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The Law of Definite Proportion, 2005.
Examines the law of definite proportion through a chemistry experiment.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
This is a report on an experiment in chemistry on the law of definite proportions. It looks at the decomposition of potassium chlorate to potassium chloride with heating.
From the Paper
"The law of definite proportion states that different samples of a pure compound always contain the same elements in the same proportions by mass. For example, sodium chloride always contains sodium and chlorine by mass. In this experiment a sample of potassium chlorate was thermally decomposed to determine the mass percent of oxygen in the compound. A crucible containing g MnO catalyst was weighed and g KClO was added and the crucible and contents reweighed. A thermometer was placed in the crucible and..."
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Loss of Certainty in Definite Truth, 2005.
This paper looks at the loss of certainty in definite truth by characters in 'Death of a Salesman' by Arthur Miller and 'The Crying of Lot 49' by Thomas Pynchon.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the characters in 'Death of a Salesman' by Arthur Miller and 'The Crying of Lot 49' by Thomas Pynchon. The writer discusses how the characters suffer the loss of the certainty in the definite truth of their lives. The writer notes that ultimately, the characters find a truth in their lives; however, it is not the same as the Truth that they each believed in initially. This paper examines the loss of certainty in definite truth in these works, through the context of the influence of the American Dream on their lives.
From the Paper
"The characters in both Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman" and Thomas Pynchon's 'The Crying of Lot 49' suffer the loss of the certainty in the definite truth of their lives. Willy has seen his certainty erode over a lifetime, only to be forced to face the truth that nothing is as it has seemed, or as he wanted it to be, as the play draw to a close. Oedipa, however, is thrust into a situation which turns her world uncertain, and which requires her to look for the truth. Ultimately, both of these characters find a truth in their lives; however, it is not the same as the Truth that they each believed in initially."
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H.E. Huntley's "The Divine Proportion", 2008.
A review of H.E. Huntley's book, "The Divine Proportion", which argues that mathematics can be beautiful.
1,175 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that H.E. Huntley, in his book "The Divine Proportion" claims that beauty exists as a principle, which is external and transcendent to any individual human being's ability to create either equations or art. The paper also discusses Huntley's arguement that the 'Golden Ratio', also known as phi, is the supreme proof that God is a mathematician and that the mathematician and creator God appreciates nature. The paper concludes that Huntley's book is clearly not aimed at mathematicians, given that he is trying to defend his profession and the beauty of math; however, most people lacking fairly solid math skills would find this book a very difficult read, except for its first and last chapters.
From the Paper
"Huntley's last chapters shift somewhat from the defense of the 'Golden Ratio' as proof of the existence of universal ideals of beauty and proportionality, and moves on into a more general defense of mathematics as a discipline that is in pursuit of beauty no less than sculpture or art. But why does mathematics need to defend itself as beautiful, to hold its place beside art, poetry, and philosophy? The divisions between the disciplines that did not exist for the ancient Greeks say more about the development of our culture into a split between the sciences and the arts than a failure to recognize the capabilities of mathematics' contribution to the world in general."
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Classification of Law, 2007.
This paper looks at ways in which law may be categorized.
1,474 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that law can be classified in different ways. The writer notes that such classification is a useful exercise in learning and for obtaining an overview of the subject as it helps one to break up a large topic into manageable proportions. However, the writer points out that it must be remembered that the classification of law is an arbitrary exercise and there is no absolute or "right way" of categorizing law. In this paper, some of the ways in which law can be categorized are discussed.
Outline:
Civil Law and Criminal Law
Classification by Subject
Classification by Scope
Classification by Origins of Law
Procedural Law vs. Substantive Law
References
From the Paper
"Perhaps the simplest way to classify law is to divide it in two broad categories: civil law and criminal law. In such a classification, one can assume that civil law is all law other than criminal law. Hence in this type of grouping, all laws other than criminal law such as property law, contract law, tort, commercial, and administrative law fall under the broad heading of civil law and are dealt with by the civil courts. As opposed to this, criminal law is dealt with by criminal courts."
"Such categorization of law is useful because it highlights the differences between civil and criminal law, which are important to understand the intricacies of legal systems of countries such as the United States."
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California's Three-Strikes Law, 2002.
An examination of the pros and cons of California?s Three-Strikes law - which imposes heavy mandatory sentences on persons convicted for the third time of a felony.
994 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses why the California law is slightly different from other states which uphold the Three-Strikes law - California law allows prosecutors to count classified misdemeanors as felonies for purposes of applying third-strike sentences. This paper discusses how, in many cases, the question of whether the law exhibits adequate proportionality is a major aspect of applying third-strike sentences.
From the Paper
"Recently, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled to uphold long-term sentences for two men who were convicted under California?s three-strikes law (Mears, 2003). The decisions for the two cases, Ewing v. California and Lockyer v. Andrade, increased the likelihood that future challenges to the three-strikes law will have to be made in the legislatures rather than the courts.
California?s three-strikes law came about when the state?s voters approved Proposition 184 in 1994 after 12-year-old Polly Klaas was kidnapped, raped and murdered by Richard Allen Davis, a man who was serving parole at the time of the crime. Davis had formerly been convicted of kidnapping, assault and burglary but only served half of his sentence. If he had served his full sentence, proponents of the law argued, Klaas would have been safe."
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Definitions for Marriage, 2008.
An examination of the history of marriage and the four possible types and definitions of marriage.
946 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the definition of marriage in today's society. It looks at the history of marriage in order to show that the most accepted definition for marriage is between a man and a woman. The paper begins by defining and analyzing the four definitions of marriages. It then goes on to discuss which of the definitions is the best one in terms of society and acceptability.
Table of Contents:
Four Types of Marriages
Marriages Defined as Contracts
Social Definition of Marriage
Four Definitions of Marriage
From the Paper
"Studying the four types of marriages plays an important role in defining marriage. Four types of marriages are monogamy, polygyny, polyandry, and group marriage. The most recognized marriage type is monogamy. Monogamy marriage is "an institution created by societies of various cultures to publicly announce a concrete union between two people" (Forms and Meanings). Polygyny means having one husband with many wives, while polyandry is having one wife and several husbands (Forms and Meanings). The fourth type of marriage is group marriages, which means having several husbands and several wives. All four types of marriages have existed in society without regard to technology or economics (Forms and Meanings). Looking back through history shows that group marriages and polygyny have existed in few cultures or societies. History does not discuss the meaning of marriage as two couples married to two couples nor does it say any where in history that marriage is between two people of the same sex. Homosexuality has been a problem in history, but it has never been recorded as marriage. Different rules for society or countries have existed when it comes to marriage, but most countries and cultures recognize that marriage is between one man and one woman even when families select the mates. In many countries including the United States, marriage is a binding contract."
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The Proportionality Principle of Attribution, 2002.
Looking at an experiment performed involving the effects of personality characteristics on the proportionality principle of attribution and how the explanation for an event is proportional to the magnitude of the outcome of the event.
4,406 words (approx. 17.6 pages), 14 sources, APA, AU$ 166.95
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Abstract
This paper describes a study which investigated attribution, specifically the proportionality principle, in 185 undergraduate students. Participants were divided into several conditions and completed questionnaires that tested; that the outcome of a scenario was appropriately rated, that the magnitude of the outcome determined the likelihood to which the cause of the event was attributed to predictable or unpredictable causes, and the extent to which personality characteristics (belief in a just world and locus of control) affected behaviour in accordance to the proportionality principle. It was hypothesized that the level of the two personality characteristics being tested would have a significant effect on behaviour, that the scenarios and magnitudes were designed appropriately, and that the magnitude of the outcome predicted how the participants would explain the event. It was found that the magnitudes of the outcomes supported our hypothesis and were successfully manipulated but that personality characteristics did not have as much of an effect on ratings as was originally proposed. These results were attributed to participants? level of cognitive satisfaction as well as typical human tendencies in logic and reasoning.
From the Paper
"Social psychologists are largely interested in how humans explain the causation of a behaviour or an event. Making a judgement on behaviour is essentially making a claim as to the causation of the behaviour and this is commonly known as making an attribution. Heider (1958), who was the first to officially propose the idea of a person bias, suggested that humans attribute most behaviour to personality rather than to situational causes. The person bias, now known as the fundamental attribution error, is both a useful and harmful characteristic of humans; it allows for easy formation of a mental model of an individual?s personality to occur. Often, however, during the formation of this model, situational causes are ignored, and negative characteristics are attributed wrongfully to an individual?s personality when in fact, the exhibited behaviour was more a product of the environmental circumstances. A more recent, and less researched proposal involving attribution is the proportionality principle. This suggests that humans have the tendency to seek explanations for behaviour or events that are equal in magnitude to the outcome of the event, even if this is not the most logical explanation. For example, McCauley and Jacques (1979) found that important events with drastic outcomes, such as presidential assassinations are attributed for causes equally as important or drastic."
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California?s "Three-Strikes Law", 2002.
The paper analyzes the "Three-Strikes Law" using two recent cases, Ewing vs. California and Lockyer vs. Andrade.
914 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the background to the creation of the three-strikes law, which imposes heavy mandatory sentences on persons convicted for the third time of a felony. The paper examines whether the law exhibits adequate proportionality in applying third-strike sentences.
It also discusses the constitutionality of the law and arguments put forward by opponents to the law.
From the Paper
"Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O?Connor?s opinion in Ewing v. California stressed that courts should not interfere with decisions by state legislatures concerning criminal sentencing policies (Cahill, 2003). In this case, the supreme court upheld the constitutionality of a 25-year sentence against Gary Albert Ewing, whose third-strike sentence was stealing three golf clubs, valued at $1200, from a store."
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Self-Definition Through Purchases, 2007.
A narrative essay on the self-definition that comes from purchasing personal items.
1,390 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the way that purchases contribute to a person's self-definition and feeling of worth and belonging. It discusses the writer's most recent purchase of more than $100 dollars and what this item means to him. Furthermore, the writer describes how this item contributed to his self-definition and from where in society the definition attached to this item comes.
From the Paper
"Before the Industrial Revolution peoples' identity was defined by their relationships with others. This is because it was not very easy for the average person to acquire a great deal in the way of material possessions. However, after the Industrial Revolution, when material possessions became more readily available for the common man, the way people defined themselves and others in society began to change. "With the easy availability of goods, people became more inclined to define themselves by what they possessed and the elusive merry-go-round quest for status accelerated" (Monczunski, p. 2). One reason for this change could be based on the belief that with material possessions readily available, the people who work the hardest or are the smartest will obtain the most possessions, working hard and being smart being considered positive characteristics of the most worthwhile people."
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Boyle's Law, 2005.
A discussion of Boyle's Law and its application to chemistry.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper is a write-up of chemistry experiments exploring Boyle's Law. The paper looks at changes in pressure accompanying changes in volume of the gases propane and butane. Graphs are plotted of the results to see if the gases obey Boyle's Law of the volume being inversely proportional to the pressure when the temperature remains constant.
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The Definition of Urban, 2008.
An examination of the definitions for "urban" as applicable to the city of Toronto.
1,101 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses possible definitions for the term "urban" as it is used in urban studies. The paper particularly focuses on the term in relation to Toronto. The paper shows how Canada has tried to solve the debate of the definition of "urban," by creating definitions based on population size and population density. It discusses the pros and cons of such a definition and provides examples to illustrate the points made.
From the Paper
"The perfect example of this argument is the Dundas Square
in Toronto. This public space was built in response to economic, political and social relationships that had developed in that area of Toronto. As a result a physical space was constructed that was a symbolic representation of these relationships. After the space was built new social, economic and political relationships were established in and around this space. This included new businesses, a different use of the space itself and a number of other activities that did not occur in this area before Dundas Square was built."
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Charles' Law, 2005.
A write-up of a chemistry laboratory experiment based on Charles' Law.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
This is a write-up of a chemistry laboratory experiment looking at Charles' Law, which states that at constant pressure, temperature and volume are directly proportional to each other. The paper describes two experiments: (1) a gas is heated and its temperature and volume change noted and compared; and (2) a candle is burned in an inverted test tube set in a pan of water. The paper describes that as the oxygen in the tube is used up, water rises in the tube, and when there is no more oxygen left the flame is extinguished.
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The Definition of Marriage, 2003.
A discussion on whether it is possible to formulate a definition of marriage with cross-cultural validity.
3,925 words (approx. 15.7 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 153.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the arguments over how one can formulate a cross-cultural definition of marriage. Through a literature review, it looks at some some definitions of marriage as well as some of the ethnographies that subvert and call into question how we actually conceptualise marriage. These include the Na of Lijang, the Nayar of central Kerala, the debate over the Virgin Birth and Bourdieu?s work on marriage with a parallel patrilateral cousin. It attempts to show how these case studies call into question some of the basic understandings of kinship and marriage as formulated by both descent and alliance theorists. It concludes by looking at some of the more recent developments in kinship theory and how they can help us work towards a definition of marriage.
From the Paper
"The economic and social factors involved in marriage have tended to be reified by many kinship theorists. One can trace some of the origin for why marriage definitions and kinship studies of marriage have been reified and abstracted in an attempt to produce harmonious wholes in the Virgin Birth debate. Dogma and ritual, Leach (1968) points out, to not necessarily correspond to internal states. One could equally argue that the reified systems of kinship studies show little relationship to how marriage actually works in all of its ambiguities."
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Personal Definition of Nursing, 2006.
Presents the author's personal definition of the field of nursing and her view of the four main concepts nursing embodies.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer presents her personal definition of the field of nursing. It includes the four main concepts of nursing, health, the patient, the nurse, and the environment and notes what personal and professional values are inherent in the writer's definition. The paper also provides examples of how the writer's definition is reflected in practice in the ICU. These values are also looked at in relation to the overall Jesuit mission.
From the Paper
"This paper is the statement of my personal definition of nursing. It will first discuss the four concepts of nursing and how I see them. These concepts are: health, the patient, the nurse, and the environment. Next, direct examples will be given that show how my personal definition is applied to actual nursing practice, in my case, in the intensive care unit (ICU). Finally, these ideas will be looked at in light of the overarching Jesuit values and mission. By looking at all of these aspects of my own definition of nursing and application of said idea, an overall picture of caring for others, for their health and their humanity, will be painted. The first concept that makes up my own personal definition of nursing is one of the main tenets of the field: health."
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Definitions of Curriculum, 2008.
An analysis of the definition of curriculum and the importance of taking into account the sociological and ideological aspects of the concept.
817 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the concept of curriculum and provides the writer's definition of it. In so doing, the paper outlines why conceptions of curriculum which focus predominantly upon describing it as course syllabi and learning modules are inadequate in large measure because they fail to take into account the sociological and ideological aspects of the concept. The paper also discusses E.A. Todd's definition of curriculum in "Curriculum Approaches and Definitions" and argues that it is overly broad and insufficiently descriptive.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
What is Curriculum?
From the Paper
"In closing, the preceding several pages have outlined this writer's conception of what the term "curriculum" really means. In so doing, what it is hoped has been revealed is just how enormous in scope the term really is and how merely confining one's understanding of it to course outlines, course modules and to technical competencies taught (and hopefully learned) is to really overlook many of the ideological and sociological aspects of curriculum. In the end, the concept "curriculum" is really an enormous and enormously important one."
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The Re-definition of Rape, 2006.
A look at how the feminist movement has re-defined the definition of rape and the effect that rape has on a victim.
1,860 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how historically, the concept of rape has severed to protect a man's right to exclusive sexual access to his woman, while the feminist re-definition of rape empowers women to assert control over their own bodies. This paper also reviews various reactions to this re-definition of rape and discusses the effects that rape has on a victim.
From the Paper
"Criminology indicated that date rape was an under-reported crime (Date pp). Vanstone highlighted the fact that sex through physical violence is clearly viewed as rape, date rape, on the other hand, may not involve physical violence (Date pp). There are other forms other forms of coercion to obtain sex that is also considered rape, such as "fear of violence, detention, intoxication with alcohol or a drug, and deception can all be factors relevant to whether the woman has consented (Date pp). Vanstone said that date rape has been an offence for a very long time, yet only recently has been acknowledged as a serious social problem (Date pp). According to a 1996 survey, almost 90 percent of rape victims know the perpetrator, and of these victims, some 25 percent were the current partner, boyfriend or date of the victim in the twelve months prior to the survey, and if previous partners are added in, the percentage is as high as 37 percent (Date pp). However, date rape is rarely reported to law enforcement authorities, and most surveys indicate that the number of sexual assaults reported to the police are only the tip of the iceberg (Date pp). "
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