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India and Pakistan, 2004.
This paper discusses the history and relationship of India and Pakistan.
3,930 words (approx. 15.7 pages), 18 sources, MLA, AU$ 172.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that India and Pakistan have been arch-rivals since the partition of the sub-continent that took place more than 50 years ago; their animosity goes back a long time and finds its main causes in religion and history. The paper shows how this animosity has turned into a deadly arms race. The author points out that Pakistan never accepted the accession of the state of Jammu and Kashmir to India. The paper relates that the culture of medieval terrorism has spread throughout Pakistan because the Pakistan government has permissive attitudes towards terrorism and uses Islamic Jihad terrorism against India.
Table of Contents
History of India and Pakistan Relations
Independence and Partition
The Fight for Pakistan's Independence
War and Revolt
The Kashmir Conflict and the Wars Fought between India and Pakistan
Civil Unrest in the State of Jammu and Kashmir before the Issue of Accession
The Transfer of Power in the State of Jammu and Kashmir in 1947
Accession
The Plebiscite
First Indo-Pakistani War over the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Second Indo-Pakistani War over the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Third Indo-Pakistani War
The Current Situation in the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Social and Economic Problems in Pakistan and India
Effect of September 11th on India and Pakistan
Pakistan
India
The Culture of Terrorism
The Nuclear Capabilities of the Two Countries
From the Paper
"In 1931, the Maharaja's officials in the Jammu Province disrupted many different Muslim prayer congregations and insulted the Holy Quran. This caused a massive outrage among the Muslim community. The Muslims held many meetings and processions. At a meeting, Abdul Qadeer delivered a violent speech against the Maharaja. He was arrested by the police and charged for sedition. During his trial, the police shot a crowd of Muslim protesters outside the Srinagar Central Goal, taking the lives of twenty-two demonstrators and a policeman. This day is known as "Martyrs Day" in the history of Kashmir, marked as the beginning of the struggle of the Muslim Kashmiris for independence from the Indian government."
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Nuclear Proliferation: India and Pakistan, 2008.
This paper explores the nuclear weaponry proliferation in India and Pakistan.
3,031 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 143.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the nuclear weaponry proliferation from a "collective goods" perspective and explores the many reasons why a nuclear arms race between India and Pakistan will not lead to a stable balance of power in the region. The paper discusses international terrorism, sectarian and ethnic hatreds, deep-seated paranoia and the fact that Pakistan is overly-reliant upon its nuclear weaponry for its defense. The paper therefore argues that India and Pakistan should be discouraged from their present nuclear build-ups.
From the Paper
"To start with, "collective goods" is really a term drawn from economics - albeit it is one that can be applied to a number of different disciplines depending upon the context within which it is being introduced. For our purposes, "collective goods" are really public goods wherein the item in question cannot be withheld from one consumer without also withholding it from all consumers. A classic example of this is national defense whereby a nation cannot defend its borders without also defending all individuals who reside within those borders at any one time - including foreigners or "undesirables". Additionally, the "flip-side" of collective goods is that, not only are they items which cannot practicably be denied to any one person, but they are also items which benefit those who simply refuse to pay for them; suffice it to say, the collective good makes "free-riders" out of many people (Yamagishi & Sato, 67-69). This concept has immediate application to the issue of nuclear proliferation in India and Pakistan."
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India and Pakistan, 2008.
A comparative analysis of India and Pakistan.
2,677 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 129.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, although India and Pakistan jointly won their independence from Britain on August 15th, 1947, following a nationalist struggle within British Colonial India lasting nearly three decades, they differ greatly in matters of politics, economics and law. The paper also looks at how, since partition, India and Pakistan have fought three wars over the disputed area of Kashmir as well as a number of skirmishes although tensions between the two have dissipated significantly since 2004 when war almost broke out. The paper relates that the two countries have also been involved in a nuclear arms race which culminated in both countries testing nuclear weapons in 1998.
From the Paper
"The Pakistani legal system is based on English common law with provisions that account for Pakistan being an Islamic state. Pakistan accepts obligatory International Court of Justice jurisdiction, with reservations. The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court, provincial high courts, and a Federal Islamic (or Shari'a) Court. The president appoints the chief justice of the Supreme Court and together they determine the remaining judicial appointments. Each province has a high court whose justices are appointed by the president after discussions with the chief justice of the Supreme Court and the provincial chief justice. The judiciary is prohibited from issuing any order divergent to the decisions of the President. Federal Shari'a Court hears cases that primarily involve Shari'a, or Islamic law. Legislation enacted in 1991 gave legal status to the Shari'a court. Although Shari'a was declared the law of the land, it did not replace the existing legal code. "
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India and Pakistan, 2006.
This paper discusses and compares various economic statistics regarding India and Pakistan.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper compares economic and population data on India and Pakistan, noting that India is a moderate-sized country with a huge population. The writer states that over-population is one of the problems facing India, and that data on this subject can be found easily using an Internet search engine. The writer notes that one site that offers a good deal of data is known as Data & Statistics, a site offering data gathered by the World Bank on different countries, and with a specific section on Development Goals for India.
From the Paper
"India is a moderate-sized country with a huge population. Over-population is one of the problems facing India, and data on this subject can be found easily using an Internet search engine. One site that offers a good deal of data is known as Data & Statistics, a site offering data gathered by the World Bank on different countries, and with a specific section on Development Goals for India. The most current data on the site is for 2004. According to this site, the population of India reached 1.1 billion in 2003 and remained at that level in 2004, up from 1 billion in 2000. The growth rate has been slowing slightly, down to 1.4 percent in 2004 from 1.7 percent in 2000. For 2000, the last year with full data, the national poverty rate stood at 28.6 percent of the population."
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Nuclear Confrontation Between India and Pakistan, 2007.
An analysis of the implications for the area of the continuing threat of nuclear confrontation between India and Pakistan.
1,271 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the historical and ideological roots of the conflict between India and Pakistan and its contemporary nuclear manifestation. It discusses how this nuclear saber rattling, specifically over the continuing conflict in Kashmir, will continue to be a threat toward security for the region and how there is no likely resolution in the near future. It also analyzes the implications for the business community.
From the Paper
"Both India and Pakistan tested nuclear devices in May 1998 (Ganguly, 2002). This was a critical turning point in the political relations between Indian and Pakistan. Further it represents one of the most significant contemporary issues facing India. That the nuclear conflict is constructed on an historical conflict of control of the Kashmir region is only the background of the issue. Kashmir is a territory essentially caught in the middle of nuclear "saber rattling" (Oberoi, 2001). The real problem facing political stability in the region at this point is the proliferation of nuclear arms in both India and Pakistan. "
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India and Pakistan, 2002.
An analysis of the conflict between India and Pakistan.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 99.95
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Abstract
A paper on the modern day conflict between India and Pakistan and its historical background with a tentative solution suggested.
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The Hijras of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, 2005.
A descriptive analysis of the role of Hijras in pre-colonial India with respect to the religions of Islam and Hinduism versus their current role in present day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
3,044 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 143.95
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Abstract
The word 'Hijra' is derived from Urdu, meaning 'Eunuch'. This paper aims to give a descriptive account of the origins of the Hijra with respect to Islam and Hinduism and that of their modern day community structure, whilst consequently highlighting the absolute identity transformation they experienced during these two transitional periods.
Outline
Introduction
Religious Role Derived From Hinduism
Historical Role of Hijras in Muslim Courts
The Hijra Community Today
Stigmatization vs. Honor
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Hijra community is very similar in function to the Hindu Caste System. They are a sect of their own, united in like with the family system. There are seven nation-wide communal households known as gharanas for the most part in cities throughout Northern India, having their own history and rules of behaviour. Each household is head by a nayak who appoints a guru or a preacher trained to protect the community members, whose disciples are referred to as chelas or students and traditionally amount to about five per guru. Before entering the community, the hijra has to live in satla (female attire) and observe the community for at least a year. "
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India/Pakistan and Kashmir, 2002.
Examines the history of the Kashmir conflict and the present issues faced by India and Pakistan over the region.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Indian/Pakistani conflict over the Kashmir region. Initially, the origins of the conflict in Indian independence are identified and traced to the present. The current situation, in the wake of 9/11 is also analyzed.
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Ethnic Groups in India and Pakistan, 2002.
Compares relationships between majority and minority groups in Pakistan and India.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the relations between ethnic majorities and minorities in Pakistan and India. It compares the experiences of the two countries.
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India and Pakistan Nuclear Conflict, 2003.
An analysis of the nuclear confrontation in Southeast Asia.
3,766 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 22 sources, MLA, AU$ 166.95
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Abstract
The author takes a look at the two newest declared nuclear powers: India and Pakistan. The author analyzes the potential solutions for resolving the conflict as well as short-term safety concerns. The author examines the CTBT, a Fissile Materials Production Cutoff Treaty, Permissive Action Links, and nuclear disarmament as potential solutions before arriving at his conclusion.
From the Paper
"Albert Einstein once remarked that, ?Bullets kill men, but atomic bombs kill cities. A tank is a defense against a bullet, but there is no defense against a weapon that can destroy civilization. ... Our defense is law and order? (Calaprice, 2000, p. 177). The Nuclear situation that exists between India and Pakistan is one that deserves much more attention from US policymakers than it currently receives. The United States should play a significant role in any nuclear regime change that would take place in India or Pakistan. Because the United States is a trusted negotiator by both sides, it has a unique role that it can play (Bajpai, 2003, p. 125). The options that the US could pursue are not all direct actions. Sometimes the best way to influence policy is not through coercion but through leadership and example setting. While many options exist, the four policy choices that should be examined more closely are CTBT ratification, a Fissile Materials Production Cutoff Treaty, sharing Permissive Action Links with Pakistan or both countries, and finally nuclear disarmament as set forth by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)."
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Colonialism in India and Pakistan, 2002.
Examines the experience of colonialism in these two countries.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper examines colonialism in Pakistan and India. It compares the experiences of the two countries. First, it considers the shared colonial heritage. Then it considers contrasts since independence that were rooted in colonialism and partition.
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Easing Tensions between Pakistan and India, 2002.
This paper examines the history of the tensions between Pakistan and India.
1,565 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the struggling relationship between India and Pakistan, primarily over the region of Kashmir. It details the history of the problem including the nuclear aspect, briefly discusses other possible solutions, and formulates a unique multi-faceted solution.
From the Paper
"Ever since 1947, India and Pakistan have waged fierce war over a variety of issues. When India completed nuclear testing in May of 1998, and Pakistan shortly after, the issue was given unique attention. "Because it's spread alongside India, Pakistan has a lack of strategic depth. The danger is that this means that any war would rapidly lead to the possibility of nuclear escalation. As a result, the task of avoiding conventional warfare between the neighbors assumes increased importance (Swarts 10)." Strain between the two States is the effect of a diverse range of problems, including economic conditions, leadership clashes, and primarily religious diversity and territorial contention. The territorial dissension is based principally over the region of Kashmir, which both India and Pakistan claim full possession of. There are allegations that as many as one half of a million Indian troops and as many as a fourth of a million Pakistani troops are stationed in Kashmir. What can be done to prevent a nuclear conflict between India and Pakistan? This is a question that has absorbed more unbroken attention than almost any other news subject."
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Pakistan-China Bilateral Relations, 2006.
A review of the relationship between Pakistan and China.
1,904 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at Pakistan-China bilateral relations. The paper discusses how despite ideological differences, the rationale for Pakistan seeking close bilateral relations with China is obvious. The paper analyzes the reasons why China decided to reciprocate and discusses main factors that helped to forge Pakistan-China bilateral relations from the 1950s onwards.
From the Paper
"China had nothing preventing it from establishing strong ties with Pakistan but just because it was possible didn't imply any necessity to pursue the cause. To understand what pushed China into a friendship that -over the years- has been considered by some to be the next best thing to brotherhood, the geo-political labyrinth that China found itself in during the three decades after the revolution must be examined. "
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The 1947 Partition of India, 2005.
This paper discusses the impact of the partition of British India in 1947 into India and Pakistan and argues its harmful effects.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 114.95
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This paper sums up the social, political, economic repercussions of the 1947 partition of British India into India and modern-day Pakistan. The paper suggests that a more conciliatory approach on behalf of the political leaders of the day might have avoided much of the subsequent bloodshed and spared both of these nations the acrimony and animosity that presently lingers.
From the Paper
"The partitioning of India has stirred a great deal of debate. This paper will wade into that debate by examining whether or not the partition of India made sense socially, politically, or economically. More specifically, this paper will argue that the 1947 partition did a great deal of harm to India - and to Pakistan - in all three regards and that a more inclusive approach involving the leaders of the day might have spared both nations the tragedies that followed. With that in mind, it is to a discussion of the Indian partitioning of 1947 that one now turns."
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Kashmir Conflict, 2002.
Examines the factors responsible for longstanding Kashmir conflicts between India and Pakistan.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 114.95
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Abstract
Competing claims over Kashmir by India and Pakistan are the key sources of the conflicts. The claims and the consequences are the result of some historical events, but also of opposing ideologies of India and Pakistan. Responses associated with the claims from both sides have engendered political extremism in Kashmir. Past policies of the U.S. and China toward the region, on the other hand, have instigated armed conflicts and contributed to the extremism.
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Nuclear Proliferation, 2001.
A look at how the introduction of nuclear warfare has impacted conflict between India and Pakistan and the world.
2,010 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
An examination of the ongoing conflicts between India and Pakistan and how the introduction of nuclear weapons has effected their conflicting relationship. The author reveals how nuclear proliferation has its bonuses in minimizing threat between the two countries yet simultaneously threatening global security.
From the Paper
"There is no larger threat to the world than nuclear warfare. A World War in which nuclear weapons were used would undoubtedly cease life as we know it on earth. This outcome would be attributed to the direct effects of the bombs and the indirect effects a nuclear winter would bring about. This fact leads the majority of people to believe that the less amount of nuclear weapons on the planet the better. Now let?s say that you live in India or Pakistan, neighboring countries that have fought each other in the past. Many people have died in battles between these two countries. Within the last few years each of these countries has acknowledged the fact that they possess nuclear weapons by testing them underground for the world, and especially each other, to see. So was the introduction of nuclear weapons a good or bad thing for the future of relations between India and Pakistan? The introduction of nuclear weapons into the militaries of these two regional powers was a huge step in reducing the chance of all-out war between the two rivals due to nuclear deterrence. However, just because the threat of nuclear attack has slowly helped start India and Pakistan on the road to peace, it does not necessarily mean that the world would be better off if every nation had nuclear weapons."
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