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Interactions between Europe and the World, 2002.
HIstorical account of Europe's interaction and the motivation for that interaction with the rest of the world.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 85.95
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Abstract
Political domination and acquiring wealth were the key motivations for the Europeans to extend their interactions with the world. They promoted some notable philosophical and scientific contributions in the conquered Asia and Africa, but only to serve their power. They re-asserted their domination with the crusades and the spread of Christianity. With the exploration of sea-routes, they brutally began to colonize lands in Asia, Africa and the Americas.
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"The Politics of Retribution In Europe: World War II and Its Aftermath", 2002.
Research paper which analyzes the collection of essays in "The Politics of Retribution In Europe: World War II and Its Aftermath".
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 1 source, AU$ 114.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and analyzes the collection of essays entitled, "The Politics of Retribution In Europe: World War II and Its Aftermath", edited by Istvan Deak, Jan T. Gross, and Tony Judt.
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"The Origins of the Second World War in Europe", 2002.
An examination of P.M.H. Bell's "The Origins of the Second World War in Europe" on the personal choices of Adolf Hitler.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This essay will argue that Bell's thesis is that personal choices and not the determinism of historical forces led to the Second World War. In particular, as will be seen, Bell focuses on the personal choices made by one: Adolf Hitler. He contends that German policies of aggression and expansion that ultimately caused the war were shaped more by the personality of one man than by any broader mix of social forces or national interests.
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The U.S.A. and Post-WWII Europe, 2004.
Examines the role of the United States in Europe after the Second World War.
4,430 words (approx. 17.7 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 187.95
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Abstract
This essay presents the role of the United States of America in the reconstruction of post-World War II Europe. This report also provides information regarding the Cold War, the formation of NATO, and the ample economic trade opportunities sought by the Americans.
Paper Outline
Introduction
Hitler and World War II
Reconstruction Needed
United States Foreign Policy
The Truman Doctrine
The Marshall Plan
Allies and NATO
The Cold War
Democracy
Financial Assistance
Post World War II European Economy and Trade
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Thus, by 1947, the idea to contain communism was converted into a national philosophy that originated through the idea supported in the notions of the Truman Doctrine. Both the Soviet Union and the United States felt they had to protect themselves as the paranoia intensified and an all out clandestine war was brewing. In Europe the clandestine war between the philosophies of democracy and communism led to the eventual division between the Eastern European Communist Bloc States and the Western European democratic nations that would eventually become the NATO nations. The division was made into a physical divide when the Russians and East Germans began to isolate the city of Berlin through a fence that eventually became the foundation of the Berlin Wall. This division and the opposition of the two philosophies came full circle and the Cold War was on."
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Europe: 1945-1991, 2004.
This paper discuses three theories to explore the reason no wars broke out in Europe between 1945-1991, the period of the Cold War, despite turmoil going on elsewhere in the world.
2,635 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 127.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that one popular stance as to why a "Third World War" did not break out in Europe after 1945 stems largely from the U.S. and U.S.S.R. both building their nuclear arsenals during this period so that a war became a "zero-sum" game in which any gain for the U.S.S.R. was seen as a loss for the U.S., and vice-versa; therefore, the very existence of these deadly weapons, which could eradicate the entire world's population, prevented a major war. The author points out that John Meuller's "War is Futile" theory, which clearly states that there would have been an obsolescence of major war during the Cold War period with or without nuclear armaments, because, after the decimation and emotional turmoil of World War I, there was a gradual turning away from war and warlike activities; if not for Hitler, there would have been no World War II. The paper relates John Lewis Gaddis' "The Long Peace" theory in which he argues that bi-polarity is a system in and of itself and, by its very existence, can produce a kind of stability; alliances, such as NATO and the Warsaw Treaty, in a bipolar system, work as stabilizing elements, forcing the superpowers on both ends of the pole to take a more international stance.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The US, USSR and British Alliance; the 'Big 3', 1941-45
A Deterioration of Trust and Ending of the Alliance
The Cold War and the Absence of a Great War
Nuclear Weapons Theory
War is Futile Theory, Meuller
Systems Theory, Gaddis
Additional Thoughts
Conclusion
From the Paper
"After 1945, with the common threats eliminated, USSR, under the leadership of Stalin, inevitably began to assert power over Eastern Europe. Therefore, "a gradual process began in countries liberated by the Red Army, which eventually resulted in governments across Eastern Europe using police state methods and carrying out Soviet-style economic reforms." While it does not seem implausible that Stalin would attempt to reconstruct USSR's neighboring, decimated countries post-World War II, it is nevertheless around this time that the US and Britain began to see these moves as USSR's attempt to take unilateral action, thereby breaking the alliance and not holding fast to the agreements made at the Yalta Conference. The US, in particular, wondered just how far the USSR would go in spreading its communist ideology."
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Europe?s Spiritual Motivations for War, 2005.
A look at Herman Hesse's argument in his novel ,"Damian," about why Europe eagerly embraced the First World War.
1,677 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the book, "Damian," is Hesse's instrument for explaining that Europe, as a whole, had universal underlying motivations for war and how these motivations, while arguably misguided, were a major factor for the First World War. It explores his belief that events leading up to the outbreak of the war were just a means of furthering these motivations and how the educated, who had been influenced by Nietzsche and other critics of modernity, wanted real freedom.
From the Paper
"Herman Hesse's characters in Demian demonstrate the impact Friedrich Nietzsche had on European intellectuals in the time leading up to the war. Emil Sinclair and Demian are the embodiments of Nietzsche's "superman." These two characters strive to place themselves completely at the mercy of their wills and question society's rejection of the objects their wills desire most. "His task [is] to discover his own destiny-not an arbitrary one- and live it out wholly and resolutely within himself. Everything else [is] only...a flight back to the ideals of the masses, conformity and fear of ones inwardness" (Hesse, 111). By doing this, according to Nietzsche, a person could become powerful in his or her own right and would be no longer held down by the archaic and outdated ideals of morality and equality that modern society continued to cling to."
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Origins and Impact of German Unification on Europe, 2004.
Examines the impact and historical significance of the unity of the German states after the Napoleonic Wars and their implication on changing Europe.
5,234 words (approx. 20.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 209.95
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Abstract
The paper is a historical examination into the German national movement that began after the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. The desire for unity among the German states, mainly between Prussia and Austria, would eventually be a main reason for World War I and World War II. This in the desire to see a Greater Germany exist as the competing power in Europe by the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as an opposition to English, French and Russian domination of the continent. The paper is divided up into three main parts. The first section gives a history of the Napoleonic Wars and the growing concept of nationalism in the German states under Napoleon. It was this hope for unity that helped push the French back and convince the world that German unity was in the best interest as a buffer to further French aggression. The second part of the paper deals with the unification of the German states and the problems and progress that existed from the time of 1815-1870. The growing industrial movement is heavily discussed as being the backbone to the new German Confederation of states. The rivalry that existed between Austria and Prussia, which eventually splintered Austria from the Confederation, is also discussed and how the German nation became stronger due to a more powerful Prussian influence. A complete investigation into German culture, economics and military system of the 19th century is given in this section in a very detailed manner. Repeated sources from English observers and German politicians give an insight into how Germany began to grow as a European power during the middle 19th century. A huge part of this section deals with the German economy and their desire to match England in terms of economic dominance of Europe. The German economic system is examined, run by a harsh yet amazingly efficient centralized government that maximizes output and production from its workers. Finally, the last section deals with the establishment of the German Empire, and how nationalism completely took over Germany as the predominant unifying factor of the German people. The Franco-Prussian War and the subsequent territorial grabs by Otto Von Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm The First are discussed, right up until the outbreak of World War I where Germany has officially taken its place as the predominant military and economic power on the continent.
From the Paper
"Throughout the history of Europe, there have been numerous incidents in which a country will affect the entirety of the continent through political, economic or cultural means. These influences upon fellow European countries usually tended to be permanent changes, whether it was the religious division that came upon The Protestant split or The French Revolution's impact on neighboring countries. However, the one event that changed the course of European history and would eventually impact every European nation was the unification of the Germany city-states into a conglomerated country in 1815. Through this development of a united Germany at the Congress of Vienna, Europe would be forever changed and would be forced to compete with Germanic ideals that the new nation would sponsor as it began to build up a nationalistic Germany. What the European powers saw as a means of ending local rivalries and improving economic trade and prosperity to the former states of the Holy Roman Empire, the unification of the German people would taint any optimistic expectations of peaceful coexistence in Europe for the latter half of the 19th century and would take on much more dangerous and bloody connotations as the 20th century unfolded. The united country of Germany, through a series of beliefs and practices that each German citizen began to trust while the country was building itself in the 19th century, would become one of the most dominant and influential nations in European history. These principles were the strong nationalistic feelings that came from the pride and love of what it was to be German, the growing industrial practices that began to be developed in German economic production, and the emphasis on military dignity and strength of the army, coupled with the German tendency to give powerful prominence to German military leaders, would become grounds for building a nation that would tower over the European political environment for years."
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Revolution in Europe, 2008.
An analysis of social and political revolution in Europe in the nineteenth century, based on D. Mason's book "Revolutionary Europe 1789-1989-Liberty, Equality, Solidarity."
3,169 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 147.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the development of a number of social and political movements based around certain ideas about human behavior and society and the relationship between the two, during the nineteenth century in Europe. The paper focuses its analysis on the genesis, development and progress of these movements in the nineteenth century and how they are described by D. Mason in his book "Revolutionary Europe 1789-1989-Liberty, Equality, Solidarity."
From the Paper
"Wollstonecraft was dedicated to the primacy of reason, and it was her belief in reason that permitted her to conceive a world in which women might be seen by the world in a new way, a way that undid the violence of social norms requiring a simple, seemingly serene appearance in women, whose lives were thus molded to fit the dictates of masculine power in society. She also had a freed sensibility that brought her closer to an understanding of the true self. Wollstonecraft's language has a deliberate biblical undertone that is all part of her attempt to restore to women the human right of self-respect. Women resort to artifice in order to place the world, though such assumed feelings are awkward when compared to real feelings. She pleads for women to be seen as they really are. Her view is directly opposite that of Rousseau, though she begins with the same question, noting first that "either nature has made a great difference between man and man, or that the civilization which has hitherto taken place in the world has been very partial" (Wollstonecraft, 1975, p. 7)."
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AOL in Europe, 2002.
This paper discusses that AOL Europe, the subsidiary of AOL America, is facing a relatively difficult expansion time in Europe and the UK.
850 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper states that one strategic mistake AOL made was to simply react to the "numbers" of potential users in the Economic Union and negated the rigid and carefully controlled infrastructure of the Economic Union. The author points out that the European cultures, which make up the EU, are an ever-changing patchwork of influences, ethnic backgrounds, religions and trends that blend chaotically with local traditions. therefore, the local ISPs, typically aware of these idiosyncrasies, are better able to market to the young net surfers. The paper describes the technological structure in Europe and concludes that AOL needs to rethink some of its technology.
From the Paper
"A second Polish company, ATOM S.A. is the leading private Polish ISP specializing in business and government customers. The company was established in 1997 as a wholly owned subsidiary of ATM S.A., a leading systems integrator on the Polish IT market. Until AOL restructures some of its software so that it can handle Polish, and the cyrilic alphabet with greater dispatch, neither of these ISPs has agreed to do business with them."
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Post-Westphalia Treaty Europe, 2008.
An analysis of transnational organizations within post-Westphalia treaty Europe.
11,750 words (approx. 47.0 pages), 54 sources, APA, AU$ 366.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the concept of national sovereignty established by the Treaty of Westphalia has slowly but surely been replaced with one of supra-national organizations of various types, assuming both the authority and the responsibility for many tasks that were jealously guarded by the nations of Europe in the past. It examines the Treaty of Westphalia in light of these recent trends and illustrates how the actions of transnational organizations are Machiavellian in their very nature. The paper suggests that this represents a source of future conflict within Europe wherein only a supra-national body can apply effective governance.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Review of the Literature
Treaty of Westphalia
Post-Modern Europe
Trans-Nationalism
Transnational Organisations
Essay
Introduction
Part One
Current European Political Climate
Pre-Westphalia Treaty Europe
European Spatial Development Perspective and the Issue of Polycentricism
Part Two
Three Types of Transnational Organizations
Transnational criminal/terrorist organizations
International non-governmental organizations
Part Three
Post-Westphalia Treaty Europe and Transnational Organisations
Summary
From the Paper
"The research clearly showed that the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 represented a demarcation point in European history wherein the concept of national sovereignty was established only to be replaced over time by a number of historical transformations in international law that have profound implications for the European Union of the 21st century. Based on the foregoing, it is reasonable to conclude that the actions of TNOs are Machiavellian in their very nature and this represents a fundamental source of future conflict within Europe and creates an environment in which only supra-national bodies can apply and sustain effective governance."
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Political Participation in Europe, 2004.
This paper discusses political participation in Europe and looks at modern liberal democracy.
1,386 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer firstly outlines the major factors that led to increased political participation in Europe. Secondly, the writer then focuses on the prospects for liberal democracy in Europe; to what extent it is under threat and what challenges it will have to overcome. The writer maintains that it is clear to see how industrialisation and the spread of reformist and radical ideas led to increased political participation in Europe over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. However, although the status quo appears generally stable, modern democrats must be vigilant against the forces that would seek to attack the liberal foundation upon which modern Europe rests. The writer concludes that it is general political apathy on the part of many in Europe combined with the continuing rise of extremism that will pose the greatest threat in the future.
From the Paper
"In addition to the above, the urban working class of Europe developed a political consciousness in the early and mid nineteenth century that translated into a firm desire to gain a voice in the political process. Although industrialisation and the prospect of higher wages had brought many workers from the countryside into the towns, the conditions they were subject to were hideous. Workers were forced to work very long hours for little financial reward. Furthermore, living conditions were invariably worse that those of the countryside as the mass migration of thousands into the cities precipitated widespread disease and cramped squalled housing. Adding to this situation was a sense of utter powerlessness. The working masses had no form of political representation to turn in order to redress their grievances; even the early trade union movement was suppressed across many parts of the continent. Given this situation, it is unsurprising that both the urban and rural working classes constantly agitated for political participation in their respective countries; often led by members of the lower middle class."
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Walter Laqueur's "Europe in Our Time", 1994.
This paper reviews the book Walter Laqueur's "Europe in Our Time" about post-WWII Europe: Recovery, European Community, politics, fall of Soviet Union and attitudes toward U.S.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, AU$ 63.95
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From the Paper
"In the period after World War II, the United States arguably looked past Europe toward the Eastern bloc more than actually involving herself with the issues facing Europe, wit the forces that would bring Europe to its present state of semi-unification and developing autonomy in a regional sense. While the U.S. may have seemed closely involved in the affairs of Europe through special alliances such as NATO and the United Nations, much of the interest displayed in Europe was really a desire to check the communists rather than to develop Europe or understand European internal concerns. Much of the time, as a result, the United States was resented as much as admired. Over that same history, of course, the U.s. has become more and more enmeshed in the affairs of Asia and the Pacific Rim. In American politics, the Democrats in recent years have been criticized for ignoring ... "
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Europe and China Trade Markets, 2008.
This paper discuses the comparative advantage theory and applies it to trade between Europe and China.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 21 sources, MLA, AU$ 134.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that China's emergence as both an economic and political force has presented opportunities for Europe to develop or expand its business and trade relationships with China. The author points out that the comparative advantage theory dictates that, if a country can produce an item at a lower relative cost than another country, then it has a comparative advantage for that particular product. The paper suggests that Europe has a strong comparative advantage in technology and infrastructure compared to the Chinese market; whereas, China's comparable advantage over any developed economy is production efficiencies based on its vast pool of low cost labor. The paper states that China has taken full advantage of the benefits of globalization by developing the technology channels to handle the communication and transaction of international commerce and the physical infrastructure for the transportation and logistics of goods and services through a supply chain channel.
Table of Contents:
Europe and China at the Crossroads
Overview
Comparative Advantage Theory
Overview
Europe's Market Advantages
China's Market Advantages
Foreign Exchange Dimension
China's Currency Issues
Europe's Currency Concerns
The Economic and Geo-Political Environment
Overview
Off-Shoring/Out-Sourcing
Currency Blocks
Production Possibilities Frontier
Foreign Direct Investment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Trade is of great concern to the EU and one of the major drivers in establishing a centralized body within which to set policy and coordinate trade agreements. Prior to the Maastricht Treaty that established the EU as a formalized body, the individual member states were seemingly caught up in endless internecine trade disputes with each other that precluded any sort of effective international trade policy to deal with an increasingly global economy. However, over the last several years, the EU has been much more effective at handling trade disputes between member states."
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The Process of Institution Building in Eastern Europe and Ukraine, 2002.
A discussion of institution establishment and how it will bring positive change in Eastern Europe.
3,312 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 26 sources, AU$ 151.95
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Abstract
This paper stresses the importance of institution building in Eastern Europe and the interaction between formal and informal rules as one of the possible explanators of encountered difficulties. The general situation in Ukraine is described, as well as the banking system.
From the Paper
"The collapse of the Soviet Union bloc created an institutional vacuum in the whole Eastern Europe. Institutional change was seen as a key factor in solving problems. Three crucial issues were on the agenda at the moment: what and how institutions should be chosen, and how quick this process should be, as there was no possibility at that time to identify alternative institutional arrangements and assess precisely their consequences. The transition from socialism to capitalism made institutional restructuring indispensable. After the expiration of the socialist legal framework, new stable rules were required for carrying out interactions. In the then absence of formal rules people fell back on customs and traditions.
The West perceived the end of the communist rule as a clear vote for the capitalism. But it also assumed existence of the rational utility maximizers who would easily identify new opportunities, assess their consequences and allocate scarce resources in the best possible way. In my view transitologists tended to focus on the future rather than the socialist past, but failures of institution building in Ukraine have proved these approaches to be unrealistic and inappropriate in tackling the restructuring of institutions in CEE because, given incomplete knowledge and uncertainty, the importance of transaction costs, was not paid adequate attention to. Transaction costs are costs of resources necessary for the transfer of property rights from one economic agent to another, they include costs of making exchange and maintaining institutional structure. The calculation of costs did not include the costs for convincing people that the legal system was credible and stable, the cost of new institution-building and the costs of making people understand why the institutional restructuring was necessary or what was required for it. Also, according to Bossak, the frequent changing of rules, insecure property rights and restrictions on asset trading also increased such costs."
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The Future of 'Europe', 2005.
This paper examines the novel "Cafe Europa" by Slovenka Drakulic, and offers insight on the future of Europe as a united entity.
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper uses some of Drakulic's examples of cleavages between Eastern and Western Europe to define the obstacles that stand before a united Europe. It points out that language barriers, currency, nationalism, and distrust are but a few of the aspects that keep Eastern and Western Europe divided, yet many political scientists see a future for Europe in which these cleavages dissolve.
From the Paper
"Through encounters with border police, stories of traveling, hygiene, and personal accounts across Europe, Slavenka Draculic, author of Cafe Europa captures many aspects of the strong social and economic cleavages that continue to divide Eastern and Western Europe. The question provoked by the book, that is, the future for Eastern Europe and its acceptance by the West, is a complex one."
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Muslims in Europe, 2007.
A discussion on Muslims in Europe in the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
3,762 words (approx. 15.0 pages), 21 sources, APA, AU$ 166.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the impact of the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001 and subsequent terrorist related events have had a profound and far-reaching impact on the situation of Muslims in Europe. The paper explores how the very structure of Muslim life, as well as the way that they are perceived in Europe, has undergone a significant change. The paper examines how, while the integration of the Islamic religion and culture in Europe was problematic before the events of 9/11, the situation has been exacerbated by the events of 9/11 and has impacted a variety of aspects of Muslim life.
Outline:
1.0. Introduction
1.1. Research methodology
2.0. The situation of Muslims in Europe: before and after 9/11
2.1. Historical antecedents
2.2. The impact of 9/11
2.3. Prejudice and discrimination
2.3.1. The media
2.3.2. Right wing groups and prejudice
2.3.3. The creation of terrorism
2.3.4. Polices and the Law
2.3.5 Religious intolerance
2.3.5. Economic Prejudice And Related Factors
2.4. Muslim Identity
3.0. Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"The youth, who now make up the majority of Muslims in Europe, find themselves in a situation of cultural and identity crisis. They are caught between their traditions and the culture of their parents and European culture. However, the effect of recent world events has worsened their situation and they find themselves in counties "...which either refuses to accept them as bona fide members of society or--often--actively discriminates against them on the basis of their "otherness". "
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