| Papers [1-16] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "LABELING THEORY": |
| Essay # 65066 |
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Labeling Theory, 2002.
This paper looks at the Nushawn Case and the Labeling Theory.
1,530 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how the Nushawn Williams case presented society with a new way to look at social deviance and behavioral, placing a particular emphasis on the labeling theory. The author illustrates how the Williams case in many ways supports the labeling theory, which has received its share of criticism over the last 20 years. This paper examines the labeling theory and also points to specific instances in the Williams case which support the theory.
From the Paper
"The labeling theory makes an attempt to explain deviant behavior by how the behavior is perceived by others and how once the deviant is perceived by others and treated as such, or labeled, they continue to behave in the way that is expected of them. Labeling often segregates the deviant from society, widens the gap between the deviant and any hope of living a normal life, and perpetuates an endless cycle of deviant behavior.
The story of Nushawn Williams, a 21-year-old who may have exposed more than 100 people to HIV, is a prime example of the labeling theory in action. In an in-depth article, Brent Gregax overviews the life of this young man leading up to his incarceration. One could argue that Williams was a victim of the labeling theory since the day he was born. According to Gegax, ?Williams? grandmother smokes crack. He has no idea who his father is. His mother has prostituted herself and even made his little sister turn tricks in front of their apartment in order to support her drug habit (Gegax,1)."
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Labeling Theory, 2007.
This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of the labeling theory, as it relates to criminology.
1,485 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer notes that in the study of criminology, there are numerous theories that help explain, or attempt to explain, the cause of delinquency and criminal activity. The writer points out that while some focus on the role of society, the legal system, or parental control, others focus more on the individual, and the process by which individuals learn. The writer discusses that labeling theory, in contrast, is a combination of both theoretical concepts, in that the labeling theory attempts to explain how the learning process of individuals is influenced by the actions of society and the legal system. This paper focuses on the labeling theory and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of this theory in real world applications of criminology.
From the Paper
"Lemert's theory differentiates between primary and secondary deviance. Primary deviance is thought to be minor rule violations that are spontaneous and sporadic. Secondary deviance, on the other hand, is the behavior that results after social control agents react to the primary deviance. According to labeling theory, this secondary deviance is a direct result of the labels given to the rule breaker following the initial transgression. Because of labels attached to the individual and of the social reaction to the primary deviance, the individual is stigmatized, thereby creating a social identity stemming from deviance. Repeated negative definitions of the individual's identity result in negative self-labeling, and the individual begins to see themselves as a deviant. More recent additions to the labeling theory stress this factor in the formation of the criminal subculture, in that members labeled as deviant begin to join with other, similarly labeled individuals."
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Bullying and the Labeling Theory, 2007.
This paper discusses how the labeling theory can be applied to bullying in schools.
1,535 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
The paper defines bullying as an aggressive behavior that creates an imbalance of power between two or more participants. The paper examines the labeling theory which posits that people will become what they are believed to be. The paper explains that if programs can change the self-perception of those who would otherwise have become bullies, it will help reduce the incidence of bullying in schools.
Outline:
Introduction
Statistically
Bullying Defined
Labeling Theory
Putting it Together
Fixing the Problem
From the Paper
"With the recent tragedies at Virginia Tech University attention again turns to the recent rash of school shootings in America. Over the past several years schools throughout the nation have begun to implement security measures that used to be reserved for military areas, banks and other high profile locations. Today, schools are as vulnerable as anyplace else when it comes to violence and tragedy. Columbine was a shock to the nation as were the events in Arkansas, and more recently in Virginia. In each case of school shootings the person who did the shooting perceived themselves to be the victim. Whether it was true or not for him or her, at least in their mind they had been bullied and traumatized to the point they were willing to kill peers to stop the pain. While the average person would not react to being bullied, one with an already fragile emotional system might and has as news channels pipe scenes of SWAT teams racing onto school grounds again and again."
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Labeling Theories, 2003.
Covers the necessity to label deviations from the norm.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
Examines social reaction theory. Discusses three journal articles on labeling and their theories. Discusses the role of deviance in labeling process, recidivism risks in drug courts, and the role of past traumatic events in anti-social behavior.
From the Paper
"LABELING THEORIES
We tend to live in an ordered society. That makes it necessary to set rules and regulations, and to "label" not only the measures of conformity, but deviations from the norm. In criminology, such deviations are carefully studied..."
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| Essay # 103486 |
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Labeling and Criminology, 2004.
An analysis of the implications of labeling theory for the discipline of criminology and for policy-making purposes.
4,382 words (approx. 17.5 pages), 23 sources, MLA, AU$ 166.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a critical analysis of the implications of labeling theory, both for the discipline of criminology and for policymakers today and in the future. The paper contends that the fundamental assumption of labeling theory is that perceived negative societal reactions will inevitably lead to the development of negative self-conceptions and greater criminal involvement. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
Outline
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Labeling Theory
Implications for Criminologists
Implications for Policymakers
Conclusion
From the Paper
"An increasingly common phrase being heard in America today is "Don't label me!" This reaction may be largely in response to the persistent and lingering aspects of a dangerous practice that has been proven time and again to be largely ineffective for criminal justice and policy-making purposes, but which does not seem to be going anywhere soon. According to Freilich, Raybeck and Savishinsky (1991), George Herbert Mead and his colleagues at the Chicago School were among the first sociologists to emphasize both social process and the role of individual perception in the construction of social life. "Their influence is reflected in a recent, major treatment of deviance, namely, labeling theory, which is largely the work of Howard Becker (1963), Albert Cohen, (1962), Edwin Lemert (1967) and others. In sum, labeling theory maintains that deviance is a social construct. Freilich et al. note, "The members of society decide what they mean by the term and then label individuals whose behavior is perceived as departing from accepted norms. The labelees, in turn, find themselves marginalized, prevented from engaging in certain forms of social participation, and encouraged to conceive of themselves as deviant" (20)."
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Theory Application, 2008.
An analysis of the application of the social constructionism theory, the labeling theory and the social exchange theory to the clients of the DePaul Family Services.
2,888 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 123.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how interactions with people, places and situations all leave their imprint on a person's way of being. The paper discusses whether a client's behavior is the result of the events occurred within his society, community and family or, if he is the intersection of the macro, mezzo and micro environments. It also discusses where personal characteristics intervene and impact of the resiliency and strengths of the individual. The paper focuses on the DePaul Family Services and analyzes their clients from three theoretical standpoints: the social constructionism theory, the labeling theory and the social exchange theory.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Agency Description
Agency Client
Theory Application
Social Constructionism Theory
Labeling Theory
Social Exchange Theory
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Resiliency, in the general meaning of finding the strength to pick up the pieces and carry on, is vital for the success of the DePaul clients. The area in which the social organization activates is extremely tough and challenging and it often offers more disappointments than actual successes. The social workers in the organization are constantly faced with refusal and a generally negative outcome. But they know not to give up, for the beneficial result of these humanitarian actions resides in persistency. It is impossible to teach and integrate a child with mental disabilities from the first day of program implementation. But with persistence, the results will show in time. Character strength and resiliency is also a must for the client and his family. Parents and other close family members generally find it hard to accept that their child is mentally challenged and when they do seem to find a solution in the DePaul services, they soon come to expect a miracle. And when this miracle does not happen, they often feel frustrated and tend to take it out on the representatives of DePaul and its social workers. But the employees at the organization and the family members only represent the close environment of the client's and their being resilient is required in order to support the client. He is the one that must truly be resilient and strong to make sure the treatments take effect. This is one more proof that the microenvironment directly impacts the behaviour of the client."
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Sexism, 2004.
An overview and analysis of sexism within the context of the labeling theory.
2,432 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper defines sexism and examines its history, causes, consequences, and scope. In doing so, it discusses the ?labeling theory? and how it relates to sexism. Labeling theory is a social behavioral theory that describes how attaching labels to a person can shape a person?s self-perception and the expectations or behavior of others toward the labeled person in ways that reinforce the label. It also evaluates possible solutions of the problem of sexism as it relates to the community, nation, and workplace, in order to evolve workable strategies for the implementation of the solutions.
Outline
What is Sexism?
History and Causes of Sexism
Consequences of Sexism
The Labeling Theory
Solutions to the Problem of Sexism
From the Paper
"Another example of gender bias in our language is that there is no special male suffix for a married man (?Mr.? is used for both a married and unmarried men) while ?Mrs.? is used to signify a married woman (the use of Ms. is a recent phenomenon and still not universally used).
Media and Culture: The influence of cultural media such as television and film has become overwhelming. Some sociologists even believe that the influence of television and films on the developing minds of young children exceeds that of even their parents. The media perpetuates sexism by presenting stereotypical images of men and women. Women are often depicted on TV dramas as housewives and mothers while men are usually shown doing all the exciting work outside the home, thereby implying that men have no involvement in their homes and families, and that women have no interest in the outside world."
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Racist Crime in Light of Criminal Theory, 2005.
A survey of criminal theories in an attempt to explain the racist crime motivation.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This study seeks the origin and causes of a racial homicide in Jasper, Texas. Three schools of crime theories help explain various dimensions of the crime. The classical school advances the social contract theory and the theory of proportionality. The Marxist school presents the labeling and conflict theories. Finally, the paper shows how Vernon Geberth and Erich Fromm advance the psychology of evil or malignant narcissism to explain the origin and cause of James Byrd's lynching.
From the Paper
"The proponents of the proportionality theory claim that the punishment should fit the crime. For example, if the punishment for stealing a doughnut were the same for stealing a car, many would see no added risk in stealing the car. Therefore, crime would increase if the punishment did not fit the crime. For several generations in Jasper, law enforcement looked the other way and/or participated in racist crimes. The risk for committing these crimes was next to nonexistent. Therefore, these unchallenged crimes increased in our tragic history of racism, over the decades. (Hoffman, 1999) This theory helps explain the racist crime trends from the 1920s to the 1960s. Jasper in 1998 was seen as a vestige of that era. Another paradigm may help explain the events at Jasper."
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Labeling Children, 2004.
A literature review of the effects of labeling on the academic performance and experience of disabled youth.
1,317 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper examines current research regarding labels in schools and discusses the effects of those labels on the academic performance of students. The paper debates the high incidence of uses of disability labels, such as learning disability, behavioral disorders, or attention deficit disorder. The paper presents critics of labeling who argue that the labels themselves have a negative impact on the academic performance of children with those labels. The paper also explores the views of proponents of labeling, noting that the labels are necessary to provide all children with the educational assistance they need.
From the Paper
"Those narrow groups do not identify specific abilities or disabilities, according to the researchers, but instead suggest specific treatment and intervention that is broad in topic. The result, they note, is often groups of children falling through the cracks in education, due to a failure to identify and assist in the areas the student truly needs. They continue to propose that, instead of broad labels, students? educations are tailored to fit their specific needs. In this way, the disabling effect of labels can be minimized, and students can do better, even when labeled (Levine & Swartz, 1995). Brody and Mills (1997) also found that expectations of teachers and peers in regards to disabled students played an important role in the development of those student?s abilities. Their study focused on those disabled students who are also gifted. The researchers noted that many children with special needs are rarely identified and are often not given the tools they need, either in their low-ability areas or in their high ability areas (Brody & Mills, 1997)."
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"Little Boy Blue", 2005.
An analysis of Strain theory versus Labeling theory in the novel "Little Boy Blue" by Edward Bunker.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes how Alex, a character in "Little Boy Blue" by Edward Bunker, represents an example of how social institutions criminalize young boys into juvenile delinquents. The writer argues that the corruption of foster homes and Juvenile Hall represents the institutionalizing process. In this manner, Alex is not merely mimicking other young boys through Labeling Theory, but is being manipulated through the tenants of Merton's Strain Theory in causal deviant behavior.
From the Paper
"This essay will examine the role of Strain Theory within the format of juvenile delinquency that arises within the novel Little Boy Blue by Edward Bunker. In this sociological perspective, Merton's Strain Theory defines how Alex Hammond becomes "institutionalized" within a segregated and racist system, which acts as a cause to his latter criminal behaviors in the novel. In essence, Strain Theory adequately explains the role of Merton's philosophy that unequal means are allocated "equal goals" in demonstrating why Alex is slowly corrupted by the social institutions in Bunker's novel. The first part of Little Boy Blue depicts Alex being manipulated by social institutions that he must invariably grow up within."
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Labeling Deviant, 2006.
A discussion regarding labeling with specific focus on the label of deviant.
2,950 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the labeling perspective stresses the ways that people are labeled and stigmatized, as well as the consequences this stigmatization has on people's identity and life experiences. This paper addresses how the labeling perspective applies to individuals labeled as hyperactive or those with ADHD/ADD.
From the Paper
"The earliest labeling theorists including Tannenbaum (1938) correctly assumed that in the process of labeling one, segregation occurs and individuals are outcast or singled out. Often as a result of this process people start engaging in the very negative behaviors people associate with the label they are provided. Lemert (1951) is among the first supporting a social reaction approach suggesting a difference exists between primary and secondary deviance. Lemert (1951) suggests that primary deviance occurs when someone doesn't view their behavior as deviant whereas secondary deviance involves an individual's acknowledgment of their status as a deviant. Primary deviance may arise from various causes, whereas secondary deviance typically arises as someone attempt to defend themselves from the attack or onslaught of others; it may further serve as a means through which someone protects or adapts to others reactions to their primary deviance or perceived negative behavior. "
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Social Theory and Gender, 2002.
An analysis of feminist social theory's impact on sociology in terms of the validity of issues of sex, gender and oppression, using Mary Wollstonecraft's 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman' as a reference.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
The following paper examines how both blacks and women have experienced exclusion and discounting of their sociological positions based solely on either their color or gender, regardless of the ?rationality? of their arguments in the past. This paper discusses how feminist sociologists are insisting that what has been labeled their ?radical feminist? approaches to the development and application of social theory be given the same weight as that of men in the field and the experiences and culture of half the world?s population be considered in the study of the whole.
From the Paper
?In January 1792, Mary Wollstonecraft completed A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, the first major work of feminist theory. She was one of many 18thcentury feminists who were responding to the wave of social revolution sweeping Europe and America, hoping to assure that women would be considered entitled to the same natural rights as men. Male theorists who developed and enforced the natural rights doctrine did not accept the feminist position. Their world view of the Enlightenment was predicated upon the assumption that the rational world is superior to, and must control, the nonrational world; men rational and therefore the lords of creation and had the right to impose their ?reason? on all without it: women, nonhuman creatures and the earth itself. The view of women as excluded from legal personhood was legalized by Blackstone in his common law stating that the ?very being or legal existence of the woman is suspended during marriage, or at least is incorporated and consolidated into that of the husband?. This meant, that as non-persons, married women had no property rights, no control over inheritance, no control over custody and no right to bring civil suit.?
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Food Labeling, 2005.
An examination of the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Part 201, on food labeling.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the historical events leading to the code of federal regulations on food labeling in the United States. The paper focuses on specific acts in history which address labeling as a way to protect health and safety. The paper further discusses changes in legislation that have led to the current laws. The paper examines the most significant issues related to labeling that are currently being considered, and draws conclusions based upon the research.
From the Paper
"The history of Federal regulations that concerned labeling in the United States began with the import and export of foods, and the concern of the American public that disease could easily be spread through foodstuffs that were not regulated, nor guaranteed safe. Through interpretation of early United States doctrines, (more specifically through the commerce clause in the Constitution) Congress has traditionally allowed states to regulate labeling of foods in order to provide some guarantee of safety to the consumer ("Food Labeling", 1992). Yet, by the 1800s Congress determined that the Federal government would control the labeling aspects of imported and exported products, and that states would be responsible for governing the labeling for products in-state, or to other states ("Food Labeling", 1992)."
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Public Policy and Cigarette Labeling, 2004.
Uses John Kingdon?s model of public policy to trace the history of labeling the dangers of smoking on cigarette boxes.
2,183 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 99.95
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Abstract
When the dangers of smoking became public knowledge, the movement to have cigarettes labeled began. This paper traces the path that led to the creation of labels on cigarette packages through the study of John Kingdon?s model of public policy and shows that cigarette labeling is one of the most classic examples of Kingdon?s model in action. The paper shows that public pressure, the grass roots movements, and the window of opportunity all came together to make the government force tobacco companies to warn their own customers of the dangers in their product.
From the Paper
"When a group or an individual has the desire to garner government funds for a purpose they are in a race with many other groups or individuals who want the same thing for their cause. This creates a type of vacuum in which all of the ideas, and desires are jumbled together in one large area called lobbying. Lobbying is the path the group takes to gain both public and political support for their cause. Lobbying is done before the bill ever reaches voting stages and it is where most desires for government backing or funding die. For a group to be successful in their desire to get their concerns to the voting floor they must take advantage of the window that is created by things such as public awareness, litigation and other factors. When this window occurs, the iron is hot and it is the best time to strike according to the Kingdon model."
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