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R&D and Competitive Advantage, 2005.
A discussion on whether research and development is the basis of long-term national competitive advantage.
1,768 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to show that research and development (R&D) is an important factor of competitive advantage as long as it involves the creation of marketable innovations. It points out that R&D is a rather complex procedure and it is important how R&D expenditure is managed. It also analyzes the contribution of innovation systems on leading economies, namely Japan and the USA.
Outline
Introduction
R&D and Competitive Advantage
R&D and Economic Growth
R&D and National Innovation Systems
R&D, A Complex Process
Characteristics of National Innovation Systems
Japanese and American National Systems of Innovation
Private Sector
Public Sector
Conclusion
Reference List
From the Paper
"A century ago, technological change has been the result of random innovations made by individual and independent inventors only. However, in today's world, characterized by ever increasing global competition, companies as well as governments put their emphasis on organized innovation in their strive for accelerating the process of obtaining technological advance. Organized innovation refers to innovations as the outcome of systematic investments in research and development (R&D) in order to achieve competitive advantage."
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R&D in Engineering, 2004.
A look at the role of the research and development department of an engineering firm.
803 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, from an engineering perspective, R&D is normally defined as the search for and discovery of new knowledge about products, processes, and services, and then applying that knowledge to create new and improved products, processes, and services that fill market needs. It looks at how every major company has an R&D department, usually with a budget separate from that in the production area, and how such a department is critical to companies, especially with the increased global competition and reduction of resources.
From the Paper
"Research is often conducted by one person or a few individuals working together, rather than in large groups. The main directive is very narrow, rather than broad goals. Development, however, is normally a team project that necessitates high efficiency and close coordination for cost effectiveness and time/deadline concerns. Engineers must keep to strict methodological parameters. The increasing complexity in technology such as computerized components or artificial intelligence demands a rigorous and systematic approach to the planning and conduct of research and development projects. Few companies can remain in business without continual innovation, and this requires stringent coordination and communication between engineering, manufacturing and R&D. Research and development contribute the information for a product and engineering supplies the skills to design and produce it (Maynard 2-3)."
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The New Jersey Senate Race Between Franks (R) and Corzine (D), 2000.
An analysis of the two candidates' political careers, opinions, and standing with the New Jersey public.
3,865 words (approx. 15.5 pages), 19 sources, AU$ 136.95
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Abstract
This paper, written before the election of November 7, 2000, presents a detailed analysis of political careers, opinions, and standing, of contenders for the New Jersey Senate, Franks and Corzine.
From the Paper
"In the Democratic primary, Corzine had a distinctive win and therefore does not create controversy within his party and therefore will not lose nearly as many votes as result of the primary like Franks will. The combination of Corzine?s personal wealth, Democratic and liberal ideas closer in consistency to the wants of the state of New Jersey than Franks?, and lack of truly strong opposition will catapult him to victory come November 7, 2000. "
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"The Cultural Significance Of Accounts" ( D.R. Scott ), 1995.
Examines the author's history of economics and accounting and its relationship to Thomas Kuhn's and Bruno Latour's theories of scientific paradigms.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 134.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine whether the actual history of science regarding D.R. Scott's Cultural Significance of Accounts bears out Thomas S. Kuhn's thesis of the structure of scientific revolutions as following patterns of discovery, development of a paradigm, the emergence of anomalies producing crisis, and the development of new paradigms, all of which lead to a shift in the overall scientific world view. In addition, Scott's theory will be analyzed from the standpoint of Latour's theory of the black box as containing fundamental truth, to see whether Scott's views have the effect of either opening closed boxes to replace existing theory on one hand or constitute the emergence of an entirely new paradigm on the other. As appropriate, both scientific and what might be termed the extrascientific elements of prevailing culture will be cited, with a ..."
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Christianity from A.D. 50 to A.D. 100, 2001.
A discussion on how Constantine had some bearing on Christianity; the formation of single unified Roman Orthodox Church.
1,540 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
This essay compares the Christian religion prior to and after the rise of Constantine from A.D. 50 to A.D. 100. The author examines the influence Constantine had on Christianity in forming a single unified Orthodox Roman Church.
From the Paper
"When Constantine the Great took the throne in A.D. 306, Christianity began to be more clearly adopted as the religion of the Roman imperial government. While a struggle for spiritual authority had been going on since the time of Jesus, it was from this official embrace of Constantine that the idea of forming a single, unified and orthodox Roman church began to develop."
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"Dogeaters" ( Jessica Hagedorn ) & "Rolling the R's" ( R Zamora Linmark ), 1999.
Reviews of works on Filipino experience in Manila & Hawaii. Discusses issues of class & generational conflict, assimilation and language.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 61.95
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From the Paper
"Two recent novels--Dogeaters by Jessica Hagedorn and Rolling the R's by R. Zamora Linmark--illuminate different aspects of the Filipino experience, the first set in Manila and so in the Filipino homeland, the second in Hawaii and so a reflection of the immigrant experience in America. Both works reflect the difficulty faced in the conflict between the old culture and the new. In both books, the older generation is tied to the culture of the Philippines while the younger generation is seduced by American popular culture. In Dogeaters, this conflict takes place in the Philippines as the powerhouse of American popular culture beckons to the young. In Rolling the R's, the conflict takes place in Hawaii as people who have immigrated form the Philippines are exposed even more directly to American life and culture. The themes of class conflicts, assimilation, and the.."
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Existential Psychology, 2002.
An examination of the influences of R.D. Laing, Rollo May and Viktor Frankl on existential psychology.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the contributions to existential psychology, which has been a motivating force in the merging of philosophy and psychological theory. By showing the influence of R.D. Laing, Rollo May, and Viktor Frankl, we can see how this style of psychology was made, and why it was slowly becoming a 'school' of thought. Some of the theories of these men will be sited to show their influences, and how they came into the idea of existential psychology.
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What is the Schizophrenic Trying to Communicate ?, 2008.
A review of the book "The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness" by R.D. Laing.
1,242 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the book "The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness" by R.D. Laing.
Specifically, the paper discusses the question "what, in Laing's view, is the schizophrenic trying to communicate?" Laing's book was one of the first to study and discuss the schizophrenic in detail, and his book is fascinating as a result. The paper states that he was critical of psychiatry and believed schizophrenics have valid memories and communications that illustrated their own reality.
From the Paper
"In complete contrast, another patient, "Mrs. R," lived entirely in fear of not mattering to another person, and desperately searched for recognition and someone to believe in her. Laing writes, "She is like Tinker Bell. In order to exist she needs someone else to believe in her existence" (Laing 60). Laing shows there are many very different manifestations of schizophrenia and psychosis, and that each person has different needs, wants, and methods of dealing with these problems. "
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"La Ci Darem la Mano", 2005.
This paper looks at Mozart's opera 'Don Giovanni' and focuses on the importance of the duet "La ci darem la mano".
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper is a brief analysis of the importance of the duet "La ci darem la mano" from Mozart's opera "Don Giovanni." The paper focuses on the importance of the duet in terms of character and plot and how they are important to the rest of the opera, and how the scene ties in with the rest of the major plot developments of the opera. There is no discussion of the musical aspects of the opera.
From the Paper
"The opera Don Giovanni, written by W.A. Mozart in 1787, has been hailed by some as the greatest opera ever written. It tells the story of a wealthy playboy, Don Giovanni, in his attempts to win the hearts and bodies of the young women around him. Don Giovanni's duet with Zerlina, called "La ci darem la mano," in the first act is an important piece in the opera, both in terms of character and plot development. The duet takes place in Don Giovanni's gardens, after we have already heard and seen some of Giovanni's malicious and murderous transgressions and heard the long list of his conquests read to Donna Elvira."
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Research and Development Projects, 2006.
An analysis of risk assessment for R&D projects.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper describes several ways to assess risk associated with research and development (R&D) projects. The paper references procedures from a leading firm involved in R&D for the production of air-to-air missiles and other advanced multi-million-dollar weapons systems.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Technical / Operational Risk (TOR)
Market / Competitive Risk
Summary
From the Paper
"Today's fast pace High-Tech industries live on R&D. The idea is to get needed new products and solutions to the market as fast as possible so that revenues to cover the vast investments can be generated as soon as possible. The faster a product goes out to the market the higher the reward. In some cases such as with the development of new drugs, this is even a "winner takes it all" situation since the first company to get a product to the market can enjoy a sort of monopoly due to patent protection [Galarpi 2001]"
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Japanese Research and Development, 2008.
Looks at the history of Japanese business research and development (R&D).
2,835 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 15 sources, APA, AU$ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, after World War 2, Japan developed an international competitive advantage based on its ability to import foreign technology, which it would then diffuse throughout its business society, focusing on commercial applications. The author describes the process of integration, which was facilitated by strategic alliances between universities and business organizations, by the development of different forms of management that speed up advancements in research and development (R&D), by the establishment of quality maintenance systems and by strong government support that built a free market infrastructure. The paper relates that managing long-term stakeholder relations is another aspect of the growth of Japanese R&D.
From the Paper
"Another factor contributing to accelerating research and development activities is the Japanese patent system which is different from that in industrialized nations in Europe and the US in that the definition of novelty is not as stringent. As a result, every modification on an existing technology is regarded as qualifying for patent protection. This prompts the management in business organizations to intensify their research and development efforts in a particular area in order to pre-empt patent applications in the same area from other organizations."
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Decision Making, 2006.
This paper explores the research and development (R&D) activities of high technology companies.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how high technology companies seem to occupy the juncture of a typical revenue generating for-profit enterprise, with the idealistic disregard for revenue of a non-profit. The paper explains that this situation occurs because while the high-tech enterprise itself is driven by the requirements of shareholders, the research and development (R&D) activities of the enterprise require artistic creative forces that are free from the constrictive weight of fiscal responsibility. Thus, the paper shows how bounded rationality offers the best decision-making model for such an enterprise, because it appropriates the mental capacities of the human condition and makes the seemingly over complex palatable to the creative minds driving typical R&D departments.
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Communication on the Internet in Korea, 2008.
A review of the role of the Internet as a communicative tool in the social structure of Korea according to the social capital theory of P. Bourdieu, J. Coleman and R. D. Putnam.
11,736 words (approx. 46.9 pages), 28 sources, APA, AU$ 296.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the role of the Internet as a communicative tool in the social structure of Korea under the current usage and influence of the social capital theory put forth by P. Bourdieu, J. Coleman and R. D. Putnam. It begins by discussing the origin of the social capital phenomenon and its relation with the social network within Korea. It then looks at the connection of the social capital phenomenon with the information and communication technologies (ICT).
Table of Contents:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Background of the Study
Purpose of this Study
Significance of this Study
Chapter 2: Literature Review
The Emergence of the Social Capital Theory
Initial Utilization by Coleman and Bourdieu
The Social Network as Social Capital
Social Capital and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
Social Capital and Relative Theories
Understanding Online Communities and their Use of Internet:
Internet Based within the Social Framework of Korea:
Chapter 3: Methodology
Summary of the Methodology
Profiles of Interviewees
Chapter 4: Results
Communication on the Internet
Conclusion: "See You at CY!"
From the Paper
"The IT circumstance in Korea makes young people recognize the Internet as a normal part of everyday life, and regard it as one of the various communication tools. Between the Internet and the mobile phone people are not strictly attached to either one or it seems that both are used additionally rather than the usage of one being increased or decreased by the other. E-mails, IM, Blogs and CY are all part of the overall system of the Internet; though their use may vary, they are all considered more effective means of communication than any other available. Off-line intimacy can motivate and activate communication on the Internet, but the opposite cannot always be considered as true. Illusion, time, space and fashion statements are all part of the list of easier attainments online than offline. The rise of the dependence of the Internet in Korea is for both interpersonal and business reasons but the increase in the expanse, level and quality of interpersonal communication is more obvious of the two. More and more Koreans are keen on creating various new on-line cultures in the already established social framework of Korea."
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Rebirth of Europe, 2008.
A discussion of the book "Rebirth: A Political History of Europe since WWII "by Cyril E. Black, R.D. English, J.E. Helmreich, A.J. McAdams, and P.C. Helmreich.
1,201 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper covers the political history as depicted in the book, "Rebirth: A political history of Europe Since WWII" by Cyril E. Black et al. Specifically, the paper discusses why certain European countries decided to merge their economic policies after World War II.
From the Paper
"There were several factors that led to this decision to band economies together. The authors of Rebirth write, "The divisions of Europe over security matters led to economic alignments that carried important implications for the defense capabilities of each region" (Black, English, Helmreich, McAdams & Helmreich, 2000, p. 58). Clearly, the divisions of east and west and Soviet and Democratic were key issues in forming economic bonds. There were others, as well. After the war, most of Europe was on shaky economic ground. Banding economies together was one way to strengthen them and help economic growth, so it made sense for many countries to create economies in common."
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The Global Defense Industry, 2008.
A research paper to analyze the financial implications to the global defense industry in regards to a cutback in defense spending.
17,300 words (approx. 69.2 pages), 59 sources, APA, AU$ 323.95
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Abstract
This paper presents research, which shows the implications, by the year 2015, for a global defense company if there are cutbacks of more than 20 percent of the U.S. federal budget. The author presents an analysis of current projects to indicate how funding is used towards military sustainment and how projected cuts could affect those projects. The paper demonstrates how the employees of global defense companies, the military and the general population of the United States could be affected. The methodology for this study is content analysis.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Context of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Significance of the Study
Research Design and Methodology
Organization of the Study
What are the Research and Development (R&D) Options for Companies such as NGC?
Table:Government Contractors in Court
What Options will be Most Beneficial to the Employees and the General Public of the U.S.?
Table: Factors Mitigating the Impacts of Military Base Closures
Table: Recapitulation and Summary of Base Closure Journal Articles and Texts
Table: Recapitulation and Summary of Influences on Defense R&D Journal Articles and Recent Media Reports
Overview of Northrop Grumman
Table: Current R&D Initiatives by Northrop Grumman.
Overview of Boeing
Table: Current R&D Initiatives by Boeing
Overview of Lockheed Martin
Table: Current R&D Initiatives by Lockheed Martin
Potential Research and Development Initiatives
Robotics and Robot Companions for the Elderly
Water Desalination Initiatives
Video Games
Can the U.S. Remain a Superpower and Protect Its People from Terrorism while Reducing Its Military?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The quantitative aspects of the water supply have been widely studied as to specific regions of the world and it is possible to view these trends on a global level. According to Starr (1996), the next few decades are going to be characterized by conflicts - even wars - over increasingly scarce water resources. This author reports that, "Nature annually contributes in fresh water to the world's continents about ten times the world's water use for all purposes. On average, about 70 percent flows to the sea in seasonal floods."
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Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 1997.
Overview of biotechnological R&D, human testing & drug research (AZT, cancer drugs) in France & Switzerland.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 22 sources, AU$ 103.95
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From the Paper
"PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARISON AND FRANCE AND SWITZERLAND
Introduction
This research compares pharmaceutical research and development in France and Switzerland. Two pharmaceutical manufacturers?Roussel Uccaf in France and Sandoz in Switzerland?provide the focus for this comparison.
Inventions and Their Importance
Innovation, in an economic context, is the introduction of new products, or production processes. It is the last stage in a three-stage process that begins with invention (the discovery or devising of new products or processes) and is followed, in turn, by development (the process of converting new ideas and principles emerging from the invention stage into marketable and usable.."
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