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Child Labor in America, 2005.
A look at the history of child labor in America.
2,837 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 122.95
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Abstract
This paper documents the history of child labor in America. The tradition of child labor is discussed, the conditions under which children labored is described, and the methods of recruitment is described. The paper also describes the type of labor in which children were employed, how easily they were exploited, and how the problem of child labor was eventually addressed and made illegal. The paper also points out that this problem continues to exist throughout the world.
From the Paper
"Imagine if you can the life this child had. He probably spent his days in the coal breaker ?picking out the refuse, or culm, as the coal flowed down the long iron chutes?. Breaker boys spend their time pulling rocks from coal cars as they rushed by. Children also worked in many other dangerous capacities. Young workers could be found in factories, mines, fields, and in the streets. Children worked to support their family, and
did not question their duty. They had a job, but no childhood, and nowhere to turn. Although many Americans would like to believe cases like this were rare, unfortunately, a well-documented history of child labor in America proves otherwise. Who were these children and what was the reason for their childless lives?"
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Labour's Labor, 2006.
A review of an article discussing the impact and damage of WWII on the British economy.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how following World War II, the British economy, its social structures, and its infrastructure, were all considerably damaged by the years of war over the European continent. Unions, as Dorfman points out, entered the post-World War II era as one of the nation's policy focal points in what would otherwise have been a political vacuum (par.1). It further discusses how in the decades following the war, Unions provided the citizenry, in the form of workers, with adequate representation within the structures of government and ensured that many policies and programs were enacted that would ensure not only work related rights and assurance but also social programs. The Unions within Britain for three decades held considerable sway over policy decisions as well as policy formulation.
From the Paper
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Labor Policy, 2007.
A review of Melvyn Dubofsky's book "The State and Labor in Modern America".
1,857 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes Melvyn Dubofsky's book, "The State and Labor in Modern America". The paper relates that, in the book, Dubofsky details the history of how the state in America has addressed issues involving employers and employees and how the state has shaped labor policy. The paper reviews the validity of Dubofsky's analyses and draws conclusions about the book's worth as a historical book.
From the Paper
"In the next few years, membership in the AFL declined. The steel strike of 1919 ended in failure, and business showed increasing hostility to labor through the "American Plan," essentially an antiunion, open-shop program that dominated the 1920s. The only substantial victory for labor during this period was the Railway Labor Act of 1926, but even this was only a qualified victory because it was a weak compromise of provisions that had been agreed to by rail labor and management."
"The role of labor would come to the fore once more with the New Deal, a series of regulations passed and agencies created to overcome the problems of the Great Depression. These acts brought the federal government more directly into many areas of American life, and especially into economic relations in an effort to restore confidence and solve some of the problems brought about by widespread unemployment, bank failures, and the like."
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Collective Bargaining, 2006.
The paper examines the history of labor relations in America.
2,547 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 112.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at labor relations in America. These have undergone many changes, with the development of unions giving the workers a voice and a degree of power, so as to use their solidarity as a bargaining tool. The paper also examines how the union movement evolved and the history behind it, including the various acts that have been passed by the legislators, with emphasis on the Railway Labor Act. The paper concludes that numerous changes have been made in the collective bargaining laws and in various agreements between labor and management, though the basic idea of collective bargaining and of protecting the process has remained strong.
From the Paper
"In the nineteenth century, there was a kindred spirit between artisans and all types of skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled labor, which developed into a bond of common interest that would in time lead to the development of the American labor movement and to massive changes on the American labor scene. The stabilization of labor unions would also result in the expansion of collective bargaining and wage and salary demands. Labor organizations in the United States were founded long before factories were developed. Between 1790 and 1799, shoemakers, printers, carpenters, and other craftsmen organized "societies" in eastern cities, and as needed they conducted strikes for higher wages and closed shops. The earliest authenticated strike in the U.S. was in Philadelphia in 1786 when the printers union gained a minimum wage of $6 a week. The labor philosophies of these organizations were highly influential in the development of subsequent groups, notably the Mechanics' Union of Trade Associations in 1827. As industry expanded at a time of soaring prices following the discovery of gold in California in the 1850s, trade unionism was revived. Officers from 25 unions gathered in Columbus, Ohio in 1886 to organize all trades and to form the American Federation of Labor (AFL). The organization adopted the policy of collective bargaining to deal with employers on wage matters. By the turn of the century, though, there was a greater need for union organization. Hundreds of items were then manufactured under strenuous circumstances in homes and shops nicknamed "sweatshops," which were overcrowded, inadequately lighted, unventilated, and lacking in proper sanitary facilities. Men, women, and children worked under these conditions for low wages. The AFL worked incessantly for legislative relief to eliminate these working conditions, to abolish child labor, and to introduce workmen's compensation and the Fair Labor Standards Act. Massachusetts passed the first minimum wage law in 1912, followed by eight other states in 1913 (Zollitsch and Langsner 30-32)."
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Steelworkers' Trilogy Cases, 2006.
A discussion of the steelworkers' trilogy cases of 1960 and the way that they impacted arbitration and labor law in America.
3,081 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 130.95
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Abstract
The steelworkers' trilogy cases greatly changed the way that arbitration is dealt with in America. In light of this, the paper discusses and analyzes these three cases and determines what arbitration was like before and after the cases took place. This study looks at arbitration in various cases (most notably the steelworkers' trilogy) based on unfair labor practices. There is significance to this based on the fact that the way that arbitration is conducted was changed based on these cases and they made a significant difference in the way that the laws regarding arbitration were handled. Looked at here are the steelworkers' trilogy cases, the history of arbitration both before and after the cases, and the impact that these cases had on arbitration in this country.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Arbitration Before the Steelworkers' Trilogy Cases
The Steelworker Trilogy Cases
Case #1 - United Steelworkers of America v. American Manufacturing Co.
Case #2 - United Steelworkers of America v. Enterprise Wheel & Car Corp.
Case #3 - United Steelworkers of America v. Warrior & Gulf Navigation Co.
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The steelworkers trilogy cases of 1960 gained much attention at the time and remained famous for years afterward as being the most significant cases where the arbitration of grievances were concerned. In these cases, the United States Supreme Court was aware of the necessity of strict rules to keep arbitration honest and fair for all of the parties that are involved with it. One of the laws under which arbitration awards may be forced or vacated is Section 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act, which has been used for some time in various cases. The Federal Arbitration Act also created guidelines to ensure that arbitration is fair, and there are only four circumstances under Federal law where an arbitration award may be changed or vacated under this Act."
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The Labor Unions, 2002.
This paper presents the history of labor unions, labor law and labor relations in the United States.
2,690 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 116.95
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Abstract
This paper points out that by acting on behalf of a large group, the labor unions have more power than if the employees acted alone. This paper describes and compares United Airline?s and Ford Motor Company?s labor practices and problems. This paper presents an ideal employer-labor relationship.
From the Paper
"Congress, starting to feel pressure for groups like the AFL, created the U.S. Department of Labor. The department has a mandate to protect and extend the rights of wageworkers. A children?s bureau was created. In 1914, the first law to protect workers was enacted, the Clayton Act said that ?the labor of A Human Being is not a commodity or an article of commerce.? Because of this change in the legal status of work and labor, those things were no longer subject to the Sherman Act provisions that had been the legal basis for injunctions against union organizations. The Clayton Act allowed for strikes, boycotts, peaceful picketing and dramatically limited the use of injunctions in labor disputes."
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Labor Unions, 2007.
An overview of labor unions with a focus on the Association of Flight Attendants.
1,354 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a brief overview of the history and purpose of labor unions in America. In particular, it looks at the Association of Flight Attendants AFL-CIO which is a sector of the Communications Workers of America CWA. It looks at how ,over the course of the last few years, the union has gone through some major changes in strategy and structure as a result of the events of September 11, 2001 and then discusses these changes.
Outline:
Craft Division
Pairing the Crews
From the Paper
"Some participants in and observers of the U.S. labor movement have viewed unions as institutions with the potential to establish industrial democracy and socialism. Others have viewed unions as highly conservative institutions returning to workers the status lost in the transition from village societies to urban anonymity. In reality, their role has been more modest. In the early 1980's they enrolled in their ranks only one of five members of the labor force, down from one of four in the 1950's and 1960's. These workers had a somewhat greater say in their work lives and in the halls of Congress and state legislatures. They received somewhat greater pay and were more productive. They sometimes followed the political calls of their leaders and sometimes did not."
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Lessons for the Labor Movement, 2007.
An analysis of the history and development of labor and labor organizations in Canada.
1,059 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the positive and negative lessons that history can provide to today's unions and trade unions in Canada. It describes the influence that the state and the nature of the economy have on labor and labor organizations and their activities. The paper also discusses trade unions and their role, as well as other developments in the history of the labor movement. Finally the paper looks at fthe ree market economy and its implications in increasing job insecurity and wage and benefit rollbacks.
From the Paper
"Free market economy increased job insecurity and wage and benefit rollbacks and continues to be the basis of today's economy in Canada. The labor movement of today is faced with these challenges as well as the relocation and closing down of many industrial plants and factories all over Canada. Also, today Canada's labor movement needs to have a broader agenda as it faces with all the challenges of the global economy as well as the effects of the decline of state intervention within the context of this new global economy. It also needs to recognize the cultural, social and ethnic diversity that makes up the Canadian workforce today. Additionally it has to become concerned with the status of part-time and temporary employees whose number is increasing steadily, as many employers are cutting out full-time jobs with full benefits."
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The New Labour, 2005.
An examination of how the Labour party has changed under the leadership of Tony Blair.
2,497 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how New Labour has distinguished itself from traditional Keynesian Labour, assuming that it has to deal with a mixed economy in which the private sector has been given more and more importance. It looks at how consequently, polemics have emerged around the question of knowing if Labour is closer to the centre-left or to the "New Right". It also discusses how New Labour has met serious difficulties to be considered as a proper political social democrat ideology rather than a pragmatic approach to rising Britain's socio-economic difficulties.
Outline:
New Labour as a Fundamentally New Political Ideology or As a Pragmatic Political Programme
New Labour in the Logic of a Historical Change Process of the Labour Party
New Labour's Main Objectives
New Labour: A Real Shift in Governing Strategies?
New Labour's Welfare Reforms and its "Distinctiveness"
New Labour's Governing Strategies as Distinctive from Those Of Old Labour and Thatcherism?
New Labour Closer to the Centre-Left or to the "New Right"?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"New Labour is certainly not particularly distinctive from its governing predecessors in terms of depoliticisation. In 1998, Gordon Brown, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, established that the Bank of England would be independent in the determination of interest rates. Consequently the Blair government reject a level of political responsibility in the implementation of core economic policies: indeed, interest rates used to be a fundamental economic tool for British governments under Old Labour's Keynesianism to solve Britain's relative economic decline. It is also a policy in rupture with Thatcherism's monetarist policies which tried to fight the inflation by regulating the amount of money in circulation. "
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Labor Unions, 2008.
This paper explores the influence of public labor unions today.
2,226 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 100.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the history of labor unions and disagrees with the belief that labor unions are archaic and provide few benefits to workers in the 21st century. The paper explores the political power and influence that labor unions have in shaping Senate and House legislation in the US, in addition to monitoring the policies that may impact domestic labor. The paper shows how labor union influence in contemporary United States politics and public policy has gained momentum in shaping the outcome of domestic and foreign policy.
Outline:
The Contemporary Role of Labor Unions
The Labor Union Power Game
Changes that Impacted the Labor Union Political Strategy
From the Paper
"The original form and function of the labor union was to provide protection, benefits and a political voice for workers in manufacturing and skilled trades. In the early 20th century, the AFL-CIO was formed, and influential movers such as Samuel Gompers aided in the facilitation of increased wages and benefits for textile and manufacturing workers. The power of labor unions progressed so quickly and drastically, that President Franklin Delano Roosevelt included a labor regulation policy in the New Deal in the early 1930's. As a result, the Department of Labor was established to monitor the authenticity of labor unions in addition to regulating the practices and extent of power of these advocacy groups."
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"A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America", 2005.
This paper discusses the history of Chinese and Japanese emigrants in the formation of the American identity as related in Ronald Takaki's "A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America".
885 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the success of both Chinese and Japanese emigrants symbolizes their efforts in constructing an industrialized and agricultural America. The author points out that, because of hardship and discrimination, both groups formed their own communities and labor unions in order to strive for labor rights for their contributions, which gradually developed strong alliances with their own cultural values and thus helped to create a multicultural America that resists notions of assimilation. The paper concludes that, if the history of these ethnic groups were eliminated, there would be blank pages in the history of America because this people built the wealth of America.
From the Paper
"In the 1800s, America was sought as a "New World" of opportunities and a better life for emigrants who were "pushed" out of their country by economic depression and "pulled" by hopes and dreams of fortune. Many Chinese migrants came to America to seek sanctuary from intense revolts and harsh economic conditions in China caused by the British Opium War (Takaki 192). The Japanese emigrated to America for similar reasons as the Chinese. 1868 was the year of the Japanese Meiji Reform and the government financed national defense by heavy taxing in order to establish a strong centralized society."
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"The Shaping of Black America", 2002.
A summary of chapter five in "The Shaping of Black America" by Lerone Bennet Jr.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the book "The Shaping of Black America" by Lerone Bennet Jr. In understanding the chapter "The Black Founding Fathers", we can learn how blacks played an integral part in the shaping of America from their labor and contributions.
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Income Disparities in Latin America, 2002.
This paper discusses income disparities in Latin America: The history, main causes, the different countries, high-income disparities, ethnicity and gender, and possible solutions.
5,725 words (approx. 22.9 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 200.95
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Abstract
This paper states that, although inequality and high levels of income disparity represent major challenges confronting economists and leaders in many parts of the world, the problem is particularly severe in the Latin American countries. The author believes that the root of this phenomenon lies in the region's colonial history and the exploitation of the indigenous population as slave labor for agriculture and tapping the mines. The paper concludes that these stubborn patterns of inequality can be overcome if determined efforts are made to open political and social policies to all and to provide access by the poorer sections to social services. Footnotes.
Table of Contents
Income Disparities in Latin America
Measuring Inequality: Some Recent Studies
Latin America: How Unequal?
Income Disparity in Latin America: Getting Worse?
Is Poverty and Income Disparity Related?
Historical Roots of Inequality in Latin America
Comparison with Colonization of North America
Persisting Patterns of Inequality
Social, Economic and Political Changes in the 20th Century
Roles of Race, Ethnicity and Gender in Income Disparities
Racial Identification
Ethnic Identification
Identity Formation and Discrimination
Assets of Households
Access to Services
Average Incomes
What do the Race and Gender-Related Income Statistics Mean?
The Consequences of Inequality
Considered Unfair
Results in Greater Poverty
Affects Economic Growth
Current Backlash
Solutions for Reducing the Inequality in Latin America
More Open Political and Social Institutions
More Equitable Economic Institutions and Policies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Poverty and income disparity are not the same concepts. Poverty may decline in a country or region where income disparity is increasing. However, experience has shown that such a situation occurs rarely and inequality and poverty are closely related. This is because in a growing economy with stable levels of inequality, poverty invariably falls. As a result the Latin American region showed significant reduction in poverty levels in the 1970s, when its economies were growing with a corresponding drop in inequality. On the other hand, the 1980s saw a fall in incomes and more unequal income distribution?resulting in accelerated increase in poverty."
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Forced Labor, 2002.
A look at forced labor in the U.S. during colonial times.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 141.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses forced labor in Colonial North America. It discusses how African slaves were transported to the continent from the very early 16th century. Native Indians, however, served as the first slave laborers for colonialists, as European landowners in colonial North America originally met their need for forced labor by enslaving Natives. The paper focuses on the brutality and exploitation that were prevalent in the system at large.
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Free Trade Agreements in America, 2008.
An examination of free trade agreements in the U.S. and how they are affecting small farmers and labor unions.
2,424 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the free trade agreements in America affect the labor unions, and the small farmers; mostly middle class to lower class persons. It explains that the people who stand to gain the most are those with high positions in corporations, who, thanks to Free trade agreements, can wipe out small competition, and are able to make their own shipping agreements for less money with farmers and manufacturers in less industrialized countries. The paper discusses how the new agreements, which make tariffs on the imported goods low to keep them cost effective, will ultimately crush the small farmer between the giant agribusinesses and the new Central American imports. The paper also looks at instances where labor unions and farmers protested in the hopes of gaining political support, but their attempts to influence policy have been largely ineffective.
From the Paper
"Free trade agreements have become more common in the U.S. during the last half century, leading to disputes on whether or not those agreements are actually beneficial to our country. Free trade allows countries to trade unique products that cannot be produced in or found in their own countries. Free trade also allows them to be sold at reasonable prices to the consumers. The disadvantages of free trade are that there are also many products that can be produced in multiple countries. Some countries can produce these products cheaper. This can cause huge economic issues/problems for the people who were originally making this product."
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Child Labor, 2002.
An examination of global child labor practices.
2,007 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how child labor practices of textile industries around the world are an important issue for most people. It looks at how although the United States has seen a change in these practices over the last 200 years, many immigrant children are still employed illegally in textile factories. It shows how worldwide, there have been numerous laws passed on behalf of children?s rights, although many governments are lax in enforcing them. It examines how some governments, are starting to realize the benefits of educating children and have started to implement tougher laws in an effort to end the abuse of their children.
Outline
Introduction
A History of Child Labor in the U.S.
Attempts to Change Child Labor
The Great Depression
Child Labor in the U.S. Today
Liberia and New Child Labor Laws
Child Labor in Indonesia
Pakistan and Bangladesh Child Labor Practices
Russian Child Labor Practices
Startling Statistics and Working Conditions
Examples of Child Labor
Other Countries vs. the U.S.
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The public finally began to become aware of the horrendous conditions in which the children were forced to work and in 1904 the National Child Labor Committee was formed as a means to regulate or eliminate child labor (unknown, 1991). This committee, combined with state child labor committees, investigated and photographed the children in their poor working conditions, sent pamphlets and leaflets to the public and lobbied the government for stronger child labor laws. From 1902 to 1915 these efforts were responsible for the passage of many state laws which restricted child labor. However, the southern states were reluctant to pass such laws, prompting the passage of federal child labor laws in 1916 and 1918, though these laws were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. In 1924, an amendment was purposed, but failed to be ratified by many states."
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