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Indonesia and the IMF, 2006.
An overview of the functions of the IMF and its role in the economic recovery of Indonesia.
5,610 words (approx. 22.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 219.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the mission and powers of the IMF and looks at how it helped resolve the financial crises that hit the East Asian countries in 1995. In particular, the paper focuses on the role of the IMF in helping Indonesia recover from the financial crisis that hit the Asian markets and discusses some of the criticisms aimed at the organization's policies and practices.
Outline
Introduction
The International Monetary Fund
Indonesia and the IMF
Criticism
Implementations
Summary
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Among the major consequences of the crisis one cannot forget the psychological, economic, political, social, and security-oriented factors as the crisis and its effects forebode extensive implications for individual countries, the region, and the global community as a whole. As is its policy the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has stepped to the aid and Indonesia and South Korea have accepted. In any case, difficult times still lie ahead, as effects of the financial crisis ripple through economies, causing social unrest and political uncertainty. The outcome remains unpredictable. What is clear is that the restoration of economic growth, trade, and investment is the surest way to reduce economic hardship, avoid social unrest, maintain political stability, and enhance security. Conversely, the longer and deeper the crisis, the greater the costs and the risks to all."
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U.S.-Indonesia Foreign Relations, 2004.
The impacts of U.S. foreign policy in Indonesia during the Cold War era and Indonesia's role and importance.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 113.95
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Abstract
The paper offers arguments on the importance of the U.S.-Indonesia relations during the Cold War era. The main point that this paper reflects is how the potential spread of Communism in Indonesia paved the way for the infiltration of U.S. foreign policy into Indonesia's domestic and foreign affairs. U.S. interest in Indonesia focused mainly on the country's abundance of natural resources and location, and the U.S. attempted to dissuade Indonesia from falling into Communist hands.
From the Paper
?With Sukarno spearheading the quest for Indonesia Merdeka, Indonesian demands for independence grew dramatically, prompting the colonial government to withdraw from its Ethical Policy commitments by the late 1920s. Fearing potential surges of nationalist movements, the leaders of PNI were arrested and later tried. Among others, Sukarno was arrested in December 1929 and put on trial for sedition in 1930, after which he was found guilty and sentenced to four years in prison. The imprisonment of the party leaders led to the dissolution of the PNI in April 1931. The split was thought to have been triggered by disparities in approaches to the nationalist movement, each with ethnic overtones. Furthermore, fueled by their intolerance of radical nationalist movements, the Dutch government formally banned a new stream of nationalist movement in the form of Partindo (Indonesian Party), which replaced the PNI as the new dominant force in nationalist movement."
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International Monetary Fund (IMF), 2008.
A look at the harsh conditions the International Monetary Fund (IMF) imposed on developing nations receiving IMF assistance and the consequences of those conditions..
1,080 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper examines IMF policies and structural economic demands and how they affect national economies and local populations. The paper relates that, while such structural conditions to a country's economy might, for the most part be well intentioned, they often have disastrous outcomes or, at best, minimal benefit to the receiving nation The paper then presents suggestions for alternative assistance strategies for struggling nations.
Table of Contents:
Overview
The IMF and Jamaica
The Gender Factor
Possible Alternatives
From the Paper
"IMF SAPs are deigned to result in an increase in tradable goods and services that are defined as goods or services that can be traded on international markets rather than local markets. The indirect but clear impact on the local labor markets affected by IMF policies, such as Jamaica, is that while males that are more commonly employed in the non-tradable goods and services industries experience higher levels of unemployment, women, in contrast, are increasingly sought after to work the assembly and production lines that produce the tradable goods and services, they are still responsible for their child rearing, child care, and home-making duties."
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The IMF, 2002.
Outlines the function of the IMF and its impact on world economies.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
The IMF Charter outlines its form and function thusly. The IMF gives funds in exchange for a different kind of currency or asset. The result of IMF interaction with the world economies has been that over half of the nations who have benefited from IMF loans have experienced an overall and lasting improvement in their national economies. Many critics of the IMF use this statistic to demonstrate the failures of the IMF.
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Monsanto, Genetic Engineering and Indonesia, 2006.
Examines how the agricultural company, Monsanto, introduced genetic engineering (GE) to Indonesia.
3,857 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 19 sources, MLA, AU$ 169.95
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Abstract
Monsanto is a leading provider of agricultural products to farmers. This paper analyzes the company and then presents a definition of GE. The paper then discusses why and how genetic engineering was introduced to Indonesia by Monsanto.
Paper Outline:
What is Monsanto?
What is GE? What is GE Seed?
What is Monsanto's Background of Internationally Traded Genetically Engineered (GE) Seed?
What are the Regulations of GE Products in USA?
What are the Regulations and Laws of GE Products in Indonesia?
What is the Jurisdiction of US Law in International Trade?
What Does it Take to put a Product on the Market in Indonesia?
What did Monsanto do to put GE seed in Indonesia?
Did Monsanto Follow the Regulations?
What was the Response in Indonesia?
What was the Outcome of the Legal Process in the USA?
What are the Implications of this Case on the International GE Trade?
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In recent years, Indonesia has liberalized its trade regime and taken a number of important steps to reduce protection. Since 1996, the Indonesian Government has issued deregulation packages that have reduced overall tariff levels, simplified the tariff structure, removed restrictions, replaced non-tariff barriers with more transparent tariffs, and encouraged foreign and domestic private investment. The GOI issued a deregulation package in July 1997, which introduced additional tariff reductions."
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Indonesia ? Anthropology and Ethnography, 2002.
A paper which examines the reasons why Indonesia seems to lure anthropologists and ethnographers, and what it is that appeals to their imagination.
1,005 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that though it is impossible to determine why exactly Indonesia, at least for the past two generations, has seemingly laid an irresistible spell on the anthropological world, it is possible to suggest some of the reasons. This paper examines the corner of the state of anthropological practice and theory as they pertain to Indonesia and how these have created intimate links between symbolic anthropology and Indonesian ethnography. The paper discusses how many fine ethnographies have been produced as a direct result of anthropologists? theoretical and paradigmatic interest in Indonesia, of the fact both that anthropological discourse can be seen as a subset of human imaginings and as a result of the fact that some places seem to be better to dream in. The paper examines Tania Murray Li?s article ?Compromising Power: Development, Culture and Rule in Indonesia? in Volume 13, No. 3 of Cultural Anthropology, on the subject.
From the Paper
"Indonesia ? with its own contentious colonial history ? was an ideal setting if one wished to make sense of the role and evolution of cultures in a world in which colonial structures were falling away. Indonesia had at least three other additional inducements for at least American and British anthropologists: Their own countries had not been involved in the colonization of Indonesia so they did not have to feel any guilt over what they found; unlike many ?primitive? cultures, Indonesia societies (for of course this island nation is home to a number of very different cultural groups) are home to not only sophisticated performing and visual arts but also nuanced and complex literary traditions and a history of beautifully proportioned and ingeniously constructed architecture."
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IMF and World Bank, 2003.
Discusses why the activities of the World Bank and IMF are so controversial.
2,924 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 139.95
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Abstract
A discussion about the controversies surrounding the IMF and World Bank. The debt trap, the (Structural Adjustment Plans) SAPs and the unequal distribution of the votes are the main criticisms among IMF and World Bank opponents. The paper shows that there is need for reforms and change, and it also explains that both institutions are necessary in today's globalized world as they did help and improve living standards in many cases. The writer points out, however, that both institutions, especially the World Bank have already started to reform its organization as a response to the protester's demands. This means that the World Bank realized that some arguments of the opponents actually do concern. It concludes to explain that the World Bank now is among the world's largest external funder of education, health (HIV/AIDS) and environment projects.
1. Introduction
1.1. The Rise of the IMF and World Bank
1.2. The International Monetary Fund
1.3. The World Bank
2. Why are the Activities of IMF and World Bank so Controversial?
2.1. Poverty
2.2. The Debt Trap
2.3. The Structural Adjustment Plans (Saps)
2.3.1. Austerity Programs
2.3.2. Privatisation
2.3.3. Environment
2.4. Voting Rights
2.5. The Human Rights Issue
3. Conclusion
4. Reference List
From the Paper
"In July 1944 the so-called Bretton Woods Conference in New Hampshire, USA established the IMF together with the World Bank, originally called the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). These two organisations were the outcome of long negotiations between 44 nations during World War II in order to ensure post-war global economic growth and to eliminate the aggressive exchange rates politics of the 30s. "The task of the IMF would be to maintain order in the international monetary system and that of the World Bank would be to promote general economic growth" (Hill, 2003:340). Furthermore, with the establishment of both organisations the member states aspired for reforms of international economic relations and an expansion of world trade."
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IMF and Argentina, 2002.
A look at the International Monetary Fund 's (IMF) lending policies using Argentina as an example and a discussion of whether it is time for reforms.
1,262 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the International Monetary Fund (IMF) developed the economic policies of Argentina in the 1990?s, at which time the lending policies seemed to be ideal for the nation. It examines how since this time, many economic experts have discovered many inherent flaws in these policies, which indicate the need for change. It analyzes how with Argentina's recent default and subsequent economic demise, the IMF has been forced to reconsider its current lending policies. It shows that while Argentina may serve as a model case to urge the IMF to adopt a policy that requires less conditions and more ownership by national policymakers, as long as the IMF has an interest in human conditions, its approach to lending will still have to be made according to economic rather than political criteria.
From the Paper
"Under its lending policy, the IMF required Argentina to initiate a Structural Adjustment Program (SAP), which aimed to promote the balanced expansion of world trade through the stability of exchange rates, preventative measures against competitive devaluations, and efficient correction of payments problems (Graham, 2002).
Basically, the IMF ordered Argentina to increase exports and minimize imports. By increasing exports, a member state brings in external capital, which can be used to repay its debt (Mussa, 2002, p. 312). To do this, Argentina needed to attract foreign companies for exports. The IMF required that the nation eliminate any political legislation that would prevent foreign investment, such as labor unions and minimum wage laws."
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Nigeria and the International Monetry Fund (IMF), 2002.
Examining the IMF's role in the history of Nigeria,focusing on the assistance it has provided their economy.
2,314 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
The International Monetary Fund has been known for introducing sound economic policy changes in troubled nations but recently the organization has come under severe attack for its close links with multilateral international agencies. The paper studies IMF?s role in stabilizing Nigeria?s economy and sees how far it succeeded in achieving its objectives. The paper also analyzes the involvement of IMF in Nigeria to assess the effectiveness of IMF-led policies in this country. Argues that the involvement has lead to negative economic consequences.
From the Paper
"International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the international body responsible for monitoring and formulating economic policies in troubled nations. The organization introduces economic reforms in countries, which are suffering from inflation, poverty, corruption, weak economic structure, high external debt etc. Most of the third world countries fall in this category and thus IMF has been involved in various economic programs in countries like Latin America, South Asia, China, Nigeria, and Mexico. But though the organization is known for some constructive work, it has encountered bitter criticism in the last few years because of its close links with the United States and its alleged lack of transparency. It has been noticed that many of its programs are formulated during secret meetings between the IMF officials and government executives. This has done little to improve its ratings and IMF continues to lose credibility among the countries it seeks to support. Many analysts are thus unable to decide if IMF?s supervision is actually as important as it is made out to be. It is true that this organization is trying to provide help to troubled economies but many believe that same could have been done by the private sector. Furthermore, it has been noticed that the economies supported by IMF continue to deteriorate rather than improve. In other words, IMF funding has negative impact on an economy rather than a contributive one. This can be proven by the example of Nigeria, which will be the case in point for this paper."
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IMF Bailout, 2003.
A complete overview of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) "bailout" policy.
3,010 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 0 sources, MLA, AU$ 142.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by introducing the history of the IMF and its basic characteristics. It then looks at when the IMF takes action in a country and what the "bailout" policy involves. It discusses the conditions of the agreement, what the money is used for, and how this effects the country's population. The paper then examines the IMF's success rate and its overall impact in the international economic arena.
From the Paper
"After World War II, the need for an organization like the IMF was finally realized. After the war, politicians and economists began to work on blue prints for a postwar world. They envisioned a liberal international economic order, based on stable world currencies and revived world trade. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) finally came into existence on December 27, 1945. On this date, twenty-nine countries signed its charter when meeting at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. On March 1, 1947 the IMF came into financial operations.(1) The IMF was established to promote internal monetary cooperation through a permanent institution, which provides consultation and collaboration for international monetary problems. Also, it provides temporary financial assistance to countries under adequate safeguards to help ease balance of payments adjustments. In addition, it facilitates the expansion and balanced growth of internal trade. Many critics and even followers of the IMF do not even know what the IMF really is. It is not a development or even a central bank. It is a credit union. It pays interests on deposits it receives from member nations.(1)"
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Indonesia's Economy, 2006.
A discussion of economic issues facing the nation of Indonesia, factors affecting those issues and measures undertaken to address them.
2,571 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of Indonesia's economy, discussing first the country's most recent economic crisis and then looking at how the government of Indonesia addressed the crisis. The paper outlines the economic troubles that the crisis brought on and the Indonesian government's efforts to deal with these troubles. The paper explains that, while Indonesia's economic outlook at first appeared bleak, the country's economic future now looks much brighter thanks to a series of economic measures, mostly pertaining to foreign investment, instituted by the government.
From the Paper
"In October 1997, the Indonesian government had no choice, but to turn to the International Monetary Fund for assistance. Indonesia's economic troubles included a severe depreciation of its currency, the Rupiah, a rising inflation, and a banking system on the verge of collapse. With the assistance of the International Monetary Fund, there were major changes and included "major structural reforms, which should ultimately result in an improved investment climate.""
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Indonesia, 2008.
Looks at the political and economic history of Indonesia before, during and after the rule of its military leader and president Suharto.
2,210 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 110.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in the history of Indonesia, the rule of Suharto is only somewhat less violent and repressive than had been true of Sukarno before him. The paper points out that Suharto used the military to crush any opposition to his effort at economic development. The paper also points out that, although it was one of the world's poorest countries in 1967 when Suharto came to power, Indonesia today is considered an economic success story. The paper further notes that the military, which was key to the New Order economic changes brought about by Suharto, remains strong after his death and concludes that, at this time, the balance between civilian and military rule in Indonesia is neither even nor tilted in favor of civilian rule.
From the Paper
"One element in the conflict in the region is ethnic, directed against a Chinese majority that has been economically successful but not fully assimilated into Indonesian society. In the Sukarno and Suharto periods, the Chinese minority continued its business success but otherwise tried to a great extent to blend in and to go unnoticed. More recently, however, there has been a political re-awakening of the Chinese minority after the heavy hand of President Suharto was removed. In May 1998, there were anti-Chinese riots which made the Chinese see themselves as vulnerable."
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U.S. Military Assistance Funding to Indonesia, 2005.
An overview of the people and events, which are causative factors to U.S. military assistance funding in Indonesia.
5,241 words (approx. 21.0 pages), 18 sources, MLA, AU$ 210.95
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Abstract
This case study examines the issues surrounding the influence, intervention, sanctions, and programs applied toward Indonesia support. Key to this study are the individual people, groups, and institutions surrounding the successes and failures in this assistance and the motivations, perceptions, and agendas involved.
Table of Contents
Introduction
History
Historical Overview of Indonesia and United States' National Security Interests
U.S. Military Assistance Prior to Sanctions and How Funding was Used
Sanctions
Aim
Objectives
The Informal Universe
Issue Leaders
Overview
Indonesia Players
Institutional Linkage
Human Rights Watch
Nike
United States Military Collaboration
Issue Clusters
Assessment
Appendix A
Appendix B
Bibliography
From the Paper
"According to the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs , Indonesia is a strategic key to our National Security interests. Located strategically alongside several important international maritime crossroads, ingress to the United States from the sea must be managed from such strategic locations. The United States enjoys a reliable relationship with Indonesia at this time; playing a significant role in its independence and supporting its anti-communistic position during the Cold War has worked to repay our nation in 'cordial and cooperative relations' today. Jemaah Islamiyah - a terrorist organization - made its presence known to Indonesia during terrorist attacks on Bali (October 2002) and Jakarta (August 2003). Occurring so close to the United States attacks of September 11, 2001, the alliance - although not a formal treaty - has meaning and value to both countries."
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International Monetary Fund ( IMF ), 2002.
An overview of the IMF.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 21 sources, AU$ 192.95
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Abstract
Overview of the IMF. How it is organized and how it works. Its purpose as the central institution of the international monetary system. Its economic aims. Its monitoring of world financial issues. Its structure and chain of command. IMF functions. Effectiveness of the IMF; handling of financial crisis; Economic bailouts.
From the Paper
"The International Monetary Fund
Membership
Created on December 27, 1945, when 29 countries signed its Articles of Agreement at a conference held at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) commenced financial operations on March 1, 1947. Currently, there are 183 nation-states that are members of IMF. Unlike the United Nations (UN), where each member nation has an equal vote, voting power at the IMF and its sister organization, the World Bank, is determined by the level of a nation's financial contribution (World Bank/IMF Fact…, 2001). Over time, sovereign nations not initially involved in the formation of IMF have sought and secured membership, resulting in the present force of 183 members."
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The IMF, World Bank and the Anti-Globalization Movement, 2004.
This paper discusses the functions of the IMF and the World Bank.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
This article looks at the functions of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The writer discusses these functions in the context of globalization. Functions of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank are also discussed regarding the anti-globalization protest movement. In addition, in this paper, the writer examines reasons for the protest.
From the Paper
"Until rather recently, globalization was a term that few people had ever heard, while the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank were merely among the welter of international agencies that cluttered newspaper reportage and which most newspaper readers ignored as obscure and technical, of interest only to specialists. In recent years however, globalization has become a flash-point issue in international politics. Trade negotiations and conferences of the IMF and World Bank are regularly accompanied ... "
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Islam Radicalism in Indonesia, 2004.
A discussion of Islam radicalism in Indonesia or as the author describes it: Fundamentalism among Moderate Society.
1,940 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 99.95
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Abstract
This essay discuss the phenomenon of Islamic fundamentalism in Indonesia and its links to international terrorists. Considering that the Indonesian Muslims are better to be classified as moderates, this essay also suggests how policy makers should deal with the issue. The first section discusses the emergence of the contemporary Islamic fundamentalist movements in Indonesia and the following section observes the reaction of the majority of Indonesian Muslims towards those movements. Based on the assessment in the preceding sections, the third section will emphasize the importance of the involvement of moderate Muslims in the effort to combat terrorism particularly that is affiliated to Muslim fundamentalists.
From the Paper
"The emergence of Islamic fundamentalism is one interesting phenomenon in post-Suharto Indonesia due to the fact that the vast majority of Indonesian Muslims are widely recognized as moderates. Due to the counter-terrorism concern, further questions could be proposed regarding to the position of fundamentalism among the Indonesian Muslim society and the role of the moderate Muslims in supporting the effort to eradicate terrorism."
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