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The Impact of Capitalism on Cultures, 2002.
A discussion on and comparison of two articles: ?Cosmologies of Capitalism? by Sahlins and ?The Impact of Money on an African Subsistence Economy? by Bohannan.
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how non-Western cultures and trade-forms have been impacted by capitalism. The articles are reviewed in turn. The main arguments of each author are explored and the strengths and weaknesses of each article are evaluated. The ideas of each article are also compared with the views of other sociologists, highlighting commonalities and differences of opinion. The paper concludes with a summary of the main point in each of the articles.
From the Paper
"In ?Cosmologies of Capitalism? Sahlins argues that the history of cultures outside of the Western culture have always been understood by applying Western values to them. Sahlins argues that for the impact of Western capitalism on non-Western culture to be understood, the changes need to be seen from the point of view of the other culture. This involves recognizing that capitalism has not put an end to all other cultural history. Instead, capitalism becomes incorporated into the history of other cultures."
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Capitalism and Culture, 2002.
A paper which examines world economy from other perspectives besides the Western views.
1,375 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
The works of Adam Smith, Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud center around the history of capitalism and its meanings as it has emerged from the West: First from western Europe and subsequently from the United States of America. The paper shows, however, that this is not the only light in which world economy might be seen. There are various economic systems that are viable in various cultures. The paper considers these systems in terms of the above-mentioned authors, together with authors who write from a different perspective, including M. Sahlins and Arjun Appadurai.
From the Paper
"Sahlins points out that modern economies, although considered economically prosperous, feature, as mentioned above, a large amount of unemployed and destitute people. This is not so in hunter-gatherer communities, where everybody is taken care of by everybody else. Affluence in such societies is also not measured by money, but rather by commodities that can be found in the world around them. Sahlins further contests that the ?civilized? world is obsessed with feeding the masses while exploiting and dominating as much as possible of the earth. This panicky search for the endlessly new and best of the world thus focuses the attention on scarcity. Thus concentrating on alleviating as well as avoiding scarcity, culture actually perpetuates scarcity in terms of those who suffer as a result of the capitalist system. Hunter-gatherers on the other hand are not so much concerned with either dominating or utilizing all resources available to feed huge masses of people. Instead the resources that are available are used by each person in order to satisfy each immediate need."
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The Impact of Human Capital on Economic Growth, 2006.
A paper discussing the idea that the incentive to accumulate human capital is affected by the introduction of new products and technologies.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes how human capital accumulation and the development of new products and technology, through investments in R&D, interact in the determination of economic growth by providing incentives for each other.
From the Paper
"By merging these two theoretical frameworks, it is been man's ambition to construct a model of economic growth based on human capital accumulation and R&D which should ideally be able to produce predictions in line with the findings of the empirical growth literature. Empirical studies of economic growth have introduced a variety of explanatory variables to account for cross-country variation in growth performance, e.g. enrolment rates, human capital stock proxies, labor force participation rates, fertility, private and public investment rates, foreign direct investment, equipment investment, revolutions and coups, inflation, black market exchange rate premium, market size, and number of people employed in R&D activities (see e.g. Barro 1991, DeLong and Summers 1991, Backus, Kehoe and Kehoe 1992, Levine and Renelt 1992, Mankiw, Romer, and Weil 1992, and Blomstrom, Lipsey and Zejan 1994). The results from these studies can be summarized in three key areas of importance for growth, namely; human capital, investments, and variables related the business environment."
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The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism, 2008.
A review of the book "The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism" written by Daniel Bell in which he presents a picture of the present condition and possible future of Western civilization.
1,451 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
The paper states that Daniel Bell's " The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism" was originally published to critique the dominant American assumption that capitalism promoted individualism. The paper comments that Bell instead believed that capitalism had come to promote standardization and had created corporate bureaucracies as powerful as church or state bureaucracies of the past. The paper continues by relating that Bell also believed that the counter cultural reaction to capitalism was also misguided, as capitalism had begun with the Protestant work ethic, and its spirit of individualistic austerity, puritanism, and freedom from Church institutional authority. The paper concludes that this sense of Protestant freedom and independence had slowly been eradicated, and this value was taken over by the Modernists, and then ineffectually by 'counterculture' as the anti-capitalist youth movement was still called when Bell wrote his work.
From the Paper
"The cultural contradiction of capitalism is that capitalism began as a kind of radical, austere Protestantism, with a heavy emphasis on rejecting the collective Catholic dogma of the past. Protestantism developed a new attitude towards wealth. It stressed pursuing excellence and perfect standards with relentless individualism and drive. But this rigidity made the originally radical notion of capitalism eventually become conservative in terms its morality. This evolved to create the uniform, imposed standards of large corporations and state bureaucracies, including, ironically, the Soviet bureaucracy. In response to what came to be seen as bourgeois values, the cultural beliefs of Modernism began to react against capitalist values and celebrate the function of culture as a kind of misrule, not capitalist order. Capitalistic Protestantism came to deny its original individualistic ethos, and this value of individualism was taken over by artists and anti-capitalism."
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"The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism", 2008.
A review of David Bell's book, "The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism".
1,563 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 82.95
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Abstract
The paper explains how Bell's work, "The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism" is a direct reflection of the changing society in which Bell lived. The paper discusses how Bell can be viewed as a cultural critic who highlighted the contradictions inherent in capitalism. The paper looks at Bell's arguments and predictions that did not prove to be true.
From the Paper
"When reading Bells' book, it is important to keep in mind that it was written in the early 1970s, shortly following the social upheaval of the 1960s. Bell was trying to make sense of these new social changes and what they meant for the newly emerging society. Bell stressed the importance of culture, rather than religion as the basis for society. He states, "today culture has clearly become supreme (Bell, p. 431). Bell stressed the economic principle of rationality as defined in terms of efficiency in the allocation of resources. However, he also claimed that culture is dominated by irrationality. These two principles contradict each other."
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Human and Social Capital: Impact on Economy, 2008.
A discussion of the influence of both human and social capital on a modern economy and their positive correlation to the wealth of a nation.
4,065 words (approx. 16.3 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 175.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and defines several types of human capital and social capital and describes the differences between both kinds of capital. The author discusses the theoretical aspects of social capital, as expounded by modern economists, and shows several examples of social capital at work, in the education system and in the work environment. The paper demonstrates the positive connection between social networks and economic development and the need for both human and social capital in increasing a nation's prosperity.
Outline:
Introduction
Human Capital
Social Capital
Types of Social Capital
Social Capital and Modern Economics
Promoting Social Capital
Implications
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The research indicates that social capital involves the relationships that are developed in society. The developing and sustaining of such relationships or networks appears to play an integral role in allowing people to work together to achieve common goals. In addition to human capital which is associated with the development of knowledge and skills, social capital is focused more on the development of relationships that ultimately result in individuals and groups working side by side who would not ordinarily cross paths."
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The Vietnam War and its Impact on American Culture, 2001.
In the following paper the writer examines some of the cultural involvement present during the Vietnam War.
2,660 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 127.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses the Vietnam War not just as a war fought in Asia, but as a war fought in American as it related to cultural change. It was, in many ways, a cultural war that was coming for several years and only needed some powerful fuel to ignite radical changes. The essay concludes with the realization that the psychological impact left on the families and soldiers involved in Vietnam, was greater than anyone imagined.
From the paper:
?The country was living in the lap of luxury, or more specifically in the lap of capitalism. America was proud, yet was also beginning to feel pressure concerning truly solid realities such as the inequality of the African American and women. The Vietnam War served to ignite many fires, changing the American culture in many ways.?
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"The Hidden Frontier" ( John Cole and Eric Wolf ) and "Penny Capitalism" ( Sol Tax ), 1999.
Compares the cultures of the Tyrol and Guatemalan Indians. Examines geography, history, labor, demographics, government and the impact of European culture.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 127.95
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From the Paper
"Culture is defined as the strategy by which human beings adapt to the natural environment. Anthropology in all its forms is the study of human beings and their behavior, and culture is a manifestation of that behavior. Culture includes all the techniques, technologies, and artifacts produced by human beings. Culture is clearly a vital element in cultural anthropology, which studies how human beings react to their environment. In two books on different cultures, the authors take different methodological approaches to their studies, but in each case the authors show an understanding of the way the environment and all that it entails--topography, vegetation, climate--shapes the culture that develops in that environment. A comparison of the culture of the Tyrol in The Hidden Frontier by John W. Cole and Eric R. Wolf and that of the Guatemalan Indians in Penny ..."
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"Death of a Salesman" and Canadian Capitalism, 2008.
An analysis of Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman" in relation to studies of Canadian capitalism.
1,705 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how Arthur Miller's play of 1949, "Death of a Salesman", offers a strong commentary on capitalism's expectation that all persons can and will participate strongly in a capitalist environment. Related ideas are those of capitalism best serving 'human nature' in an assumption that all human beings are decisive; strongly motivated by acquiring success or belongings, and that conforming to a capitalist system will bring rewards. It discusses how, however, as Miller's "Death of a Salesman" indicates, some personalities are not at all suited to this range of activities and also, how capitalism will always leave behind some persons who for whatever reason cannot compete ably, or cannot summon all of their resources for the very competitive approach that is required. The paper discusses the myth of capitalism, as seen in the play, and looks at how it relates to what is happening in Canada.
Outline:
Introduction
Capitalism as a System and Culture
Capitalism's Dream
More on Markets and Opportunities
From the Paper
"In relation to Canadian capitalism, Phillips identified three ways in which the present system has not pleased or served Canadians in, first, the market's failure to provide a level of social services or other social infrastructure for the best or 'equal' welfare of the people, second, its production of social gaps so large that the cohesion of the society is threatened and may very well collapse in immense differences between the income levels and living experiences of the poor and the 'middle' classes, and third, no mechanism in the market system to guarantee or even just promote full employment and economic growth. (Political Economy 20) In short, Canadian capitalism has become rather like its American counterpart that so worships market forces while indiscriminately ostracizing or just leaving behind one sector and then another. "
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?The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism?, 2005.
This paper discusses Max Weber's "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism", which theorizes on the role of religion in the emergence of capitalism in early modern Europe.
1,930 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in his seminal work "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism", Max Weber provided a new perspective of the emergence of capitalism by asserting that what made Europe or the Occident develop into a capitalist economy was because the majority of its people observed the Protestant ethic as their way of life, rationalizing that people's everyday actions are a pre-requisite for a society to develop into a capitalist economy. The author contends that the development of capitalism in early modern Europe was the result not only of Protestantism but also of Catholicism. The paper states that the generalization that religion had become the catalyst for capitalism to flourish in the continent is supported by the fact that religious institutions before and during the onset of capitalism have dominated the socio-political realms of Western societies, leaving no doubt that they also control the economic activities and institutions present in the society.
From the Paper
"Indeed, capitalism is "a very complex system of institutions, highly rational in character and the product of a number of developments peculiar to Western civilization." Those who are unable to adapt to these 'complex systems of institutions' and 'rational character' are bound to be left behind in the process, neither achieving development nor economic success. Moreover, those who are unable to adapt to this system are bound to maintain the "anxiety of not knowing" and "fear of damnation." Thus, in order to be included in the capitalist economic system, one has to integrate himself/herself to these complex systems of institutions through labor and attain a rational character by conducting profit-making activities. Through labor and profit-making activities, one involves in the "spirit of capitalism" and accomplishes what Weber has termed as the Protestant ethic."
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The Evolution of Capitalism, 2007.
An analysis of Maximilian Weber's views on the origins of capitalism, based on his work "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism."
6,931 words (approx. 27.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 251.95
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Abstract
This paper explores Maximilian Weber's contribution to theories on the development of capitalism. It particularly bases its arguments on Weber's most controversial work, "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism," written in 1905. The paper discusses Weber's thesis that religion is largely responsible for the different cultures and economic systems of Europe and the Orient.
Table of Contents:
Life Influences
The Connection between Capitalism and Calvinism
Weber vs. Marx
Understanding the Role of Religion
The Junker-Class
The Evolution of the Capital System
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In a feudal system there are no markets. Goods are produced for the individual's consumption and the rest goes to the nobles and King. The capitalist idea is based on the production of surplus. One takes what they need for their own use and then sells the rest for profit. Technology was its driving force in the production of surplus. Crop rotation helped farmers produce more than they needed and they began to sell their surplus in small town markets (Jupp, 2000). Prior to this system, the people were not allowed to trade, as they were not allowed to have surplus. There were laws that prohibited the pricing and trade of goods. Profit making was defined by the Catholic Church as evil and wrong, yet in the church appeared to be able to engage in this activity without worry."
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Donald Trump: A Representation of Capitalism, 2008.
This paper utilizes pop cultural figure Donald Trump as a case study in which to contrast capitalism and communism.
1,155 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper applies the ideological framework of the theory of communism, specifically as expounded by Karl Marx in "The Communist Manifesto" to the contemporary pop cultural figure of Donald Trump. The paper focuses on Trump's appearances in the television series "The Apprentice" and also includes relevant background on Trump himself. The paper then shows how Trump, with his wealth of private property and his interests advanced with the willing aid of the mass media, best exemplifies some of the most prominent and popular qualities of capitalism in both its positive and negative aspects.
From the Paper
"Probably no single individual best personifies the capitalist frame of reference as does billionaire real estate developer Donald Trump. He came into the public light in the 1980s, and became one of the first celebrity businessmen of recent times, working in a field in which most businessmen preferred to keep a low profile and stay out of the public eye as much as possible. The mass media willingly accepted Trump's self-promotions and played him up as the archetypal capitalist and "self-made man." From the standpoint of Marx, a relevant critique would begin by noting that despite the myth of individual achievement contained in this persona, Trump in fact came from a very successful family, his father having already been a multi-millionaire real estate developer in New York City (Slater 44.)"
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Christianity and Capitalism, 2008.
Compares the way that capitalism and Christianity approach the goals needed to develop capitalism.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to demonstrate the ways that Christianity and Capitalism seek or reject common goals needed to develop capitalism. The paper also discusses the idea of Capitalism as a faith in and of itself. The author of the paper then makes the argument that collectivism/socialism create systems that do not meet the needs of all the people, and also frequently rejects religion out of hand, creating a situation where if needs are not being met no one has any incentive to correct it with charitable works.
From the Paper
"The sheer number of works that expand on and discuss capitalism, as it exists today and as it has evolved though the past, demonstrate a development that could be argued as the development of capitalism as its own brand of religion, rather than purely an economic form. It would seem that the only thing lacking it is a collective place of worship, though there are examples of that very thing in international conferences that further globalization, such as the World Bank and a growing number of Free Trade movements that espouse the virtues of capitalism to thousands of parishioners from all over the world."
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"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism", 2007.
This paper is a critical review of Max Weber's theory about the relationship of Protestantism and capitalism as presented in his book "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism".
1,785 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Weber believed that the way of life for Protestants, specifically Calvinism, encouraged the development of western capitalism, which he defined as the pursuit of profit and forever renewed profit. The author points out that Weber identifies two main characteristics of Protestant belief, which encourage the development of Western capitalism: predestination and worldly asceticism. The paper states that Weber indicates that such beliefs create a psychological state of mind, which pressures the Calvinists to lead a successful life, defined in terms of money. The paper relates that some critics argue that it was not religion, which encouraged the development of Western capitalism, but the social exclusion of Protestants from professions; therefore, business offers the Protestants a channel to overcome their persecution. The paper includes quotations.
From the Paper
"Weber found "Occidental" capitalism to be different from the "other" forms in many respects. Firstly, there was a lack of free labor in the "others" system. Secondly, household work and business work were not separated, as in the west. Personnel property was kept apart from corporate property, rational book-keeping techniques were used, and a rational legal and administrative system existed, which Weber believed played a role to limit speculative and opportunistic capitalism. Finally, Weber also acknowledged the role of technical advancement in playing its part to encourage the development of Occidental capitalism."
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"The Spirit of Capitalism", 2005.
An analysis of Max Weber's theme of "The Spirit of Capitalism".
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 128.95
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Abstract
This essay argues, as Weber contends in his book "The Spirit of Capitalism", that modern Western capitalism is rooted not in materialist culture but rather Protestant spiritual culture. As is seen, the importance of this argument is that this cultural origin defines the core characteristics of modern Western capitalism and supplies much of its dynamic character and energy.
From the Paper
"Weber and "The Spirit of Capitalism" Max Weber, in "The Spirit of Capitalism," addresses the theme of the cultural origins and parameters of what we understand as "capitalism" in the modern context. In "The Spirit of Capitalism" Weber is careful from the outset to define the parameters of his debate."
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Marx?s Capitalism, 2002.
A discussion of Karl Marx?s theories on capitalism with a focus on the monopolization of capital.
2,850 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 135.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the beliefs of Karl Marx, the co-founder of communism and also a philosopher, revolutionary thinker and economist. It shows how he was a student of capitalism and his seminal thoughts on the dominant political economy of his time (and ours) are as relevant today as in the hey days of Soviet communism and its ascendancy in several parts of the world. It shows how his theories about the accumulation of wealth by the capitalist, the ?surplus value? and the monopolistic tendency of the capitalistic economy give us a perspective of capitalism that continues to make the works of Karl Marx relevant in a post-communist twenty-first century.
Outline
A Stage of Social Development
How Does Money Accumulate with the Capitalist?
Where Does the Capitalist Get the Capital in the First Place?
Why does the Laborer work for the Capitalist?
The Big Fish eat the Small Fish
Competition itself Breeds Monopoly
Political Influence of Large Corporations
Constant Improvement
The Rich get Richer
Excess Capacity: Looking for Space
Unemployment in Capitalist Societies: A Deliberate Ploy?
Will Capitalism Continue to Survive?
Constant Improvement
From the Paper
"The Marxist explanation of Capitalism is based on the surplus value provided by the laborer to the capitalist that lets him to accumulate capital and make his profit. The question, however arises that why does the worker work for the capitalist instead of working for himself and keeping the surplus value. Capitalism, by definition is a system in which the producers are the employees and do not have the means to own the equipment and material needed to produce the commodities. Although in certain societies and cases the workers may be forced to offer themselves as labor for the capitalists through coercion, more often than not, the conditions in most capitalist societies are such that the laborers? own equipment and other resources simply cannot compete with those of the capitalist."
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