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| Essay # 95219 |
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Diversion of Pharmaceutical Drugs, 2002.
An in-depth examination of the causes and effect pharmaceutical drug diversion in the U.S.
5,550 words (approx. 22.2 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 197.95
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Abstract
Drug diversion ( abuse of prescription drugs ) is a major problem within the United States today. It affects all levels of society and has hidden ramifications for individuals, health care professionals and institutions. This paper looks at the types of drugs that are most commonly abused and discusses the numbers of ways drugs and other pharmaceuticals are diverted from their appropriate use and sale. It also reviews the law and campaign against prescription drug abuse.
From the Paper
"According to the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)?s Office of Diversion control, physicians and dishonest pharmacy staff result in the majority of cases of pharmaceutical diversion (DCP, 2002). Investigation into these common sources of drug diversion is clearly inadequate. (NDSN, 1996) reports that fewer than 24 cases are prosecuted each hear in the state of California. Given that abuse of pharmaceutical drugs may be as large a drug problem as nonpharmaceutial drugs, the need for more investigation into diversion of pharmaceutical drugs is apparent."
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Children and Pharmaceutical Drugs, 2005.
A look at the increasing use of drugs to treat children with mental disorders.
840 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how one of the most effective treatments that helps children with mental disorders is a pharmaceutical drug and how this way is more widely accommodated by doctors because medicine is as, or more, effective than therapy. Medicine treats the disorder faster and cheaper than therapy. It discusses how as more and more new pharmaceutical drugs become available to children with mental disorders, questions arise about how safe the drugs are. It contends that parents are concerned about the effects and potential side effects of drugs such as Ritalin and Prozac on their children.
From the Paper
"When seen by a doctor regularly and administered a suitable prescribed medicine, a child with a mental disorder is more likely to overcome it. This is what medicine is for; so one can take charge of his or her disability, not the other way around. The American Psychological Association reports that medicine based treatment is more often effective for children with disorders like attention deficit disorder, when closely administered by a doctor ("What Parents Should Know..."). The child's progress should be monitored regularly and check-ups are a must. Prescribed medicines treat child disorders that would otherwise be untreatable. Because new prescription medicines are becoming available to children, their drawbacks, if any, should be made known to every parent."
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Drug Importation, 2006.
An analysis of the U.S. ban on pharmaceutical drug importation from Canada.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the issue of legalizing the importation of pharmaceutical drugs to the U.S. from Canada. The paper presents both sides of the issue. The paper also gives the historical context of the American ban on drug imports.
From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the issue of legalizing the importation of drugs from the United States to Canada. The plan of the research will be to set forth the historical context for the American ban on importation of drugs from Canada and the..."
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Drug Re-importation, 2006.
A review of the issues surrounding the exorbitant costs of prescription medication in the US.
3,254 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 136.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the high cost of prescription drugs, as well as the new proposals and measures that Congress has introduced to combat this price increase. The paper further discusses the aim of these measures and the objections of the pharmaceutical industry.
Outline:
Defining Essential Drugs
The Rising costs of Prescription Drugs
Comparison of Drug Prices
Congressional Laissez-Faire Approach
Re-importation
From the Paper
"Senior citizens are the biggest consumers of prescription drugs and this section is the most vulnerable since they purchase one-third of all prescription drugs and live on relatively low incomes. (13) Uninsured citizens are also bearing the brunt seriously since insured families pay three times less than uninsured ones. (14) The pharmaceutical industry accepts these statistics saying that privately insured citizens are charged 39 percent less than those without insurance. (15) In both cases, that of senior and uninsured citizens, it is true that higher prices have created room for some difficult choices such as buying food for the family or purchasing medicines. (16)
One senior female from Sheffield Lake, Ohio, says that the medical coverage she has had left after United Health Care withdrew from this county, barely covers the price of just one of her medications. (17) The woman is a 70-year old widow who had to no option left but to take a part-time job to support herself. Another 70-year old female citizen from Elyria, Ohio said, "I desperately need prescription drug help, Up until two weeks ago I worked three jobs, now I am working two jobs. Without working I can not [sic] afford to live. I don't know how much longer I will be able to work."
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Is Drug Court Really Effective: A Review of Current Drug Laws and Drug Courts, 2002.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 156.95
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Abstract
This legal analysis examines the American drug courts in order to assess the effectiveness of existing policy in dealing with crimes associated with drugs in the United States. This paper evaluates the scientific validity of resources that are used to determine drug policy, and in the critique finds these systems of information ineffective. The author of this essay then offers recommendations for a drug policy that includes a description of drug court environments, and rehabilitation programs for women.
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The U.S. Drug Industry, 2004.
Explores the debate concerning the importation of pharmaceutical drugs and why they are cheaper in Canada than in the U.S.
2,519 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to answer the main question regarding the importation of pharmaceutical drugs; namely, whether or not the importation of foreign drugs should be allowed in the United States. For this purpose, the paper first examines the drug market structure in the U.S. and in Canada, with a focus on the existing price differential; it then scrutinizes the pros and cons in the importation debate on both sides of the border; and, in conclusion, it evaluates the merits of the arguments proposed by the drugs industry and by consumer associations.
From the Paper
"The information technology revolution seems to have caught up with the pharmaceutical industry as a growing number of today?s consumers have the ability to use broader and more comprehensive pricing information. The internet has given consumers access to cheaper drugs from Canada and has sparkled a far-reaching debate on U.S. drug companies? pricing policies. On one side, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the pharmaceutical industry claim that foreign drugs do not ascribe to U.S. safety regulations, thereby arguing for limitations on imports; while, on the other, consumer associations require unrestricted access to cheaper foreign produce. To further dilute the issue, Canadian politicians are loath to stop online pharmacies from operation due to strong growth in the sector and high profit margins."
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Prescription Drugs, 2007.
This paper discusses prescription drugs and the pharmaceutical sector.
2,403 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 107.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer claims that for several years, the pharmaceutical sector has been regarded as a certainty in the world of investing. The writer argues that in America today, more drugs are needed to fight arthritis and lower cholesterol levels, and treating disease with medicine is far more cost-effective than surgery and other procedures. The writer examines the topic of expenditures for prescription drug coverage and maintains that as society does not worry about prices when it comes to healthcare, the large drug-makers boast astounding profit levels, gross margins of 80 percent, operating margins of 35 percent. The writer concludes that drug companies began to focus on blockbuster drugs and did everything possible to squeeze every bit of profit from them, thus after the initial wave of breakthroughs, the big money was largely in imitation, not innovation.
From the Paper
"However, the drug giants were actually profoundly less innovative through the 1990s than they appeared to be, and their amazing growth numbers were due to a handful of drugs that addressed a surprisingly narrow range of conditions. Furthermore, they copied one another's drugs while ignoring promising avenues of research, and merged with one another, slashed costs, and sometimes, propped up earnings. Overall, 2002 was not a good year for pharma stocks, and the primary culprit appears to be the fact that big drugs like Claritin came off paten and saw sales plummet as generic versions hit the market, while few new drugs came along to replace them. Added to all of this are several scandals over product safety and the growing anger from consumers and policymakers over rising drug prices, resulting in serious challenges for the drug companies."
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The Japanese-American Bio-pharmaceutical Industry, 2002.
An insight into the Japanese-American bio-pharmaceutical industry and the availability of drugs in each country.
20,023 words (approx. 80.1 pages), 44 sources, MLA, AU$ 364.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the Japanese-American bio-pharmaceutical industry represents an ongoing international effort between the two top pharmaceutical markets in the world. It looks at why a number of pharmaceutical products that are currently available to U.S. residents are unavailable to Japanese consumers and how from a humanitarian perspective, this discrepancy denies access to life-enhancing and life-saving drugs to the Japanese population. It proposes a study to evaluate how the United States and Japan can work collaboratively to optimize the availability of ethical pharmaceuticals so that every American and Japanese citizen is permitted free access to life-enhancing and life-saving drugs.
Outline
List of Tables
List of Figures
Chapters
1.Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Importance of the Problem
Definition of Terms
Limitations and Delimitations
2.Review of the Literature
1990 to 1996
1997 to 2002
3.Methodology
Research Design
The Hypothesis
Special Tests
Statistical Procedures Used
Data Gathering
Population Descriptions
4. Results
Statement of the Results
Tables
Charts
Figures
Statistical Findings
5.Summary
Conclusions
Supporting Findings
Contradicting Findings
Recommendations
Additional Research
Implications for Revising the Current Body of Knowledge
Change in Related Practices
Appendices
From the Paper
"Regardless of the strategic tools that are utilized for a meaningful entry into U.S. markets as well as growth, Japanese firms must increasingly rely on local staff. Depending on local staff to manage their business, and providing those managers with sufficient opportunities and incentives, is a management challenge that Japanese pharmaceutical manufacturers have yet to overcome, especially in the United States. This will require a modification of management methods throughout the firm, including domestic headquarters. Such changes will be slow and will be resisted; we expect the issue of bicultural management to be a struggle for most Japanese pharmaceutical firms throughout the 1990s. This ?people issue? also involves a number of organizational matters that many of these firms are now attempting to manage."
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Pfizer Drugs, 2005.
A look at the economics of the pharmaceutical industry, with a focus on the Pfizer Drug company.
1,431 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the economic aspects of the pharmaceutical industry by focusing on the Pfizer Drug company. The paper examines the inelastic nature of pharmaceutical products, explains the oligopolistic nature of the pharmaceutical industry, looks at how pharmaceutical companies compete against one another, discusses the pricing of pharmaceutical products, and looks at what factors influence the business strategies of pharmaceutical companies.
From the Paper
"Although Pfizer?s claims to offer value to its consumers may be debatable, its contention that it is the leader of the industry in sheer dollar terms cannot be disputed. Of particular value to Pfizer as a stock has been its patent of the drug Viagra, and it continues to capitalize upon its dominance as an industry leader even in the second of its website that attempts to attract individuals to work for the company."
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Legalizing Drugs: Fiction or Fix, 2000.
Discusses the failure of the ?War on Drugs? and how legalizing drugs would change the role of the police from the enforcer, to the protector.
1,938 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the shortcomings of the current measures taken to curb the rising problem of drug abuse in America and how legalizing drugs would change the role of the police from the enforcer, to the protector. A discussion of the question of getting current abusers to stop their self-destructive ways and ways to prevent new drug abusers is given with a realistic looks at how the current systems tries to solve these problems. Also a short dissertation on how DARE has failed to prevent new drug abusers is also given.
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Legalizing Drugs in America, 2006.
This paper argues in favor of legalizing drugs in the United States.
2,325 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper contends that the ongoing war on drugs has not succeeded and that drug use should be prevented rather than made illegal. This paper also examines the argument that drug use will dramatically decrease if all illegal substances are legalized. This paper also discusses how school programs educating students on the risks of substance abuse has had a dramatic impact on teenage drug use.
Topics covered in this paper include:
The War On Drugs
The Drug Business
Alcohol and Drugs
The Effect of Drug Education
Drugs and Jail
Addiction
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Because drugs are illegal, their cost is astronomical, providing enormous profits to those engaged in the business of importing, exporting and selling drugs. There is no question that legalization of drugs would put an immediate stop to this rich source of economic gain. Legal drugs could be sold at a reasonable price to those who choose to use them, and the illegal drug community would not be able to compete."
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The War on Drugs: A Critical Perspective, 2002.
Discusses what aims our society seeks to achieve in criminalizing the use of drugs and how effective drug laws are in achieving those aims.
2,020 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
Gives a critical analysis of "the war on drugs". Through examination of the history and present motivations of drug laws, this paper argues that the reasons behind drug criminalization are invalid. The paper also shows that the current law enforcement approaches are ineffective in dealing with the drug problem.
From the Paper
"The illicit drug problem is seen as a paramount concern within all western communities and is clearly the source of some of society's most major public health issues. The so-called "War on Drugs" is given unprecedented resources in the area of law enforcement and often headlines our major media outlets. The reasons for our community seeking to criminalize drug use will be explored in the following essay by tracing drugs laws to the original sources of public concern and exploring how community concern has evolved since. It will be shown that the original notions that are the basis of drug criminalization have been flawed from their inception. Furthermore it will be illustrated how current and past drug laws have been completely ineffective in achieving the aims that society has sought to achieve through drug criminalization."
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Psychoactive Drugs and American Law, 2006.
An analysis of four psychoactive drugs and drug families that are commonly used and abused in America: nicotine, marijuana, anabolic steroids and alcohol.
1,399 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the American legislation that "controls" certain substances. The paper examines smoking laws and tobacco usage to determine the American use / abuse of nicotine. It also contrasts that with the greater illegality of marijuana, and compares that to sports drugs such as anabolic steroids. Finally, the paper reviews the history of alcohol legislation and abuse. In conclusion, the writer feels that nicotine and alcohol should be treated more as health hazards, in line with the legislative treatment accorded marijuana and metabolic steroids. Table of Contents: Legislation Affecting Drugs in the United States; Nicotine; Marijuana; Anabolic Steroids; Liquor; Bibliography
From the Paper
"Scheduling occurs according to certain criteria that are applied to drugs according to their medicinal value, harmfulness, and potential abuse or addiction to the drug. There are five schedules, of which Schedule I is assigned to the most dangerous drugs with the least medicinal value, with Schedule II-V being applied to drugs with decreasing danger and increasing medicinal value. Schedule V would then include the least dangerous of the drugs."
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Counterfeit Drugs, 2006.
The paper examines counterfeit pharmaceuticals and their impact on the United States and Nigeria.
9,895 words (approx. 39.6 pages), 21 sources, MLA, AU$ 292.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the mechanisms by which National Drug Regulatory Authorities in "Developing" Nations and "Developed" Nations address counterfeit pharmaceutical issues with an emphasis on regulatory authorities in Nigeria and the United States. The research indicates that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is working to guarantee that consumers are protected from counterfeit drugs and the adverse effects that they produce. The research also reveals that some of the strategies taken are successful but much more must be done to control the influx of counterfeit drugs coming into the country through the Internet and shipments. In Nigeria counterfeit drugs are a serious and widespread problem. Though the government has made a concerted effort to combat counterfeit pharmaceuticals and has been successful in some respects, the problem is so widespread and has existed for so long that it is difficult to remedy.
Contents:
Introduction
Definition of Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals and the Problems they cause in the United States and Nigeria
Counterfeiting in the United States and other Developed Nations
Counterfeit Drugs in Nigeria
Regulatory Authorities in the United States and how they Plan to Combat the Distribution of Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals
Regulatory Authorities in Nigeria and how they Combat the Distribution of Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals
Discussion and Conclusions
From the Paper
"According to the American Food and Drug administration (FDA) counterfeit drugs are defined as fake medicine that may be contaminated or contain the incorrect or no active ingredients (Consumer Education: Counterfeit Medicine). According to the World Health organization researchers have found an abundance of counterfeit drugs throughout the globe. The most common counterfeit drugs were homemade counterfeits, mislabeled measurements and insufficient active ingredients. The World Health Organization reports that
"Counterfeit medicines are deliberately and fraudulently mislabeled medicines with respect to identity and/or source...Counterfeiting applies to both branded and generic products, and ranges from the illegal use of copyrighted commercial brands to manufacturing fake medicines. Counterfeiting is a far more pronounced problem in developing countries. National measures alone have not been proven adequate to combat this activity (Counterfeit Medicines)." "
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Medicare Prescription Drugs, 2004.
A review of the Medicare Prescription Drug and Modernization Act of 2003.
1,476 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the Medicare Prescription Drug and Modernization Act of 2003 in the USA. This paper shows that the aim of these reforms is to balance the government's need to protect Medicare recipients and save money, with recipients' needs to receive appropriate treatment. But, as this paper reflects, the need for government intervention in the pricing of pharmaceutical drugs is now a heated debate.
From the Paper
"In recent years, the high cost of medical care in the United States has led to new and heated debate about the need for government intervention in the pricing of pharmaceutical drugs. Pharmaceutical spending has increased perhaps the most of all health care costs, marking about 11% of total health care spending in 2002. That same year, prescription drug spending increased a substantial15%, while other health care spending increased only 9 percent (Kaiser Family Foundation).
Government intervention in the area of pharmaceutical drugs increased with the passage of H.R. 1, The Medicare Prescription Drug and Modernization Act of 2003. The Act was passed on December 8th of 2003, and established a voluntary prescription drug benefit under Medicare. In addition, the Act requires an "initial preventive physical examination", and covers a variety of tests, including those for prostate and colorectal cancer, and diabetes. In addition, mammography, pap smears, and vaccinations are covered, among other services (Office of Legislative Policy and Analysis). "
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