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Infanticide in England and Scotland, 2001.
An analysis of infanticide in 17th and 18th century England and Scotland.
4,944 words (approx. 19.8 pages), 19 sources, MLA, AU$ 201.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how infanticide, has been practiced throughout human history, but was made explicitly illegal during the seventeenth century throughout Europe. It looks at how, no longer charged as murder, infanticide was made its own capital crime, constructed to assume guilt, specifically targeting single women. It examines how the fact that it was deemed necessary to create and enforce the Infanticide Acts reveals the concerns of the society which produced them and how their enforcement reveals the desperate position of single pregnant women.
From the Paper
"To lawmakers in the seventeenth century, infanticide was deemed important enough to create new laws that specifically discouraged the practice. Instead of dealing directly with the crime of killing an infant, these Acts, passed in England in 1624 and Scotland in 1690, focused on the concealment of an unmarried woman's pregnancy, differentiating it from a married woman's pregnancy. Under these Acts, the death of an illegitimate newborn was presumed to be the fault of the mother unless she had assistance during delivery or told at least one person that she was pregnant. "
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Female Infanticide, 2002.
This paper explores the issue of female infanticide in China. In other words, the deliberate murder of baby girls by their parents, who do not want to keep them, purely because they are girls and not boys.
3,244 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 150.95
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Abstract
This paper offers an overview of female infanticide as it occurs within China. Information is provided regarding the occurrence of female infanticide, those involved, those who are being harmed/adversely or affected by the handling of this problem, identification of efforts conducted to stop the pattern and the likely consequences and outcomes if this pattern continues. The paper then provides an examination as to how different systems of justice evaluate female infanticide. Finally the paper includes a plan of action as proposed by the author, to combat this terrible problem.
From the Paper
"Data suggests that female infanticide and prenatal sex selection have created a "missing girl gap" of 30 million in China (Phillips, Fawcett & Pankhurst, 2003). As reported by Jeffrey (2002), female infanticide, sex selective abortions, the abandonment of little girls, and the neglect of baby girls in China remain problems due to the traditional preference for sons, and the family planning policy, which limits urban couples to one child and rural couples to two."
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Infanticide, 2004.
An in-depth analysis of the phenomenon of infanticide, the act of killing a newborn baby.
4,334 words (approx. 17.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 183.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the horrendous act of infanticide. The paper claims that this practice has been evident in many cultures all over the world, dating back hundreds of years. The paper presents the apparent reasons behind the committing of infanticide. The paper identifies the legal aspects of this act, explaining it as both a substantive criminal offense as well as a partial defense to murder. The paper focuses on Australia's approach to infanticide.
From the Paper
"Infanticide is the act or practice of killing newborns or infants. It has been committed or performed in every continent and in every level of culture from the poorest hunters and gatherers to the richest and most advanced classes of people and from the time of our ancestors to modern age (Milner 1998). The act or practice has been so rampant that there is enough evidence on record to show that it has been more the rule than an exception and this evidence reflects that parents themselves kill their infants under distressing and stressful situations. The practice or act was so frequent in England in the 19th century that both the medical and the private communities had to think of ways to control the crime (Milner) described by medical practitioners as savage in a contradiction to human progress."
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Peter Singer's Views on Infanticide, 2008.
An argument against Peter Singer's justification of infanticide expounded upon in his book "Practical Ethics".
820 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper criticizes Peter Singer's views on infanticide in "Practical Ethics". Singer believes that children should not be considered people until they have existed outside the mother's womb for at least a month and that physicians are morally justified in killing disabled infants. The paper considers this a disturbingly utilitarian approach that weighs human life on the basis of how useful and convenient it is to society and to those who will care for it. The paper claims that this approach offers an intellectual justification for the Nazis' behavior in WWII. At its most dangerous, the paper concludes, Singer's concept of the utility of infanticide may unjustly allow people to determine who should live - and who should die.
From the Paper
"In our western culture, we are very often taught that all human life is precious and that the lives of the very young are particularly precious - not least of all because they represent the future. Controversial ethicist Peter Singer, however, feels otherwise. Specifically, Singer has long held the view that children should not be considered people until they have existed outside the mother's womb for at least a month (thirty days) and that physicians are morally justified in killing some infants "on the spot" if those infants are disabled. In Singer's estimation, are not self-aware (therefore not human) and their lives are certainly of no greater value - actually of lesser value - than that of dumb animals like the chimpanzee or dog (Klusendorf, para.1; Singer, 122-123). Singer proceeds to argue that infants are not rational, self-conscious beings with a desire to live. Indeed, if killing an infant child (most especially a disabled one) will increase the happiness of other parties (principally the parents but, really, anyone who might stand to gain from the death of the infant) than taking the child's life is permissible; it is, in short, a profoundly utilitarian approach that weighs human life on the basis of how useful (and how "convenient") it is to society and to those who will care for it. As a final addendum, Singer insists that infanticide is only objectionable if its commission would bring about unhappiness to the parents (Klusendorf, para.5-8). It is a stunning moral view and a deeply troubling one."
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Infanticide, 2007.
An analysis of the theories of infanticide in the animal kingdom and a look at the insights it provides into primate behavior.
1,558 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the phenomenon of infanticide in the animal kingdom, particularly among primates. It discusses the two ways of looking at the phenomenon from an anthropological perspective and then looks at it from the biologist's point of view. The paper particularly discusses the case for infanticide as a reproductive strategy and suggests that it is a strong case which provides interesting insights into the behaviors of other primate species, especially humans. The paper then describes some of these insights.
From the Paper
"Still, infanticide should be regarded as a reproductive strategy among males. After all, it remains within the female's best interest to mate with a newly dominant male, even if he has killer her infant. Ultimately, this is because the female, having lost her offspring, needs to remain reproductively competitive and to mate with a male. Additionally, if she mates with a non-dominant male, who has not killed her offspring, she runs the risk of the dominant male repeating his actions. Accordingly, she is obligated to mate with the dominant male in order to decrease the risk that her infant will be killed again. It may also be the case that the mothers who are victims of infanticide are physically incapable of preventing the guilty males from mating with them because of the differences in size between the sexes."
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Selective Female Infanticide in Miletus, 2001.
By analyzing records found in the Delphinion, or Apollo's sanctuary, in Miletus, one can conclude that those migrating to the city practiced female infanticide.
1,506 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the list of names found in the Delphinion, or Apollo?s sanctuary, in Miletus served as a record of citizenships granted to immigrants between 228-49 B.C. These immigrants often were mercenaries that came to Miletus to serve, thereby gaining citizenship in this prosperous town. It argues that by viewing the disproportionate records of males to females, it is apparent that female infanticide was a common practice.
From the Paper
"The significantly disproportionate ratio of sons to daughters evident in the family groups recorded on the Miletian citizenship tablets reveals that female infanticide was widely practiced throughout the Hellenistic time period. Because so little is known about familial life during this age, and since this is ?the largest single body of statistics available? about Hellenistic demography, this record may spawn differing interpretations about the disproportion; namely, a father?s not including his daughters or the absence of daughters due to marriage at the time the records were created. However, what is known about these migrating families and the assumptions that can be made about them prove these explanations to be unlikely. Rather, the data seems to vindicate the selective termination of female infants."
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Infanticide, 1991.
This paper discusses the history and cultural study of infanticide, the killing of infants, including case studies of African and South American tribal societies. Abstract.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 114.95
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From the Paper
"Throughout recorded history, and most likely earlier, babies have been killed or left to die. This practice, called "infanticide," was done for many reasons, all of which reflect particular aspects of human social behavior. Whether for survival, due to the need to lengthen the time interval between siblings, to superstitions regarding deformities and twins, to economic hardship, ancient man has practiced this form of "natural selection." The two case studies presented in this report, the !Kung and the Yanomamo, both adhered to this process, though it was always with much thought and even sorrow.
As history has shown, the definition of "defective" or "deformed" has varied from civilization to civilization. The ancient Greeks viewed an infant with any debilitating birth defect as a candidate for infanticide, while the Germans of 1940 ... "
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Infanticide: To Kill or Preserve Life For the Greater Good of Mankind., 2002.
A discussion on abortion and anti-abortion perspectives in the United States.
1,960 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 100.95
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Abstract
The following paper looks at the ideals and ethics of infanticide and abortion with reference to religious perspectives, community opinions and historical views. The writer makes reference to legal cases and statistics showing the rise in abortion in the United States.
From the Paper
"Infanticide is the murder of children either before or after its birth, according to French Criminal Codes infanticide is only the murder of the infant after its birth therefore the death of a new born baby, however within the English legal system it is classified as the destruction of life from conception to the age of three years old (Walsh PG).
Infanticide normally happens when the food supply is limited, this can be seen to occur within Chinese and Eskimo communities. Moreover, female infanticide is more common especially within strong patriarchal communities, and also within communities where a child is deformed or touched by evil, for example twin, these may be slain at birth (Anonymous PG)."
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Infanticide, 1993.
Cultural history of deliberate killing of young children & infant apes & monkeys. Looks at issues of abortion, gender and evolutionary importance.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 140.95
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From the Paper
" The purpose of this paper is to discuss the practice of infanticide both in human and nonhuman primates, specifically apes and monkeys. Included in this discussion will be a review of the varying definitions of the term and how they relate to humans and primates. Further, how research has dealt with infanticide will be presented as well as its history aspects. In addition, this report will review how culture, demographics and resources relate to the practice. Lastly, an analysis of the controversy surrounding infanticide and its evolutionary aspects will also be discussed and conclusions being made today in light of new research.
While most would define infanticide as the deliberate killing of a child in its infancy, up to two years of age, not all cases fall into this neat box, especially when one tries to.."
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Legal Categories of Murder, 2006.
This paper discusses legal definitions of categories of murdering humans such as homicide, suicide, manslaughter, murder, infanticide and feticide.
2,050 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that murder, according to the U.S. Code Section 1122, involves the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought. The author points out that justifiable homicide is an instance in which the accused is treated differently from other intentional killers because the circumstances present a good excuse and exculpation for the killing. The paper concludes that suicide, which is the act of killing one's self, is a major cause of death among Americans, especially young people ages 15-24.
Table of Contents:
Murder
Homicide
Negligent Homicide
Culpable Homicide
Justifiable Homicide
Department of Justice Statistics on Homicides
Homicide and Children
Homicide and Young People
Manslaughter
Voluntary Manslaughter
Involuntary Manslaughter
Infanticide
Female Infanticide
Feticide
Suicide
From the Paper
"And even though the literacy rate in India has improved, the views on sex discrimination as regards prejudice against girls and women shows the country is not yet enlightened. "We have a great task in front of us changing the mindset of parents," Damle writes, away from "cultural myths and beliefs" that keep girls and women from full opportunities due to feticide and infanticide. Mothers often refuse to breast feed their daughters the writer continues, and this neglect affects the girl throughout her whole life."
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"The Love of My Life" by T. Coraghessan Boyle, 2001.
A first person narrative of infanticide.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 1 source, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the style of writing and the tale of infanticide in this work of Boyle's. The paper discusses the innocuous sounding title followed by an extremely gruesome tale regaled in the first person. It analyzes the boy's actions and his self-belief that he is committing this act out of love rather than fear or resentment.
From the paper:
"The story of ?The Love of My Life? by T. Coraghessan Boyle, the author sets up a series of expectations by the reader that he subsequently and systematically subverts over the course of the narrative. Both the subject and plot of what transpires in flashback and the piecemeal, postmodern first-person narrative style enable the author to achieve this desired effect. This effect is also achieved as well by the grotesque and destabilizing language unconsciously used by the narrative 'I.' (117-133)
"When a reader learns that the title of a short story is ?The Love of My Life,? certain associations are immediately created in his or her mind. Such a title is not ambiguous, like a story with a one-word name."
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Patriarchy in Asian Cultures, 1995.
This paper examines patriarchy in Asian cultures: Sociocultural roots of traditional sex roles, stereotyping, feminist views, infanticide and Asian-American students.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 25 sources, AU$ 114.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine issues surrounding the subject of patriarchy in Asian cultures. The plan of the research will be to set forth the sociological context in which patriarchal values appear to surface in such cultures, and then to discuss the implications of socially based sex roles that demonstrate patterns of male dominance on one hand, or outright misogyny on the other.
In recent years there appears to have been an increase of interest in the status and changeability of social roles of both men and women in all cultures. Research into socially determined sex roles of Asians both inside and outside Asia has been a part of this increase. By and large, research studies appear to indicate that traditional patterns of social behavior persist where sex roles are concerned."
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Medea and Modern Child Abuse, 2002.
This paper deals with the crime of infanticide, or the killing of one's child as well as child abuse. Euripides? story of Medea, who kills her children, forms the backdrop.
1,510 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper demonstrates that the natural order of life is for a parent to protect the child and that abuse of the child, including murder, is a reflection of an unstable mind and a person who is unable to function effectively within the community. Along with the example of Medea, the author brings some modern day examples of women that have killed there children, such as Susan Smith and Andrea Yates.
From the Paper
"The killing of a child in real life has no symbolic meaning, no power other than that of an expression of evil and is, therefore, one of the worst acts a human, let alone a parent, can commit. In literature, however, the killing of children is symbolic of a diseased mind or of a diseased culture. Euripides? Medea kills her children, but she is a symbol of Mother Earth, of the Gods, and of nature all of which can exert, with no warning and no necessity of explanation, a death upon any or all of us. That which we are given can be taken away."
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Child Murder Cases, 2001.
Compares & contrasts mid-1990 cases: the kidnapping & killing of 12-year old Polly Klass & the drowning by Susan Smith of her 2 sons. Discusses circumstances, motivation, politice investigations, infanticide.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 12 sources, AU$ 89.95
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From the Paper
"This research paper compares and contrasts two of the most celebrated American child murder cases of the 1990s --the kidnapping and brutal slaying of 12 year old Polly Klaas in Petaluma, California by Richard Davis in October 1993 and the deliberate drowning by Susan Smith of her two sons, three year old Michael and 14 months-old Alexander, on the outskirts of Union, South Carolina on October 25, 1994.
Introduction
Because of the helplessness of the victims of child murders, the grisly details of their slaying and the suffering and trauma involved, public attention in the United States has often been riveted on, and shocked by, child murders. Berg (1998) said the kidnapping and murder of the infant son of ..."
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China's One Child Policy, 2007.
An analysis of the social and economic effects of the one-child policy in China.
1,768 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the one-child Policy in China, now named the Law on Population and Family Planning, 2002. It explores the problems faced by the Chinese people due to the implementation of this policy and takes a deep look at its origin. The paper also examines the social and economic outcome of the one-child policy and the issue of infanticide associated with it.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Origin of the One-Child Policy
Enforcement in Urban and Rural Areas
Social Problems
Infanticide
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The One-Child policy has been a successful attempt by China to curb its population. This law has now been renamed the Law on Population and Family Planning, 2002. It is viewed as a women friendly law but ends up compromising their freedom and equality. This law helps to educate people about family planning and helping women improve their status in society as well as ending discrimination of women and abandonment of female infants. These policies proved that the Chinese Authorities have softened their stance on the One-Child Policy but then they have stated that they will be continuing this policy during their 2006-2010 planning period."
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