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Incarceration of Women, 2002.
A review of the fourth section of the book "Criminal Injustice" by Elihu Rosenblatt which deals with the incarceration of women.
668 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the fourth section of Elihu Rosenblatt' book "Criminal Injustice" which deals in particular with the clarification of gender issues and how these issues relate to prison reform. It examines how it addresses the particular stresses women face when exposed to punishment and the stresses of incarceration in the criminal justice system. It evaluates the misconceptions that often women?s prisons are viewed as easier or less stringent then men?s prisons and that women are ?less punished? than men.
From the Paper
"The women?s control unit featured highlights the difficulties women face in the real world of corrections. Women are judged not only as criminals, but also for their failure to obey certain societal, feminine norms as wives, mothers, or girlfriends. When women become judged as criminals, they are seen as not only forfeiting their rights as citizens, much like men, but also as forfeiting their rights as wives, mothers, girlfriends, daughters, etc. They, in essence, become viewed as ?nonpersons? rather than individuals in need of rehabilitation, much less individuals still possessing a certain set of basic human rights. The controls set in action to monitor their behavior within a prison reflects this perception. Exposure to their children, for instance, is used as a method of control, when women have children."
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Incarcerated Women, 2004.
A discussion on whether women in correctional facilities are able to maintain family ties while incarcerated.
2,067 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how women in prison have an additional distinction compared to men in that they are usually the primary caregivers in the family. Although men may or may not feel a need to maintain ties with family members, this issue has a much greater impact on women who are incarcerated. It looks at how, as the number of women being incarcerated increases, the question arises, to what extent are women in correctional facilities able to keep family ties while incarcerated?
From the Paper
"Children are significantly affected by the mother's absence. In fact, there is evidence to support the development of psychological problems; as they become older, they may in fact develop problems as a direct result of the mother's incarceration. "Furthermore, a study by the American Correctional Association (ACA) suggested that the children are at an increased risk of future institutionalization in the criminal justice system (Bloom and Steinhart, 1993; 81)." Children are the innocent victims of the mother's incarceration and the separation from her children can prove to be a powerful catalyst for change."
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Incarcerated Women and Family Ties, 2007.
A discussion on whether women in correctional facilities are able to maintain family ties while incarcerated.
2,167 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how women in prison have an additional distinction compared to men in prison in that women are usually the primary caregivers in the family. Although men may or may not feel a need to maintain ties with family members, this issue has a much greater impact on women who are incarcerated. It looks at how numerous studies have been done on women in prison and how many of the problems women face deal with the most basic idea of maintaining a healthy relationship with their families. The paper also examines how numerous state correctional institutions have begun to incorporate programs to nurture the family relationships that are jeopardized while women are incarcerated.
From the Paper
"Children are significantly affected by the mother's absence. In fact, there is evidence to support the development of psychological problems; as they become older, they may in fact develop problems as a direct result of the mother's incarceration. "Furthermore, a study by the American Correctional Association (ACA) suggested that the children are at an increased risk of future institutionalization in the criminal justice system (Bloom and Steinhart, 1993; 81)." Children are the innocent victims of the mother's incarceration and the separation from her children can prove to be a powerful catalyst for change."
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Maternal Incarceration, 2002.
This paper is a formal research proposal to study the affects of maternal incarceration on children and youth.
7,045 words (approx. 28.2 pages), 31 sources, MLA, AU$ 231.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the purpose of this proposed formal research study is to examine further the influence of maternal incarceration on the social, emotional and educational well-being of children. The author uses an ecological perspective to better understand the problems experienced by families and individuals by considering the larger environment and systems that impact them and are a part of their everyday experiences. The author believes that when a child?s mother is incarcerated, separation between parent and child can be expected to be nothing less than distressing and painful, regardless of the disruption that may have been present in their lives prior to incarceration. The research method is a survey using a questionnaire; the population is incarcerated mothers, their children, the caretakers of children, and others involved in working with the family of children whose mothers have been incarcerated.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Relevant Background Information
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions
Significance of the Study
Theoretical Framework
Literature Review
Demographics of Incarcerated Mothers and their Children
Impact of Mother?s Incarceration on Children
An Ecological Perspective of Incarcerated Mothers and their Children
Summary of the Literature Review
Methods and Procedures
Research Design
Research Hypotheses
Research Methods
Sample
Sampling Procedure
Instrumentation
External Validity
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Data Coding
Statistical Analyses
From the Paper
"Special issues may also arise when children are placed with grandparents. As explained by Johnson and Smith (2000), efforts to raise children after one has already raised their own to adulthood may be particularly difficult for grandparents. Stresses increase as grandparents find themselves challenged by a number of losses, including loss of one?s freedom, time, and adult friendships as well as the loss of expectations concerning the typical role assumed by most grandparents.Grandparents are faced with the experience of dealing with their own feelings about an altered lifestyle and sense of personal sacrifice as well as a child or children who may have very special needs because of their parent?s incarceration. Respite care is not always available and the relationship with the incarcerated mother may become increasingly strained. These problems may be further complicated by fatigue, which has been identified by grandparents raising grandchildren as a major problem and physical and mental health may also be affected as well. According to Burton (1992), grandparents faced with raising their grandchildren have reported an increase in anxiety and depression; in their use of tobacco and alcohol; and in health problems, including arthritis, diabetes, slight strokes, and mild heart attacks."
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Is Criminal Incarceration Effective, 2006.
A study on whether incarceration is effective especially in the cases of recidivism.
5,319 words (approx. 21.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 192.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the rising prison incarceration numbers and the effect of longer or shorter sentences for offenders. The paper focuses on recidivism and its possible causes and examines this in terms of public safety and the cost-effectiveness of incarceration. The paper also points out that, in addition to the recidivism rate of convicted offenders, the amount of crime in a community is influenced by several factors. The paper includes various studies which show both the negative and positive aspects of lengths of incarceration. Also discussed is the sentencing in European countries compared to the United States. The system in California is given special mention. The subject of African American mass incarceration is also examined.
From the Paper
"The rising prison incarceration numbers in the United States and the effectiveness of prison incarceration has been an issue of considerable discussion within the media and within state and federal governments.
"According to the United States Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Assistance, many jurisdictions throughout the country are implementing successful, cost-effective alternatives to traditional incarceration, while at the same time are improving efforts to reintegrate nonviolent offenders into the community (Alternatives). These corrections options programs promote sanctions other than incarceration, in which violators receive treatment combined with appropriate social services and vocational education in an effort to help them re-enter the community as productive and law-abiding citizens (Alternatives)."
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Incarceration and African-American Men, 2002.
Examines the interaction of high incarceration rates with the health and life expectancy of African-American men and the role of early intervention.
4,562 words (approx. 18.2 pages), 23 sources, APA, AU$ 173.95
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Abstract
African-American male adolescents and adults are embedded in a context that is less supportive of their health and well being than of any other group in this country. They have lower life expectancies, high-risk exposure and higher levels of incarceration than any other group.
The paper shows that African-Americans are disproportionately residents of large cities which seem to have higher homicide rates and higher rates of alcohol and drug abuse. When they do drink, they tend to have worse consequences from their drinking, including incarceration and addiction. The paper shows that with incarceration, comes additional problems of exacerbated health issues and exposure to new, life-threatening infections. Services have been cut for education and prevention in prisons and jails. Finally, recidivism rates are longer for African-American males as are jail sentences. The paper argues that improving the health status of African-American males requires a multi-faceted approach, including support of a two-adult family structure, continuing emphasis on the negative impacts of racism, reduction of drug and alcohol abuse, intervention in prison health systems and improved recidivism programs. The paper provides an overview literature on the subject.
From the Paper
"Results indicated that mortality rates were excessive for both men and women in all of the poverty areas, especially among African-Americans. For example, boys in Harlem who reached the age of 15 had only a 37 percent chance of surviving to the age of 65. The only African-American area study that had mortality rates comparable to those of standardized national rates for white American was the Queens-Bronx area in which the mortality rate for men was 1.18 (Geronimus et al., 1996)."
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Incarceration and the Drug Offender, 2006.
A study regarding the issue of developing a viable alternative to incarceration, with a goal of reducing the number of drug offenders put in prison.
7,991 words (approx. 32.0 pages), 39 sources, MLA, AU$ 251.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at what can be done, by way of viable options, to reduce the high rate of incarceration for drug offenses. The paper discusses several suggestions and uses a matrix analysis to determine that treatment programs (particularly those that are in-patient and allow parents in danger of losing their children to bring those children with them) are the most cost-effective and helpful way to lower the incarceration rate.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Problem/Objective
Background of the Problem
Proposed Alternatives
Decision Criteria
Research
Matrix Analysis
Choosing the Optimal Course of Action/The Recommendation
Implementation Plan
Program Evaluation
From the Paper
"During this era, reformers also succeeded in restricting the government's legal authority to hospitalize mental patients involuntarily. Only persons determined to be mentally ill and dangerous could be confined to a psychiatric hospital without their consent. Requiring involuntary commitment of the mentally ill to be based solely on dangerousness was at the heart of the movement to deinstitutionalize mental patients and to encourage treatment in their community. Proponents of these civil commitment reforms emphasized the civil liberties of the mentally ill, especially their right to freedom and choice."
"In the neoconservative era of the 1980's, critics rejected the "rehabilitative model" in favor of the "just desserts" model of punishment. According to this view, the severity of punishment should depend on the seriousness of the offense and the criminal's prior record. As such, the primary goal of the criminal justice system is not to prevent future crimes through rehabilitation, but to dispense appropriate punishment to those who have earned it. The "just desserts" ideology presumes people are responsible moral agents who can choose between right and wrong. "
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Alternative Incarceration, 2005.
This paper examines historic legal codes of past cultures to find an alternative to incarceration, which is the practice of the current U.S. justice system.
1,245 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, by analyzing the legal codes in other historical contexts and cultures, it is evident that alternatives to incarceration have always existed, most of which were far more brutal than any punishment currently handed out by the U.S. justice system, excluding the death penalty. The author points out that, historically, society rarely used forced confinement as a means of punishing criminals; for example, the ancient Babylonian culture society felt that the punishment should fit the crime, resulting most often resulted in monetary restitution, bodily mutilations or even death. The paper relates that dungeons became commonplace in the Middle Ages and during the Spanish Inquisition; however, in these early prisons, incarceration was still a secondary form of punishment to more brutal methods such as torture.
From the Paper
"The Hebrews, like the Babylonians, also felt that punishment should be harsh and fit the crime. The Biblical books of Exodus, Leviticus and Deuteronomy provided a strict moral and legal code that every Hebrew had to follow, with punishments prescribed for failing to adhere to each. This legal code also followed the same lines as the Babylonians, as it is stated in Deuteronomy 19: 21 "And thine eye shall not pity; but life shall go for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot". There are no direct references to incarceration in this legal code either; however forced slavery is sanctioned for some crimes."
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Juvenile Incarceration, 2002.
This paper examines the issue of incarceration of juvenile offenders, looking specifically at articles by Ardovini-Brooker and Walker and Loughran and Godfrey.
2,168 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
The paper studies juvenile incarceration, reporting on an innovative feature of applied practice that may have universal implication for the project of juvenile incarceration. The writer compares and contrasts two articles, one of which is a strong argument for performance-based standards, a system for the collection of data that records the progress of juvenile offenders, to come to a conclusion as to the effectiveness of (PbS).
From the Paper
"The main thesis of Ardovini-Brooker and Walker's article is that the proliferation of juvenile boot camps since the inception of the first such program in Georgia in 1983 has been driven by objectives that have been far from uniform because of a lack of theoretical and conceptual consensus about them. They suggest that such a consensus is desirable, not only because the number of so-called shock-incarceration facilities is expected to continue to grow in the coming years but also because the multiplicity of motives in the background of their implementation has made definitive evaluation of their effectiveness difficult to accomplish. Citing dramatic differences of opinion regarding the efficacy of shock incarceration in fostering rehabilitation and discouraging recidivism, as well as the debate over what should be the effect of such incarceration, they describe various perspectives from which boot camps have been endorsed and established and point out difficulties of reconciling goals, priorities, and the means of their measurement."
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Impact of Incarceration on Families, 2007.
An in-depth look at how families and communities are affected by incarceration.
6,099 words (approx. 24.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 209.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews, discusses and analyzes the impact that incarceration has on a prisoner's family and community. According to the paper, the majority of the incarcerated population are men, most of whom are fathers with families. The paper takes a look at how the families of prison inmates are left behind to pick up the pieces.
From the Paper
"Mass incarceration places a tremendous strain on the extended networks of friends and family that have traditionally sustained poor African American families in difficult times, thereby weakening the communities' ability to cope and survive economic and social hardships (Roberts 2004). Although loss of family contact may be seen by many as simply part of the offender's deserved punishment, there are damaging consequences to families, social networks, and communities. According to Roberts, the "injury to social networks is also a counterbalance to claims that removing criminals may benefit their relatives by relieving the families of problems caused by the offender's antisocial behavior" (Roberts 2004). However, the type of offender has changed due to the new sentencing reforms that impose harsh prison terms for relatively minor drug offense, thereby increasing incarceration of first-time, nonviolent offenders, who most likely have valuable ties to the community networks and institutions, which means that the loss to communities is greater today in terms of the quality as well as quantity of inmates (Roberts 2004)."
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Public Image and Incarceration, 2002.
Examines public images of prison and criminal justice systems and their effect on the perception of incarceration.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 195.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the public image of the prison system and the criminal justice system in media. The paper contrasts this image with the reality of incarceration systems and concludes that the media is inaccurate in its images. This affects the public's opinion on the subject.
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Intermittent Incarceration, 1999.
Origins, goals and effectiveness of alternatives to full-time incarceration. Discusses public support, costs, types (weekend or night jail-time, halfway houses), eligibility and the impact on recidivism.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 26 sources, AU$ 127.95
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Abstract
This research paper examines the origins and reasons for the use of intermittent incarceration of convicted criminals on probation in the United States and elsewhere, how and when it is used, the results gained from experience with it, other pros and cons and prospects for its future use.
From the Paper
"INTERMITTENT INCARCERATION
This research paper examines the origins and reasons for the use of intermittent incarceration of convicted criminals on probation in the United States and elsewhere, how and when it is used, the results gained from experience with it, other pros and cons and prospects for its future use.
Origins and Rationale for the Use of Intermittent Incarceration
Morris & Tonry (1990) define intermittent incarceration as "a method of allowing the offender to serve an incarcerative sentence without having to disrupt his employment and family ties as does a longer single period of jail or prison" (p. 218). They say it is employed "for incapacitative purposes and training for conformity" (p. 178).
Intermittent incarceration in the form of halfway houses..."
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Incarceration and Crime, 2000.
A look at the connection between the two, and if incarceration leads to crime.
1,105 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes if there is a trend between incarceration rate and crime rate and if the former is the cause of the latter.
From the Paper
"Responding to much research done on the topic, politicians are calling for the construction or more prisons, longer prison terms and mandatory sentences. These all lead to and increase in the nation?s incarceration rate. But is a higher incarceration rate really the reason behind the recent fall in crime rates across the country? To some, the answer is an obvious yes, while to others, that yes must be qualified by other factors."
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Community-based Incarceration and Criminal Justice, 2008.
An analysis of the media's role in criminal justice issues and a look at community-based alternatives to incarceration.
2,706 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews a number of issues pertaining to criminal justice. Firstly, the paper look at the role of the media in criminal justice issues. It then discusses whether or not the criminal justice system can legitimately be called a "system" or whether another description is apt. The paper also examines community-based alternatives to incarceration and, lastly, examines how restorative and community-based approaches to punishment are preferable to punishment-based approaches.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Criminal Justice: Specific Issues
Issue One: The Role of the Media
Issue Two: Major Components of the Criminal Justice System
Issue Three: Community-based Alternatives to Prison
Issue Four: Community/Restorative Justice Models and their Difference from Punitive Models of Justice
From the Paper
"Going further, the simple reality is that one study after another seems to illustrate the fact that punitive criminal justice (incarceration, long sentences, the de-emphasis of diversionary programs by justices when passing sentence) does nothing to reduce crime on its own (Wilson et al, 2002). Ostensibly, all human beings are blessed with a certain measure of capital - intellectual and emotional capital being the most important - and maximizing this human capital by teaching individuals how to serve others, how to behave responsibly and how to curb darker impulses is the best way by which a society can reduce the likelihood that it will become over-run by crime. It may also be added that the essential reason why community-based and restorative justice models are gaining such favor (they have been, albeit to varying degrees, in favor among academics since at least the 1970s) is because the failings of punishment-based justice - the over-crowding of American prisons, high recidivism rates, the growing cost of keeping people behind bars - have become manifest in the eyes of many close observers and new, more innovative approaches are desperately needed."
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Incarceration of Nonviolent Drug Offenders, 1999.
Examines the laws, incidence, pros & cons and effectiveness of incarceration and how this impacts offenders & society. Provides definitions of violence in socioeconomics terms.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 81.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the issue of incarceration of nonviolent drug offenders. The plan of the research will be to set forth an overview of the issue and its pros and cons in general terms, and then to discuss how incarceration of nonviolent drug offenders can best be defended as a matter of public policy. Additionally, the issue will be analyzed with a view toward suggesting the most appropriate advocacy position on it.
Overview
Black-letter law does not materially distinguish between the incarceration of violent and nonviolent drug offenders, although in 1996 Arizona and California voted to legalize marijuana for medical uses (Simmons, 1997, p. 111). Possession, sale, and use of illegal drugs is a crime, and in recent years, politicians and public.."
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Inmate Violence During Incarceration, 2007.
An examination of violent behavior in prisons and an assessment of predicting risk of violence by inmates while incarcerated.
9,638 words (approx. 38.6 pages), 38 sources, MLA, AU$ 288.95
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Abstract
This paper examines prison violence and describes existing methods for assessing risk for violent behavior. It analyzes factors contributing to or reducing institutional violence. It also looks at factors contributing to violent behavior in general and discusses major theories of aggression and violent behavior. The paper then analyzes current methods for predicting short and long term risk of violence in various settings, in order to develop a conceptual framework for predicting inmate violence while incarcerated.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Strategies for Assessing Future Risk of Violence
Actuarial Risk Assessment
Clinical Risk Assessment
Psychopathy and Violence
Method
Violence among Inmates
Assaults In Correctional Facilities
Mental Health Screening In Correctional Facilities
Violence Prevention Programs
From the Paper
"A computer-based test interpretation (CBTI) system is a system that screens inmates for mental health issues in correctional facilities. This system was reviewed and tested to see if it is valid and useful. To begin this review, 100 adult male felons were administered a brief mental status interview and a series of psychological tests, including the MMPI, the revised Beta IQ Examination, and the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. Psychiatric diagnoses and CBTI ratings of victimization, violence, suicide, and substance abuse potentials were compared with clinicians' evaluations. Second, CBTI diagnosed 109 inmates and were compared with Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) diagnoses. Finally, CBTI risk ratings were compared with institutional infraction records of 1, 718 inmates. An agreement between CBTI and clinicians' risk ratings decided that this was in fact a fair diagnosis, and the diagnoses ranged from 60% to 93%. (Psychological Assessment, 1992, p. 138)"
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