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Importance of Effective Airport Emergency Response, 2005.
A study of aviation accidents and the emergency response teams attending at the scene.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 129.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts three separate aviation crashes and the effectiveness of the emergency response teams and Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) crews that responded on the scenes of the crashes. According to this research, all three, American Airlines Flight 1420, a Canadair Challenger test flight and Korean Air Flight 801, had serious problems with the emergency response, resulting in property damage, injury and loss of life.
From the Paper
"Many people in today's world are afraid to fly, fearing death from terrorist strikes, hijackers, and mechanical malfunction. While statistics indicate that some of these are rational fears, the chances of death from a commercial airline flight are as high as 52.6 million to 1, according to the NTSB and US DOT (Kebabjian, 2005). Boeing reports only .88 accidents per million departures between 1959 and 2004 (Boeing, 2005, p. 14). Despite this reassuring statistic, there are still a number of highly publicized aircraft accidents each year, some more dramatic than others, but all frightening in one way or another. Not all the accidents result in fatalities, although these tend to get the most attention, especially when public figures are involved."
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Emergency Response Management, 2007.
Presents current views on disaster management, following the 9/11 terrorist attack and Hurricane Katrina.
1,305 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper considers current trends in emergency response management and mitigation in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and Hurricane Katrina. The author contends that the purpose of mitigation is to take the lessons of immediately past disasters and analyze the actions that occurred in the area of emergency management. The author further highlights several areas that affect competent disaster management. These include effective communication among all parties involved in the emergency response. Salient examples of failures from 9/11 and Katrina are presented. The author also argues that prevention is a necessary element of disaster management.
From the Paper
"One of the paramount concerns that has been proven time and time again is that there is a lack of clear goals for change on the part of local, state and federal officials. The simple fact that these and other entities must work together to solve problems, in a pre-disaster and post disaster circumstance also challenges the cause of the reduction of lost life and property. All of these complex issues in combination with the limited time that agencies and individuals have to respond in an emergency situation can make the situation far worse, creating a situation often contrary to the goal of reducing loss and risk. (Mileti, 2004, pg. 236) To solve this complex issue, communication is key and mitigating the communication plans including back up forms of communication and chain of command plans as essential to changing the ways in which an emergency manager deals with a potential or realized disaster. "
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Emergency Response to Sept 11th, 2001.
This paper examines the response of various agencies to the Sept 11th terrorist attacks in New York.
2,950 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 127.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history of terrorism and how it climaxed into the largest domestic terrorism act on September 11th in the United States. It focuses on the emergency services responses in New York City to this terror attack and explains how for many years these services have been preparing for such an attack.
From the paper:
"Three months America was introduced to terrorism on a level that it had never before experienced when two planes were crashed into the World Trade Center Towers in New York, causing them to collapse even as another plane plunged into the Pentagon and another, perhaps on its way to a Washington D.C. target crashed in a field in Philadelphia.
But while the plane crashes and the destruction that followed them were terrible, they could have ? and would have ? been much worse had not the cities and states involved worked closely with the federal government to contain the damage and limit the injuries and death."
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Emergency Response Plan, 2008.
A look at the emergency plans set up in North Carolina in the case of an emergency situation.
1,176 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the National Response Plan in North Carolina, set up to provide structures, resources, and capabilities to aid in the coordination of federal support to state, local, and tribal response managers. The author looks at the situation in the four counties of Chatham, Harnett, Lee and Wake.
Outline:
Chatham County, NC
Harnett County, NC
Lee County, NC
Wake County, NC
From the Paper
"If any incident occurs in North Carolina, the state has primary authority unless the incident falls under federal jurisdiction. Different levels of federal assistance can be made available, but the state always has jurisdiction for state and local government workers within the state, including state and local emergency responders (North Carolina Department of Labor, 2005, p. 2).
"Chatham County is a major retirement community in central North Carolina, and the area includes a number of health professionals who are potential volunteers. However, their knowledge of and participation in county health and emergency response operations is limited, given that their primary orientation is to the cultural/social attractions of Durham, Raleigh and Chapel Hill, which border Chatham. Chatham County is also largely rural, which also reduces the ability of health professionals to have participated in many emergency operations on a large scale. The County states that the local volunteer fire departments, and other volunteer emergency responders, tend to be long-time local residents and face increasing costs and regulations that make services difficult to maintain. These responders have no time and little motivation to open up to "outside" volunteers, and this could affect long-term sustainability for the volunteer emergency base (Chatham County MRC - In the Beginning, 2003, para. 5)."
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N.O.A.A. Emergency Response to Oil Spills, 2006.
This paper discusses the responsibilities and actions of the N.O.A.A.
3,557 words (approx. 14.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 144.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that N.O.A.A. stands for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and that the organization's main responsibility is to clean up mess made by oil spills in the ocean. In this paper, the writer examines issues regarding oil spills and discusses the tasks of the N.O.A.A.
Contents:
What is N.O.A.A.?
What is an Oil Spill?
History of Oil Spills.
How NOAA Responds to Spills?
What Kind of Chemicals Do they Use for Cleanup?
How Long Clean Up Takes?
How Tools Being Improved Such as High-pressure and Hot Water Washing?
What is Done for Oiled Animals?
Are there Precautions Taken Against Spills?
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Oil spreads rapidly especially when it is light and the water is wavy because it helps the oils to move faster and spreads out easily. But then when the oil is heavy such as black oil, the spread of it is so slow because they are contained together and the fluidity is sticky. The condition of the water also matters with the spread of the oil and the temperature also. When the weather is cold the oil are somewhat frozen and solid so the spread of it is slow. In terms of weather, when it is windy and there is storm, we are expecting the oil to spread quick and fast, and what is hard to clean up is they are not contained in one area, some of them can be found in different areas and can be found also in the shoreline thus damaging the corals and the animals in the water."
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Industrial Plant Emergency Plan, 2007.
A description of the responsibilities of an emergency response team in the case of an industrial plant emergency.
2,023 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a general outline of an industrial plant emergency plan by describing the roles of various members of the response team. The situations in which the plan would be put into action are also detailed. The chain of command in determining when an emergency situation has occurred is highlighted along with the various responses the team may choose to take. The paper concludes that any changes in such a plan must be reviewed by the team manager.
Table of Contents:
Objectives
Scope
Organization
Emergency Initiation
Emergency Response Team (ERT)
Industrial Plant Emergency Task Force (IPETF)
Emergency Information Center (EIC)
Requirements of the Industrial Plan Emergency Plans and Procedures
Criminal, Terrorist and Bomb
Fire Protection Plan
Medical Emergency Response Plan
Earthquake and Flood Control Plan
Major Power Outage Plan
Information Security Plan
Other Plans and Basic Format of the Plans
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The ERT is responsible for the maximum protection of personnel, physical and digital assets and resources of the facility. The team shall remain in control of the emergency situation under the direction and management of the ERT Commander until the situation has been declared by the ERT Commander as contained or controlled. The ERT shall comprise members of the Industrial Security and Information Security Teams trained in various aspects of emergency planning and response procedures. They shall have undergone the following training (Community Emergency Response Team, 2007):..."
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An Emergency Requiring the Elimination of Emergency Law, 2005.
A look at how successive Egyptian leaders have used emergency law to deny the Egyptian people basic democratic rights.
2,222 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the history of emergency law in Egypt and how it has been used by almost every government in the last 60 years to deny the Egyptian people the right to freedom of speech and the right to form opposing political parties. The paper asserts that Egypt, in order to become a true democracy, as it claims it is, must eliminate emergency law so that the people of Egypt can truly practice the rights a democratic society is supposed to guarantee.
From the Paper
"Egypt may appear a calm country, not threatened by revolution, political instability or a rebellious population. However, the Egyptian government thinks otherwise. It apparently views the Egyptian people as rebellious, revolutionary and if given their right to freedom of expression, would drive the country to political instability. Therefore, a state of emergency exists in Egypt. Actually, as "Reading the Hieroglyphic" remarks "for all but eight of the past 61 years" Egypt has been under emergency law. Government after government and one political system after another has prevented Egyptians from the right to freedom of speech. Despite this, Egypt is said to be a democratic country. However, the fundamental elements of democracy is freedom of speech or expression and also allowing formation of opposing political parties. The 'democratic' Egyptian government is threatened by these elements as opposition may weaken its status and power. This law prevents freedom of speech and establishment of opposing parties, therefore, the government is using this law as a tool to grant it the upper hand and no one will even verbally criticize its actions. Although the government claims that the emergency law is a security measure for the benefit of the people, with reference to its history and the way it is being used proves that the purpose of this law is to maximize the power of the government to the extent that it can oppress the people and prevent any opposition; and consequently inhibit democracy. The emergency law is stifling democracy and development in Egypt."
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Emergency Action Plan, 2008.
This paper discusses developing and implementing a business emergency action plan.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 83.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that an emergency action plan is a written document required by certain Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards. The writer notes that there are several parts to a well-developed and OSHA-compliant emergency action plan. The writer points out that an employer must have a method by which to alert both employees and the proper authorities of the emergency at hand. The writer looks at elements required by OSHA for such plans. The writer then discusses the emergency action plan's implementation and evaluation.
Outline:
OSHA Requirements For Emergency Action Plans
Developing a Working Emergency Response Plan
Implementing the Plan
Evaluating the Plan
From the Paper
"Businesses must also have evacuation procedures and emergency escape route assignments in place in order to be OHSA compliant. Employees must understand who is authorized to order an evacuation and under what conditions an evacuation would be necessary. They must also know how to evacuate and which routes to take; although they are not required, exit diagrams are traditionally used to identify the escape routes that employees are to follow. Sometimes an important decision must be made when planning, such as whether or not employees should attempt to put out a small fire or leave it alone and evacuate. Evacuation procedures also often describe actions employees should take before evacuating, such as turning out lights and shutting windows. The inclusion of such details is up to the person in charge of designing a company's emergency action plan, but is not required by federal regulations."
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The Roles of the Three Levels of Government in Emergency Management During Hazardous Winter Weather, 2001.
A discussion of how the United States deals with states of emergency, what constitutes an emergency, how to deal with it and financial aid in the aftermath.
1,845 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
In the wake of the September 11th attacks, the author looks at how the United States is prepared to deal with emergency situations including not only acts of terrorism but also natural disasters. The author looks at the Stafford Act and the Federal Emergency Management Agency and what the brief is for these situations, with particular reference to financial relief. The author also looks at regulations for what constitutes a state of emergency, giving specific examples, and how various agencies and government bodies should respond.
From the paper:
?The severity of a natural winter disaster such as a blizzard affects the types of emergency relief called upon to prevent major damage. If the crisis is manageable on a purely local level, the city is mainly involved in plowing and spreading salt. If more physical aid is necessary, the state and county level must become involved to mobilize more equipment and human labor. Should an appeal for greater funding be necessary to address immediate damage from the federal government, the state may also be involved in such an appeal. This is particularly true, should more aid be necessary to help the victims of the emergency.?
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Emergency Management, 2001.
The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the emergency management of a large hazardous chemical facility in New York City.
1,405 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses a plan to implement an emergency disaster management system at a large hazardous chemicals plant in New York. The author includes specific steps that need to be taken, assigns roles, instructions for emergency response, etc.
From the Paper
"The plan should also contain detailed building plans of the chemical plant, so each team member knows the layout of the buildings. These layouts will include all storage areas, aisles, entrances and exits, windows; fire extinguishers, fire alarms, sprinklers, smoke/fire detectors, annunciators; shut-offs and master switches for power, water, gas, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning) system, and elevator controls, etc. There should also be a detailed list of keys needed for entry to any and all buildings, and their locations."
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Airport Security Restructuring, 2007.
This paper explores the effectiveness of airport security in the United States since 2001.
1,998 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the effectiveness of the Transportation Security Administration with respect to airport security from September 11, 2001 to 2007. The paper discusses the problems with the TSA's improvements in airline security and shows how technology upgrades and increased personnel training are the most suitable solutions to improve the effectiveness of airport security in the United States.
Outline:
History
Problem
Stakeholders
Criteria
Alternatives
Impacts of Alternatives
Valuation and Tradeoff Identification
Political Feasibility and Implementation
From the Paper
"Prior to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, airport security efforts focused primarily on screening passengers and carry-on luggage with metal detectors and X-Ray machines. Following the tragedy, Congress ordered the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) to screen all checked baggage for explosives and random searches were added to security lines. Other enhancements to airline security post-9/11 included allowing pilots to arm themselves and placing air marshals on commercial flights. The new security measures and extra precautions have conflicted sharply with traveler efficiency and convenience, and pressure has built from the public to reduce this friction between safety and expediency."
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Emergency Management, 2005.
A discussion on the process of emergency management and the characteristics of professional emergency managers.
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how there are four phases of emergency management, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery after disasters. It stresses that a disaster plan can make the difference when it comes to the community's ability to respond and recover from a disaster. It also discusses how an emergency manager should establish and maintain rapport with the various departments, organizations and political leaders in the community he or she serves because good relationships and teamwork are essential when a disaster actually occurs.
From the Paper
"The knowledge an emergency manager posses can be the key to his or her effectiveness. Ideally, an emergency manager would have an unlimited amount of political, technical, and scientific information. In reality, a person can not be so "all know". Knowledge of federal, state and local laws and of regulations is a very important skill to posses. Emergency managers should also know the rules of policy making and implementation, identification of hazards and vulnerabilites present in the community and the ability to mitigate and prepare if a community's risks become a reality."
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Thrombolysis for Myocardial Infarction in Accident and Emergency, 2004.
A look at national standards for emergency cardiac care for patients entering the accident and emergency system.
5,690 words (approx. 22.8 pages), 53 sources, MLA, AU$ 200.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the standards set by the National Service Framework for coronary heart disease regarding emergency cardiac care for patients presenting to the accident and emergency system at a hospital. The paper explains that these standards place a priority on aggressive management and providing early thrombolysis and that this type of treatment is controversial because it is questionable whether, given the suggested timeline and the need to differentiate from non-cardiac causes of chest pain, an adequate history and physical can be performed to prevent the administration of thrombolytics in patients where they are contraindicated. To further examine this topic, the paper gives a clear definition of acute myocardial infarction, looks at how to diagnose a patient with acute chest pain, explores the history, indications, and contraindications of thrombolysis, and reviews a multidisciplinary approach to thrombolytic administration.
From the Paper
"The definitive diagnosis of AMI is best obtained by following a standard chest pain protocol. Most accident and emergency wards have these in place. It is standard to initially obtain a 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and begin cardiac monitoring. Patient?s routine laboratory studies include electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), complete blood count (CBC) and markers for myocardial injury (Creatinine Kinase isoenzyme-myocardial (CK-MB) or troponin). Normal serial CK values rule out an acute infarction but are negative in the setting of acute unstable angina. A slight rise in CK-MB or troponin indicates myocardial injury but is not specific for ischemic syndromes. Troponin assay is highly sensitive for identifying acute coronary syndromes. Troponin has longer half life in the system than CK-MB but is less specific for the identification of infarction as opposed to repeated episodes of myocardial ischemia. As the total CK greater than two times the upper ranges of normal is indicative of infarction it can be used as an adjunct in diagnosis ischemia versus infarction and also in determining the relative efficacy of reperfusion. Serum troponin may take up to six hours to become diagnostically sensitive enough (Dougan, 2001)."
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Emergency Planning, 2002.
This paper proposes an emergency operations plan for New York City in the light of 9/11.
910 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper presents a report as the hypothetical Director of Emergency Services for New York City. The supposed aim of the report is for it to be presented to the legislature, supporting a request for funding to upgrade the local emergency plan. The paper begins with an outline of the function of an emergency planning office, within the context of the emergency operations during 9/11. It then looks at the purpose of an emergency plan for the future. It explains the directives and guidelines contained in the proposed plan and elucidates its three-step implementation program. The paper concludes with important considerations for the proposed plan?s success.
From the Paper
"Before one can fully understand the need for a new emergency management plan one must have a grasp on what an emergency planning office does. An emergency planning office is charged with the responsibility of preparing for emergencies as well as acting once they occur. Emergencies can be caused by many factors including natural disasters, chemical spills and other emergencies that arise(Federal Emergency Management Association http://www.fema.gov/)."
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Successful Emergency Communication, 2002.
This paper looks at the need for successful emergency communication in New York City.
3,280 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 137.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the components necessary for successful emergency communication. The writer evaluates the actions of the New York City Emergency Communications Center in light of the September 11th terrorist attacks in that city. The strengths and weaknesses of the system are detailed, relative to potential problems such as natural disasters that could plague the city. Many of the inherent problems this writer feels the city would face are a result of the fact that much of the city's infrastructure, bridges, tunnels, subways and communication centers are located underground. In this writer's opinion, an earthquake would totally destroy much of the city's infrastructure which would lead to the city being forced to close down, and that would include the financial centers and the ramifications here are well-documented. The paper also details legislation that has been passed at the state level to deal with this potential threat. The writer makes several suggestions as to what would be necessary to avert a major disaster, including designating the Public Information Officer as the person who would be responsible for the coordination of all the agencies, predetermined safe centers should be well-publicized and known in each of the communities, the collecting areas for the victims and survivors of any disaster should be every few blocks, evacuation of bridges and tunnels should be well-planned and coordinated and there should be one umbrella agency that is responsible for the training and coordination of the emergency personnel in the event of a major disaster, such as an earthquake or terrorist attack.
From the Paper
"In recent times, especially in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington DC, effective and speedy emergency communication has become paramount for response personnel?firefighters, police and paramedics. Emergency communications agencies like the North American Center For Emergency Communications (NACEC) were set up to provide quick and speedy services in cases of disaster. A Disaster Victim Information Exchange System (DVIS) was also setup to handle situations where families and loved ones required information about an individual evacuee?s location, condition, immediate plans and special needs. In the past, trying to locate a person could take days or months, as information procured from the scene was sketchy and unreliable."
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Emergency Dispatching System for State of Victoria, 2006.
A design proposal for the emergency dispatching system for the State of Victoria.
4,705 words (approx. 18.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 176.95
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Abstract
This document is a design proposal created according to the requirements of the system requirements specification document for an emergency dispatching system for the State of Victoria. The design proposal details how the system will log incoming calls to police, fire, ambulance and state emergency services, send dispatching requests to various services, monitor resource allocation and status and provide complete auditing facilities. The paper is written largely in point form and has many graphics.
Table of Contents:
1. Overall Description of the Proposed Design
1.1. Incident Calls and Information Gathering
1.2. Resource Allocation
1.3. Communication With Emergency Units
1.4. Auditing System
1.5. Conclusion
2. Constraints
3. Functional Requirements
3.1 Requirement - Incoming Call Screen
3.2 Requirement - Timer Initiation and Ending
3.3 Requirement - Dispatch Unit Screen
3.4 Requirement - Submit Incident Report to Auditing Subsystem
3.5 Requirement - Secure Access to System
3.6 Requirement - Description of Incident
3.7 Requirement - Cancel Incident Response
3.8 Requirement - Search and View Incident Log Records
3.9 Requirement - Issue Monthly Summary Report of Operations
3.10 Requirement - Status of Mobile Unit
3.11 Requirement - Communications
3.12 Requirement - Restore Unit to Operational Status
3.13 Requirement - Estimated Cost of Incident
3.14 Requirement - Interface to First Aid Databases
3.15 Requirement - Advise Hospital of Organ Donors
8. Structure Diagram
4. Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs)
4.1 Context Diagram
4.2 Diagram 0
4.3 Diagram 1
4.4 Diagram 1
4.5 Diagram 1
4.5 Diagram 1
5. Screen Designs
5.1 Incoming Call Screen
5. 2 Dispatch Screen
6. Hardware Requirements
7. Data Migration
8. Estimates
9. Estimated Costs and Benefits of the New System
9.1 Hardware and Software Costs
9.2 Labour/Manpower Costs
9.3 Tangible Benefits of the New System
9.4 Intangible Benefits of the New System
10. Test Plan
From the Paper
"The new system is composed of 4 sub-systems which provide a complete and accurate response to emergency incidents, both in the field and in the no less important realm of auditing. The auditing system is of prime importance to the Victorian Government as by law it must assess the Emergency Services to ascertain if they are functioning in an efficient manner and at a suitable level."
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