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International Monetary Fund (IMF), 2008.
A look at the harsh conditions the International Monetary Fund (IMF) imposed on developing nations receiving IMF assistance and the consequences of those conditions..
1,080 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper examines IMF policies and structural economic demands and how they affect national economies and local populations. The paper relates that, while such structural conditions to a country's economy might, for the most part be well intentioned, they often have disastrous outcomes or, at best, minimal benefit to the receiving nation The paper then presents suggestions for alternative assistance strategies for struggling nations.
Table of Contents:
Overview
The IMF and Jamaica
The Gender Factor
Possible Alternatives
From the Paper
"IMF SAPs are deigned to result in an increase in tradable goods and services that are defined as goods or services that can be traded on international markets rather than local markets. The indirect but clear impact on the local labor markets affected by IMF policies, such as Jamaica, is that while males that are more commonly employed in the non-tradable goods and services industries experience higher levels of unemployment, women, in contrast, are increasingly sought after to work the assembly and production lines that produce the tradable goods and services, they are still responsible for their child rearing, child care, and home-making duties."
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The IMF, 2002.
Outlines the function of the IMF and its impact on world economies.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
The IMF Charter outlines its form and function thusly. The IMF gives funds in exchange for a different kind of currency or asset. The result of IMF interaction with the world economies has been that over half of the nations who have benefited from IMF loans have experienced an overall and lasting improvement in their national economies. Many critics of the IMF use this statistic to demonstrate the failures of the IMF.
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IMF and World Bank, 2003.
Discusses why the activities of the World Bank and IMF are so controversial.
2,924 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 126.95
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Abstract
A discussion about the controversies surrounding the IMF and World Bank. The debt trap, the (Structural Adjustment Plans) SAPs and the unequal distribution of the votes are the main criticisms among IMF and World Bank opponents. The paper shows that there is need for reforms and change, and it also explains that both institutions are necessary in today's globalized world as they did help and improve living standards in many cases. The writer points out, however, that both institutions, especially the World Bank have already started to reform its organization as a response to the protester's demands. This means that the World Bank realized that some arguments of the opponents actually do concern. It concludes to explain that the World Bank now is among the world's largest external funder of education, health (HIV/AIDS) and environment projects.
1. Introduction
1.1. The Rise of the IMF and World Bank
1.2. The International Monetary Fund
1.3. The World Bank
2. Why are the Activities of IMF and World Bank so Controversial?
2.1. Poverty
2.2. The Debt Trap
2.3. The Structural Adjustment Plans (Saps)
2.3.1. Austerity Programs
2.3.2. Privatisation
2.3.3. Environment
2.4. Voting Rights
2.5. The Human Rights Issue
3. Conclusion
4. Reference List
From the Paper
"In July 1944 the so-called Bretton Woods Conference in New Hampshire, USA established the IMF together with the World Bank, originally called the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). These two organisations were the outcome of long negotiations between 44 nations during World War II in order to ensure post-war global economic growth and to eliminate the aggressive exchange rates politics of the 30s. "The task of the IMF would be to maintain order in the international monetary system and that of the World Bank would be to promote general economic growth" (Hill, 2003:340). Furthermore, with the establishment of both organisations the member states aspired for reforms of international economic relations and an expansion of world trade."
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IMF and Argentina, 2002.
A look at the International Monetary Fund 's (IMF) lending policies using Argentina as an example and a discussion of whether it is time for reforms.
1,262 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the International Monetary Fund (IMF) developed the economic policies of Argentina in the 1990?s, at which time the lending policies seemed to be ideal for the nation. It examines how since this time, many economic experts have discovered many inherent flaws in these policies, which indicate the need for change. It analyzes how with Argentina's recent default and subsequent economic demise, the IMF has been forced to reconsider its current lending policies. It shows that while Argentina may serve as a model case to urge the IMF to adopt a policy that requires less conditions and more ownership by national policymakers, as long as the IMF has an interest in human conditions, its approach to lending will still have to be made according to economic rather than political criteria.
From the Paper
"Under its lending policy, the IMF required Argentina to initiate a Structural Adjustment Program (SAP), which aimed to promote the balanced expansion of world trade through the stability of exchange rates, preventative measures against competitive devaluations, and efficient correction of payments problems (Graham, 2002).
Basically, the IMF ordered Argentina to increase exports and minimize imports. By increasing exports, a member state brings in external capital, which can be used to repay its debt (Mussa, 2002, p. 312). To do this, Argentina needed to attract foreign companies for exports. The IMF required that the nation eliminate any political legislation that would prevent foreign investment, such as labor unions and minimum wage laws."
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IMF Bailout, 2003.
A complete overview of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) "bailout" policy.
3,010 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 0 sources, MLA, AU$ 128.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by introducing the history of the IMF and its basic characteristics. It then looks at when the IMF takes action in a country and what the "bailout" policy involves. It discusses the conditions of the agreement, what the money is used for, and how this effects the country's population. The paper then examines the IMF's success rate and its overall impact in the international economic arena.
From the Paper
"After World War II, the need for an organization like the IMF was finally realized. After the war, politicians and economists began to work on blue prints for a postwar world. They envisioned a liberal international economic order, based on stable world currencies and revived world trade. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) finally came into existence on December 27, 1945. On this date, twenty-nine countries signed its charter when meeting at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. On March 1, 1947 the IMF came into financial operations.(1) The IMF was established to promote internal monetary cooperation through a permanent institution, which provides consultation and collaboration for international monetary problems. Also, it provides temporary financial assistance to countries under adequate safeguards to help ease balance of payments adjustments. In addition, it facilitates the expansion and balanced growth of internal trade. Many critics and even followers of the IMF do not even know what the IMF really is. It is not a development or even a central bank. It is a credit union. It pays interests on deposits it receives from member nations.(1)"
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Nigeria and the International Monetry Fund (IMF), 2002.
Examining the IMF's role in the history of Nigeria,focusing on the assistance it has provided their economy.
2,314 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
The International Monetary Fund has been known for introducing sound economic policy changes in troubled nations but recently the organization has come under severe attack for its close links with multilateral international agencies. The paper studies IMF?s role in stabilizing Nigeria?s economy and sees how far it succeeded in achieving its objectives. The paper also analyzes the involvement of IMF in Nigeria to assess the effectiveness of IMF-led policies in this country. Argues that the involvement has lead to negative economic consequences.
From the Paper
"International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the international body responsible for monitoring and formulating economic policies in troubled nations. The organization introduces economic reforms in countries, which are suffering from inflation, poverty, corruption, weak economic structure, high external debt etc. Most of the third world countries fall in this category and thus IMF has been involved in various economic programs in countries like Latin America, South Asia, China, Nigeria, and Mexico. But though the organization is known for some constructive work, it has encountered bitter criticism in the last few years because of its close links with the United States and its alleged lack of transparency. It has been noticed that many of its programs are formulated during secret meetings between the IMF officials and government executives. This has done little to improve its ratings and IMF continues to lose credibility among the countries it seeks to support. Many analysts are thus unable to decide if IMF?s supervision is actually as important as it is made out to be. It is true that this organization is trying to provide help to troubled economies but many believe that same could have been done by the private sector. Furthermore, it has been noticed that the economies supported by IMF continue to deteriorate rather than improve. In other words, IMF funding has negative impact on an economy rather than a contributive one. This can be proven by the example of Nigeria, which will be the case in point for this paper."
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International Monetary Fund ( IMF ), 2002.
An overview of the IMF.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 21 sources, AU$ 174.95
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Abstract
Overview of the IMF. How it is organized and how it works. Its purpose as the central institution of the international monetary system. Its economic aims. Its monitoring of world financial issues. Its structure and chain of command. IMF functions. Effectiveness of the IMF; handling of financial crisis; Economic bailouts.
From the Paper
"The International Monetary Fund
Membership
Created on December 27, 1945, when 29 countries signed its Articles of Agreement at a conference held at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) commenced financial operations on March 1, 1947. Currently, there are 183 nation-states that are members of IMF. Unlike the United Nations (UN), where each member nation has an equal vote, voting power at the IMF and its sister organization, the World Bank, is determined by the level of a nation's financial contribution (World Bank/IMF Fact…, 2001). Over time, sovereign nations not initially involved in the formation of IMF have sought and secured membership, resulting in the present force of 183 members."
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Indonesia and the IMF, 2006.
An overview of the functions of the IMF and its role in the economic recovery of Indonesia.
5,610 words (approx. 22.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 198.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the mission and powers of the IMF and looks at how it helped resolve the financial crises that hit the East Asian countries in 1995. In particular, the paper focuses on the role of the IMF in helping Indonesia recover from the financial crisis that hit the Asian markets and discusses some of the criticisms aimed at the organization's policies and practices.
Outline
Introduction
The International Monetary Fund
Indonesia and the IMF
Criticism
Implementations
Summary
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Among the major consequences of the crisis one cannot forget the psychological, economic, political, social, and security-oriented factors as the crisis and its effects forebode extensive implications for individual countries, the region, and the global community as a whole. As is its policy the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has stepped to the aid and Indonesia and South Korea have accepted. In any case, difficult times still lie ahead, as effects of the financial crisis ripple through economies, causing social unrest and political uncertainty. The outcome remains unpredictable. What is clear is that the restoration of economic growth, trade, and investment is the surest way to reduce economic hardship, avoid social unrest, maintain political stability, and enhance security. Conversely, the longer and deeper the crisis, the greater the costs and the risks to all."
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The IMF, World Bank and the Anti-Globalization Movement, 2004.
This paper discusses the functions of the IMF and the World Bank.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
This article looks at the functions of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The writer discusses these functions in the context of globalization. Functions of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank are also discussed regarding the anti-globalization protest movement. In addition, in this paper, the writer examines reasons for the protest.
From the Paper
"Until rather recently, globalization was a term that few people had ever heard, while the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank were merely among the welter of international agencies that cluttered newspaper reportage and which most newspaper readers ignored as obscure and technical, of interest only to specialists. In recent years however, globalization has become a flash-point issue in international politics. Trade negotiations and conferences of the IMF and World Bank are regularly accompanied ... "
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The IMF and the International Political Economy, 2002.
Analyzes the role of the IMF in the international political economy and examines some if it policies and their effectiviness.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 142.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and analyzes the role of the International Monetary Fund in the international political economy. The author discusses specific IMF policies, and why some of the old policies don't work anymore.
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IMF Policies, 2002.
Presents the pros and cons of IMF policies regarding economic development.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 1 source, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper will be to compare and contrast the pros and cons of IMF policies from different perspectives.
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IMF Reforms and the Mexican Financial Crash, 2005.
Discusses the extent to which IMF policies contributed to the Mexican economic collapse.
3,040 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 130.95
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Abstract
Through a detailed examination of the Mexican financial crisis and a review of the nature of the structural adjustment policies that were implemented in this country, the IMF's role in the development of the crisis is examined.
Introduction
Analysis of the Mexican Financial Crisis
Relation of SAP to Political Crisis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The World Bank and the IMF are, theoretically speaking, expected to play a positive role in the development of lesser developed economies. According to Collier, a World Bank economist, and Gunning, an economics scholar at Oxford University, the World Bank and the IMF promote economic development and stability through the application of structural adjustment policies. As explained by Collier and Gunning, who focus their discussion on the IMF, structural adjustment policies can be defined as a set of economic reform policies that supposedly aim towards the reduction of state control over the economy, the development of a liberal open market economy, and the promoting of economic growth and development through trade and foreign direct investment. This is the overall aim of structural adjustment policies with the goal being economic development and stabilization. Further, as explained by Collier and Gunning, the IMF acquires the authority to demand the implementation of such structural adjustment policies through the conditionality attached to its loans. In other words, the condition for an IMF loan, as far as LDCs are concerned, is the application of structural adjustment policies."
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The IMF and its Effects on the Women, 2002.
This paper discusses how the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has imposed structural adjustment programs (SAPs) on developing countries that end up exacerbating the victimization of women.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
These programs are based on the assumption that market forces serve as the best solutions to economic problems. By doing so, the programs lead to the direct subordination of women's interests. The main problem is that the greatest burden of economic crises is faced by women, who are simultaneously the very people that are ignored by the SAPs.
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Korea and IMF Structural Reforms, 2004.
Examines the political, economic and social impacts of the International Monetary Fund's reforms on Korea.
2,090 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 95.95
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Abstract
This essay argues that the IMF structural adjustment program implemented in Korea during its economic crisis has hindered Korea's sovereignty and domestic enterprises by promoting autonomy of the Bank of Korea and liberalization of labour market and foreign trade. Many economists argue that it is urban low-income households in Korea whose living conditions have been most hampered by the IMF structural reforms . This essay also investigates how lives of urban low-income households have been challenged as a consequence of the IMF structural reforms. Fortunately, the economy is recovering slowly. But the legacies of structural reforms still remain; state power over its central bank and legislative branch has not been restored, many of major domestic enterprises are largely owned by foreign investors and the urban poor people suffer from marginalizatoin.
From the Paper
"The financial crisis that erupted in Asia in mid-1997 led to sharp decline in the currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices of a number of East and Southeast Asian countries . In an astonishingly short period of time, these along with horrendous social consequences have plagued South Korea, a nation that previously had an unparalleled record of economic development . In late November 1997, the Deputy Prime Minister Mr. Lim announced that the Government has requested the IMF's support for an economic stabilization and reform program. Corresponding to this request, the IMF launched an economic stabilization and reform program, composed of three major componenets: exchange market stabilization, financial policies and structural reform."
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South Korea and the IMF, 2007.
This paper explores South Korea's financial crisis and the International Monetary Fund's economic measures.
734 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the 1997 East Asian financial crisis, also termed the IMF crisis, that saw the downturn of many formerly robust East Asian and Southeast Asian countries. The paper discusses the aid packages of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the difficult economic measures they required. The paper looks at Phillips curve and South Korea's exchange rate behavior. The paper concludes that most analysts view the country's economy as stable and forecast a strong outlook for it.
Outline:
Overview
Central Bank and OMO
Phillip's Curve
Exchange Rate Behavior
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The 1997 East Asian financial crisis, also termed the IMF crisis locally within the region, saw the downturn of many formerly robust East Asian and Southeast Asian countries. The crisis began in Thailand and quickly spread throughout the region with sudden devaluation of currencies, stock markets and various other financial assets (Li). South Korea, being one of the globe's largest economies, seemed to have sufficient safeguards in place to prevent the massive currency devaluation that was so rapidly crippling the East Asian economies."
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Democratic Deficits in the WTO and the IMF, 2005.
This paper measures the World Trade Organisation and the International Monetary Fund against basic indicators of democracy and shows how they often fail to meet them.
2,280 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
Before a government, organisation or institution can be deemed democratic they must satisfy a specific set of criteria. From procedural to substantive perspectives, these can differ in accord with the theory of democracy being used. This paper explores some key indicators of democracy (elections, representativeness and the expression of the will of the people) and the promotion of equality and fairness, as they pertain to the structure, practices and core policies of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), in order to ascertain which organisation is more democratic.
Outline
Elections
Representation
The Will of the People
Equality and Fairness for All
From the Paper
"An organisation or institution can only be considered democratic and, in fact, legitimate if they are elected via free and open elections that are generally contested by a minimum of two candidates and the winner determined by (usually) majority rule (Janda, Berry and Goldman 1990: 53). When these principles are applied to the manner in which the WTO and IMF executives and member countries are chosen it is evident that this was not done democratically. Along with the World Bank, executives at the WTO and IMF are not chosen by democratic election they are simply appointed by member countries (Stiglitz 2004: 227), they then act as a representative on behalf of that country. Executives at both institutions in this sense could argue that they promote representative democracy given that they represent their country."
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