integer (Li, n.d.). In other words, a word that is seen within a document cannot appear in that document 2.5 number of times. It either must appear, in this example, 2 times or three times, since there cannot be an area of the document where only 1/2 of the word appears. Despite the fact that there is some variation and lack of precision, however, when wide ranges are examined and one only desires to have a relatively close approximation, many of the natural phenomena that are seen in this world do obey Zipf's law (Li, n.d.). This is seen to hold true as long as the individual examining the issue is not looking for scientific precision and will accept the slight variation that is seen."
|
|
|
