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Infectious Disease Among Inmate Populations, 2006.
Traces the history of infectious diseases among inmate populations in the U.S.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the history of infectious disease in American prisons back to the American Revolution and the containment of American soldiers by British troops on prison ships. The paper explains that during that period, the British operated 16 prison ships, which often held over 1,000 men each by 1776 (DeWan, 2006, para. 2). The American prisoners were comprised of military men and seamen that the British held as enemies to the British crown off the coast of New York and New Jersey. The prisoners, many of them wounded in battle or already infected with disease, received no medical treatment during their incarceration. Furthermore, the prisoners were held in close quarters, without sanitary conditions, allowing for the spread of disease to be imminent.
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Infectious Disease among Prison Inmate Populations, 2008.
A look at the spread of infectious diseases within the prison system.
2,267 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of the spread of disease and other health related problems in prisons. The author begins by examining the common problems of diseases in prisons in order to establish trends and patterns, and continues to analyze current problems facing the system that may be perpetuating the cycle and placing the general public at risk.
Outline:
Universal problems facing prison populations
Today's problems with prison healthcare, and actions to control spread of disease
Detection and classification of disease
Education
Separation of infection
Mental Health
Prison healthcare and its benefits to society
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The number one problem that our prisons face when dealing with communicable disease is population density. Inmates are living most of their days in quarters that would normally accommodate one person, and are sharing it with two or more additional inmates. This creates an environment where a disease can easily be transmitted from one person to another in a short period of time. With so many people being incarcerated every year, it is not easy to provide thorough medical screens for every intake. The flow of people coming in and their lack of screening together create a giant hole through which disease can be introduced into the population. Many inmates did not have the luxury of health insurance, and did not know they had a disease, or were unable to afford treatment. So many inmates come through intake, and are unaware that they carry HIV, Hepatitis C, and other diseases, and are under then assumption that their initial health screen will catch any. This creates two false senses of security, inmates think that they are in a diseases screened environment, and still other will unknowingly carry the disease and possibly spread it because they unaware they had it. Initial screenings may only test for diseases such as hepatitis C, and only certain diseases such as HIV will warrant a follow up visit, others just assume no news is good news and think everything cam out fine (Comfort, 03)"
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Contagious Fears: Infectious Disease and National Security, 2004.
Examines the growing global threat of infectious diseases.
1,192 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 16 sources, APA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the threat that the growing number of infectious diseases throughout the world poses to the world and to the U.S., in particular. The paper mentions several types of infectious diseases, but focuses on the worldwide security threat posed by the AIDS epidemic. In addition, statistics on AIDS in the United States are included, as well as a discussion on the need for adequate funding of programs that will enable the U.S. to notice and react to disease threats instigated overseas.
From the Paper
"In a progressively more mutually dependent world, the United States confronts an array of novel global challenges that rise above the customary classification of national security. One significant instance is the reappearance of infectious disease. In the 1960s and 1970s, influential antibiotic drugs and vaccines seemed to have expelled the major outbreaks from the industrialized world, leading to an atmosphere of satisfaction and the abandonment of programs for disease observation and avoidance. Over the preceding few decades, on the other hand, infectious diseases have come back with revenge (1)."
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Infectious Diseases on a Global Scale, 2002.
Explores the top five worst infectious diseases in the world, excluding HIV.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 129.95
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Abstract
This paper shall examine the remaining five serious infectious diseases: Pneumonia, malaria, tuberculosis, diarrhea and measles. Due to the length of this paper, each disease will be summarized as concisely as possible but not as deeply as desired. This paper shall conclude with how these five diseases are more prevalent in "developing" countries due to the existing conditions.
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Infectious Diseases, 2006.
"In order to understand the nature of disease and epidemics, it is essential to analyze how host agent and environment intersect. The approach needed...
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
"In order to understand the nature of disease and epidemics, it is essential to analyze how host agent and environment intersect. The approach needed for this task is ecological analysis which is the same approach taken by Nikiforuk (1995) in his book. Nikoforuk's theme is the purpose of epidemiology as the study of health and illness among individuals and populations for the sake of public health and preventive medicine."
From the Paper
In order to understand the nature of disease and epidemics, it is essential to analyze how host, agent, and environment intersect. The approach needed for this task is ecological analysis, which is the same approach taken by Nikiforuk (1995) in his book. Nikoforuk's theme is the purpose of epidemiology as the study of health and illness among individuals and populations for the sake of public health and preventive medicine. Risk factors and the determinants of health must be taken into account because of the interaction between host, agent, and the environment.
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"Evolution of Infectious Diseases" by Paul Ewald, 1996.
Reviews work on need for shift from Darwinian medicine to evolutionary epidemiology in fight against pathogens from cholera to AIDS.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 1 source, AU$ 92.95
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From the Paper
"Paul Ewald?s Evolution of Infectious Disease begins with a re-examination of traditional medical approaches to treating and eradicating disease through the ages, comparing and contrasting the time-honored concept of obligate evolution toward commensalism, that is that parasite species or pathogens, over time, will evolve toward a benign state of co-existence with their host. In rejecting this hypothesis, Ewald seeks to show that contrary to this belief, organisms, in fact, tend toward higher rates of virulence within human hosts in order to replicate more quickly, thus insuring better transmission from host to host in spite of the host mortality rate.
To prove his hypothesis, Ewald shows how the effectiveness of vaccines and anti-bacterial drugs can eventually be overcome or evolutionarily bypassed by pathogens such as malaria..."
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Alcoholism: Disease or Not Disease?, 2006.
This paper argues that alcoholism is a disease.
1,113 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This concise and well-organized paper examines alcoholism as a disease. The author describes the criteria for an illness to be considered a disease. According to these criteria, alcoholism fits the definition of a disease. The author concludes if considered as a disease, better treatments can be found for sufferers of alcoholism.
From the Paper
"First, as more and more research is put into the claim, it becomes quite obvious that alcoholism is an actual disease. Alcoholism is defined as "an illness marked by consumption of alcoholic beverages at a level that interferes with physical or mental health, and social, family, or occupational responsibilities" (NLM). Alcohol dependency, a form of alcoholism, is portrayed by a higher tolerance for alcohol, which means that it requires more substance for an affected person to become intoxicated. Also, people that suffer from alcohol dependency normally suffer from withdrawals if alcohol use is discontinued or reduced. People that are dependent on alcohol normally spend much of their time consuming or acquiring alcohol. When one consumes too much alcohol many side effects and body disorders occur. Some of the most recorded side effects of alcoholism are: pancreatitis (irritation and swelling of the pancreas), heart muscle damage, nerve damage, esophageal bleeding, brain degeneration, cirrhosis of the liver, delirium tremens, erectile dysfunction, insomnia, and nutritional deficiencies. All of these are bodily disorders which effect different parts of the body (Rychtarik, 3)."
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Infectious Bacteria, Viruses, and Eukaryotes, 2004.
An analysis of infectious organisms and how they cause various diseases.
3,225 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 134.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the threats of infectious organisms, with a focus on their ports of entry. The paper explains that typical portals of entry include the mouth, ears, eyes, urethra, nose, and skin, while non-typical portals might include wounds, broken skin, insect bites, or even animal bites or stings. The paper explores the E. coli bacteria, Hepatitis A ,and Guardia Lamblia, providing explanations of how these diseases may be contracted and various methods for treatment and prevention.
Outline
Introduction
The Mouth and Gastrointestinal Tract
Defense Mechanisms
The E. coli Bacteria
E. Coli Taxonomy and Virulence
Treatment and Prevention
Hepatitis A
Taxonomy
Treatment and Prevention
Guardia Lamblia
Taxonomy
Treatment and Prevention
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Indeed, the specialized preferences of many organisms with regard to ports of entry are so consistent that it is often taken as a hallmark of a particular organism in the diagnosis phase. This is especially important when one notes that the symptoms of characteristic of a specific infection usually give clear clues as to the point of entry. Although it is important to consider the point of entry when diagnosing the cause of illness in a patient, it can also be important for many aspects of disease prevention, especially when a high risk for a particular organism is present in one?s environment. For example, if one knows that he or she is working in an environment where there is a high incidence of an airborne pathogen, steps can be taken (the wearing of masks the use of patient isolation procedures for example) to minimize possible exposures to that pathogen."
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Disease, 2001.
This essay discusses many aspects of disease, including causes and risk factors.
1,180 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper defined disease as anything impairing the normal state or functioning of the body as a whole or of any of its parts, explaining how certain diseases are short lived, but severe, others chronic. The author classifies diseases by their cause and how infectious they may be.
From the paper:
"Disease can be defined as anything impairing the normal state or functioning of the body as a whole or of any of its parts. Some diseases are short lived, but they are accompanied by severe symptoms. Others are chronic, or diseases that last a long time. Diseases are classified by their cause; this could be a virus, bacteria, rickettsias, or protozoa. Fungi and parasitic worms can also cause diseases. Human, certain animals and insects, and infected objects can transmit only infectious diseases. Chemical and physical agents such as drugs, poisons, and radiation can also cause disease."
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Causes of Alzheimer's Disease, 2000.
A scientific paper on Alzheimer's disease. A discussion of the disease and an in depth look at its causes.
2,070 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 25 sources, AU$ 95.95
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Abstract
This review of Alzheimer?s disease (AD) focuses on the various causes of the disease. It is a compilation of material gathered from various scientific journals. The review begins by giving an introduction of AD followed by a discussion of various factors believed to cause AD, such as: amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, apolipoprotein E, and genetic factors. The author concludes by stressing the need for more research into the causes of AD.
Introduction
Overview of Alzheimer?s Disease
Pathological Causes of Alzheimer?s Disease
Amyloid Plaques
Neurofibrillary Tangles
Genetic Factors in the Development of Alzheimer?s Disease
Chromosome 19 and Apolipoprotein E
Other Genetic Factors
Presenilin
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Alzheimer?s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory loss and dementia. The precise mechanisms that cause AD are still unknown, however, certain factors that predispose individuals to Alzheimer?s disease have been identified. Although no definitive cause has yet been discovered, this article reviews current research into various possible causes of AD, including the pathological causes, such as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Also the genetic factors that cause AD, such as apolipoprotein E (apoE) and presenilin gene."
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Mad Cow Disease, 2006.
An overview of this brain disease which affects cattle and humans.
857 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
Mad Cow Disease is a brain disease of cattle, which was first identified in the United Kingdom in the mid-1980s. Although not as widespread as some other livestock diseases, such as hoof-and mouth-disease, the Mad Cow Disease has attracted a lot of publicity because of its apparent apparent ability to transmit to humans, the fact that there is no known cure for the disease and the horrifying nature of the brain decay it causes. This paper explains the cause of the disease, how it affects the organisms, how it is transmitted from one organism to another, and the ways in which it could be transmitted to humans. The paper also discusses the human equivalents of the disease.
Paper Outline:
Cause of the Disease
How the Disease Affects the Organism
How is the Disease Transmitted from one Organism to Another
The Ways in Which it Could be Transmitted from Cows to Humans
Human Equivalents of the Disease
Works Cited
From the Paper
"This theory about the spread of disease is based on the observation that incidences of the disease have mostly been found in the UK where feeding of meat and bone meal to cattle was most common. Although other European countries also fed meat and bone meals to cattle as a protein supplement, the British laws about high temperature sterilization of the protein meal were relatively lax in order to keep meat prices competitive."
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Alzheimer's Disease, 2006.
A review of Alzheimer's disease, discussing the history, symptoms, treatments and issues related to the disease.
2,171 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at Alzheimer's disease, a degenerative brain disorder that was first identified in 1906 by Alois Alzheimer. This disease represents the single most prevalent form of brain disorders and is also the leading cause of dementia, affecting approximately 4.5 million people in the Untied States. The paper provides a brief overview of the disease, the symptoms, the diagnostic procedures and the treatment methods in order for us to gain a better understanding of this degenerative brain disorder.
Outline:
Introduction
Alzheimer's Disease
Early and Late onset Alzheimer's Disease
Symptoms of the Disease
Memory Loss and Language Disorder
Depression
Dyspraxia and Agnosia
Diagnosis
Tests for Cognitive Impairment
Positron Emission Topography
Major Causes of Alzheimer's Disease
Amyloid Plaques
NeuroFibrillary Tangles
Metal ions
Treatment Methods
Restoring Cholinergic Transmission
Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Considerable reduction in cholinergic transmission is one of the primary causes for the loss of memory and other associated symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and other kinds of dementia. Hence pharmacological treatment for AD mainly revolves around rectifying this circulatory deficit within the brain. Compounds designed to enhance cholinergic transmission constitute an important part of the treatment plan. Acetylcholine the neurotransmitter of the brain is considerably broken down in-patients suffering from AD and other dementias. The underlying mechanism of the neurotransmitter can be simplified as follows. An electrical impulse generated passes along the nerve and when it reaches the end it triggers the release of chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters, which in turn diffuse along the synaptic cleft and react with the specific receptor sites on the organ. Activation at the receptor junction initiates a series of chemical reactions resulting in a specific biological response. "
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Hodgkin?s Disease, 2005.
This paper discusses Hodgkin's disease, also known as Hodgkin's Lymphoma, focusing on its physiological effects and treatment.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Hodgkin's disease, like other cancerous diseases, is basically a disease of the body cells in this case, the cells of the lymphatic tissue starting almost anywhere in the body. It explains however, that it usually starts in lymph nodes in the upper part of the body, most commonly in the chest, neck or under the arms. The author points out that the treatment of Hodgkin's disease is to destroy or eliminate the cancerous cells, which is done using chemotherapy or by radiation therapy. The paper relates that several advances have been made in treating Hodgkin's disease in recent years and, due to the effectiveness of treatment, Hodgkin's is now considered to be one of the less serious cancers: The success rate of treatment for the disease is over 90%, if diagnosed early.
Table of Contents
Physiological Effects of Hodgkin's Disease
Overview
How the Disease Affects the Body
How the Treatment affects the Disease and Body?
Treatments Available
From the Paper
"Hodgkin's disease is one of the two (and less severe) types of cancer of the lymphatic system; the other type being non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The disease is named after the British physician, Thomas Hodgkin, who first discovered the condition in 1832. Hodgkin's disease commonly occurs in young adults (between the ages of 15 to 35) and in older people (over 50 year olds. However, about 10%-15% of cases have been diagnosed in children below 16 years of age. Statistics also show that more men than women are afflicted by it. Estimates by the American Cancer Society indicate that over 7,500 new cases of Hodgkin's disease are diagnosed every year in the United States. Due to advances in the treatment of cancer in recent years, the survival rate for Hodgkin's is good and approximately 90 percent of Hodgkin's patients who are diagnosed at an early stage are cured."
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Prion Disease in Humans, 2005.
An overview of Mad Cow Disease and how it has benefited the medical world.
1,636 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
Ever since Mad Cow Disease sparked terror in international headlines, the public has been concerned about eating beef. Mad Cow Disease is not, however, the first or only prion-caused disease. Several others, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) and kuru in humans and a host of agricultural animal disorders join Mad Cow in both cause and effects, the major effect being horror. This paper argues that, while the presence on the planet of a disease that literally lays waste to human brain tissue is frightening, there are two probabilities that can be seen as reasons not to be terrified. Instead, people could be hopeful that research sparked by the publicity surrounding Mad Cow Disease will eventually bring answers to such sociologically and medically devastating diseases as Alzheimer's Disease, and other lesser known but just as deadly diseases such as Lou Gehrig's Disease. The paper shows that these two probabilities are first, that prion-caused diseases are much less prevalent than media hype would indicate and, second, that a cure or vaccination is relatively certain to be discovered in the near to medium term.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Methods
Discussion
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Questions have arisen regarding why these particles are not attacked by the body's defense mechanisms, and the answer, Mahy noted, is that they are so odd, they are simply not recognized and therefore cannot be neutralized. Prions contain no nucleic acid and are therefore extremely " extremely resistant to inactivation by chemical or physical interventions that would inactivate viruses" (Mahy 1998) because there is no vector through which to deliver the 'poison'. Even more so than viruses, then, it is reasonable to wonder whether prions are, in fact, alive. And if they are not alive, then how can they infect an organism? Do they replicate like bacteria and viruses, or what?"
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Mad Cow Disease, 2007.
An analysis of the epidemiology, pathophysiology and prevention for Mad Cow Disease (known as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans).
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Mad Cow Disease, otherwise known as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy or as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. It discusses the history, background and pathophysiology of the disease. It then goes on to describe prevention and treatment options for the disease, concluding that there are no effective treatments available. The paper concludes by discussing nursing and collaborative care for patients with the disease.
Table of Contents:
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Prevention and Treatment
Differences in Classic CJD and Variant CJD
Nursing and Collaborative Care
From the Paper
"Variant CJD has a median age at death of 28 years. The duration of the illness is approximately 13-14 months. Some of the clinical signs and symptoms include: prominent psychiatric/behavioral symptoms, painful dyesthesiasis; and delayed neurologic signs. The "Pulvinar sign" on an MRI is present in greater than 75% of most of the Variant CJD. The presence of "florid plaques" on neuropathology is usually in large numbers and easily detected. The agent is readily detected in the lymphoid tissue. There is a marked accumulation of protease-resistance prion protein noted in the brain. This is why the Variant CJD is much more easily detected because it shows up on more tests."
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Young Adults and Heart Disease, 2008.
An overview of the risk factors that contribute to heart disease with specific relation to the younger population group.
3,900 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 17 sources, MLA, AU$ 155.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the subject of heart disease in young adults, with information for young adults to assist them with their understanding of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The paper comments that many young adults consider heart disease as an old person's disease. The paper also notes that young adults may become more aware that individuals of all ages, even their age, can have CVD. The paper provides the strategies presented to combat heart disease. Charts, tables, and a flow chart are included with the paper.
Outline:
More than Knowing Something
Research Considerations
Current and Projected Concerns
Strategies to Address Concerns
The Causes and Cures Contributed to Heart Disease
Programs Can...
New Considerations
Coffee... Tea... Vitamin C Claims
Steps to Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease
Congenital and Chronic Disease Concerns
Hope for Children with Congenital Heart Disease
Most Likely - Yet Less Likely
Tomorrow's Time Bomb Question?
Can Heart Disease be Prevented?
Do The Right Thing
Unlearning Risk Factors
From the Paper
"What is currently known about heart disease, as the World Health Organization (WHO) reports, because young adults are "increasingly adopting unhealthy lifestyles," (Reinhardt), resulting increasing consequences of those lifestyle choices also increase. Currently, cardiovascular disease (CVD) ranks as the leading cause of death globally, reportedly contributing to one third of all deaths each year. "The Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke, published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in conjunction with the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), was launched on 26 September 2004 to coincide with the fifth annual World Heart Day, a major driving force for encouraging heart disease and stroke prevention worldwide."
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