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Identity in Tokugawa Japan, 2002.
Examines concepts of individuality versus group identity in Japan during the Tokugawa era, with a reading of Matsuo Basho and Ihara Saikaku.
3,025 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 162.95
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Abstract
With the realization of the complexity of our task, we will discuss the dynamic of individuality versus group identity in Tokugawa Japan as represented in the literary works of two of its greatest writers, the poet Matsuo Basho, and the novelist, Ihara Saikaku. It will be argued that this dynamic manifested itself in their work as a balance between individual artistic expression and participation in a common tradition. As will be seen, Basho's work emphasizes the group identity over individuality by his construction of a school of poetry with shared principles passed through his disciples. Saikaku, in contrast, emphasizes the individuality of his expression as he explored the diversity of classes that mingled in the "floating world". This strategic balance between the two competing forces, it will be seen, is a fundamental aspect of the aesthetics of the Tokugawa period.
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Women in Tokugawa, Japan, 2002.
Provides textual evidence of the position of women in Tokugawa Japan.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 142.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the position, status and roles of women in Tokugawa Japan. The analysis is based on contemporary texts that reveal that in light of the dominance of the Neo-Confucian ethic, women filled more varied roles and, potentially, exercised more influence than is commonly thought.
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Women in Tokugawa Japan, 2006.
A discussion regarding the reality of Japanese women within and beyond the walls in Tokugawa.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 129.95
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Abstract
This paper refers to 'The Life of an Amorous Woman' and other Tokugawa period literature to explain the different roles played by women in a rigid 18th century society led by the samurai class, rigid conformity, and subservience of women respectability in contrast with prevalence of different forms of prostitution. According to this paper, women were held to hold dangerous ulterior powers and thus their lives needed to be ordered to fit with respectability, including respectable and less respectable forms of prostitution.
From the Paper
"Introduction Twenty-first century Western ideas of women and the freedom of the individual do collide with the very limited choices and frequent low status of women in Tokugawa Japan (1603-1867). This essay refers to literature in commenting on the Tokugawa courtesan or prostitute, in relation to her sister in more respectable society, towards a conclusion arguing that women's roles were prescribed, however varied, and their legacy may continue still in a much changed Japanese society. Elizabeth Kanematsu explains how women were stripped of their rights in the Tokugawa period and became subservient to men until the advent of the Meiji Era. (1993)."
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Foreign Influences on Japan under Tokugawa Shoguns, 1995.
This paper summarizes and examines the sources of foreign influence on Japan during the three periods of Tokugawa rule from 17th to 19th Century: Policy of Exclusion, trade, scholarship and science.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 12 sources, AU$ 139.95
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From the Paper
"This research paper summarizes and examines the sources of foreign influence on Japan during three periods of Tokugawa rule, 1603-1720, 1720-1830 and 1830-1868. All Japanese names have been Anglicized, thus shogun, not shogun. The thesis of this essay is that foreign influences survived in Japan, even during the period of eighty years following the adoption of the Exclusion Policy in 1639, and that thereafter, despite the continued strict but varying enforcement of the Exclusion Policy, those influences, primarily of Western origin, exerted a growing attraction in certain Japanese intellectual and ruling circles, and were an important factor leading to the eventual collapse of Tokugawa rule and the Meiji restoration of 1868.
Conditions Leading to the Policy of Exclusion
... "
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Women in Japan, 2002.
A discussion of the status and role of women in Tokugawa, Japan.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 129.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how NeoConfucianism, in Tokugawa Japan, tended to assign an inferior status to women. However, literary and other sources reveal that more 'gender equality' was present than might be assumed.
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Peasant to Worker, 2006.
An examination of the transformations of the laboring class between Tokugawa and industrial Japan.
960 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author compares Japan under the Tokugawa Bakufu to the emerging industrial Japan. The author suggests that the social status of the working class actually diminished with the advent of industrial technology, but the tactics this working class used to battle injustices remained largely intact compared to Tokugawa Japan. The paper continues to explore the similarities between actions taken by Tokugawa peasants and industrial age workers in response to social and economic injustices. He also highlights the differences between general positions and sentiments felt by the lower classes of both eras. In conclusion the author is trying to suggest that in its haste to develop technologically and economically, Japan diminished the efficiency of lower-class social advancements and, in some instances, created setbacks for the lower class which had never been previously seen.
From the Paper
"Following the overthrow of the Tokugawa Bakufu, Japan hastily ushered in a new age of industrialization in order to competitively emerge in a Western-dominated worldwide economy. Consequences of this movement for Japan included an ostensible abandonment of cultural visages for the sake of becoming compatible with the Western market, which was accomplished by adopting Western-style clothing, architecture, and business organization, among other things. Beneath these surface transitions, however, remained a largely unchanged social hierarchy that had been fashioned during the Tokugawa period, which was reflected in the labor relations between workers and businesses during the early 20th century."
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The Japanese Woman, 2006.
A review of women in and beyond the pleasure quarters in Tokugawa Japan, 1603-1867.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 129.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the fate of the single woman in Tokugawa Japan. The paper reviews the various options available to them, such as prostitution. The only way to escape such a fate, was to become a nun, the common practice of former prostitutes and courtesans. This paper discusses the lives of these Japanese women, and refers to various literary sources.
From the Paper
"Our ideas of women and their freedom in the 21st century bring awareness of the limited choices of low status women in Tokugawa Japan. This essay refers to literary sources and what they tell us of the Tokugawa courtesan or prostitute and how her life so contrasted with women in more respectable society. It is clear that Tokugawa Japan very much laid out women's roles for them, and Japanese society may still show signs of a second-class status for many women."
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Japanese History, 2007.
A look at the urban and rural economic development in Japan during the Tokugawa period.
2,085 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 95.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the Tokugawa era can be seen as a transition period in Japanese history when economic and market development contributed to the transformation of a feudal society to one based on capitalism and market economies. The paper examines the extent of the economic changes that occurred in both the urban centers of Tokugawa Japan as well as the rural Tokugawa Japan. The paper concludes with a discussion of how these economic changes manifested themselves in ultimate social change.
Outline:
Introduction
Urban Tokugawa Japan
Rural Tokugawa Japan
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Tokugawa period in Japanese history (1600-1868) remains one of the most transformative eras in the society's history (Platt 965). At the start of the period, feudalism still dominated most aspects of Japanese culture. Caste distinctions were rigid and the social status that was afforded through this system of rough feudalism provided the primary principle of social organization. Unlike the Western colonial powers that began to interact with Japan during the Tokugawa period, there had been no middle class revolution of intellectuals and artisans to dismantle the old feudal system, as had already happened in most of Europe."
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Japan's Modern Myths, 2007.
This paper discusses Japan as viewed in 'Japan's Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period' by Carol Gluck.
849 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses Professor Carol Gluck's views regarding Japan as portrayed in Chapter 5 and 6 of 'Japan's Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period'. The writer points out that Professor Gluck argues that Japanese society was and is a society founded upon the values of the collective, rather than upon the individual. Further, the writer notes that her view of Japanese civic virtues is extremely broad and suggests that on every level of public and personal morality, the nation is given greater value than the lives of its citizens. The writer then discusses that, in Chapter 6, Gluck paints the period as a constant struggle between the forces of nationalism and collectivism versus the "social fever" for modernity, or Westernization, that is still present and, in Gluck's opinion, was a natural, human impulse in contrast to the expressed will of the state.
From the Paper
"Gluck suggests that the Meiji policies of the late 19th and early 20th century Japanese government leading up to World War II made civil obedience and national sacrifice a religious calling. Gluck's views of the causes of World War II thus take on a very socially deterministic cast. In her view, because the Emperor was divine, everything he did and was done in the name of Japan was seen as right and just. In terms of Japanese religion, although Gluck argues that although it might seem Buddhism had had a strong religious presence in Japanese morality, she believes this should not be over-emphasized, stating that Buddhism was often perceived as a foreign religion by the state In contrast, Gluck stresses the emphasis on the indigenous Japanese religion Shinto as a state religion. She sees Shintoism, as opposed to the imported philosophy of Buddhism, to form the true philosophy of the civil cult of the state. She points out that the Shintoists continued to press their claims for the institutionalization of Shinto as a separate office of state, apart from Buddhists."
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Japan's Nuclear Capabilities, 2006.
This well-researched paper examines not only whether Japan has the capability to create nuclear weapons but whether or not Japan already has these actual weapons.
6,555 words (approx. 26.2 pages), 17 sources, MLA, AU$ 219.95
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Abstract
This in-depth paper explores the sometimes fragile alliance between Japan and the U.S. and ponders whether or not Japan is capable, from a technical standpoint, of creating nuclear weapons. This paper delves into the possibility that Japan may already have nuclear weapons in its possession. A large number of Japanese citizens and successive governments have favored continuing the alliance with the U. S. which involves enormous reliance on American security and military power to protect Japan from attack. This paper defines article 9, the renunciation of war, of Japan's Peace Constitution. The writer also discusses the economic benefits in developing and maintaining nuclear weapons. This well-researched and informative paper considers some of the means Japan could employ to gain greater military autonomy which includes completing the development and production of advanced weapons such as the FSX fighter. This paper also discusses the various groups and parties that oppose nuclear weapons including the Japan Council against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs.
From the Paper
"Considering that the huge military-industrial complex of United States is an often-criticized force in the American economy and that maintaining a similarly high level of expenditures on weapons was a critical factor leading to the economic and political failure of the former Soviet Union, many in Japan are understandably content not to have a defense industry of a comparable magnitude. But there are some Japanese willing, and even eager, to duplicate or surpass American state-of-the-art military technology. Those who wish to see Japan more independent of reliance on the American power, who believe Japan's future is dependent on an autonomous defense establishment, favor the concept of Kokusanka or, indigenization of defense production."
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Post-World War II Japan, 2004.
Discussion of Japan's monumental economic and technological success following WWII.
3,951 words (approx. 15.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 156.95
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Abstract
In an effort to determine the causes of Japan's economic and technological success following WWII, this paper examines Japan's history beginning with the signing of the peace treaty bringing an end to World War II and the years that followed. The paper reviews the peace treaty and what was demanded of Japan to bring an end to the war after the bombing of Nagasaki and examines the role of the U.S. in ruling post-war Japan. Furthermore, the paper assesses Japan's aggressive pursuit of its post-war reconstruction, including what industries were pursued and why, and then analyzes those factors that made it possible for Japan to recover in such a short time following the devastating war, becoming a major, global industrial power. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
Introduction
Review and Analysis
Industrialization in Post-War Japan
Cultural and Demographic Factors
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The key points of these policies were simple and straightforward, and included the demilitarization of Japan (so that it would not again become a danger to peace); democratization, meaning that, while no particular form of government would be forced upon the Japanese, efforts would be made to develop a political system under which individual rights would be guaranteed and protected; and the establishment of an economy that could adequately support a peaceful and democratic Japan. Further, MacArthur shared the vision of a demilitarized and democratic Japan and he was well suited to the challenge. MacArthur was an outstanding administrator and possessed the leadership and charisma that appealed to the defeated Japanese. MacArthur did not tolerate any domestic nor foreign interference, and aggressively went about creating a new Japan. To this end, he encouraged an environment in which new forces could and did rise, and, where his reforms corresponded to trends that had already established in Japanese society, they served to play a critical part in Japan's recovery as a free and independent country (Winchester 1989)."
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Japan's Immigration Policy, 2006.
This paper evaluates the effectiveness of Japan's current immigration policy.
1,950 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Japanese people, who are among the most nationalistic people of all, try hard to preserve their ethnic homogeneity, ensuring that the population of Japan remains dominated by the Japanese and that foreign nationals are a very small percentage of the population. The author evaluates Japan's immigration policies by focusing on its labor markets, rights protection, societal identities and border security. The paper concludes that globalization of Japan's industries causes an increasing demand for skilled workers;
however, currently, Japan's immigration policy is not open enough to welcome foreign workers and businesses as compared to the policies of
Singapore and Hong Kong, which leaves Japan behind in terms of economic globalization. The paper includes several quotations.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Japan's Immigration Policy: An Evaluation through a Study of the Policies' Evolution
Japan's Immigration Policy: In Comparison to Other Countries' Policy
The Effects of Japan's Immigration Policies
From the Paper
"In terms of maximum period of stay for foreign workers, Japan currently grants a maximum of only three years; surprisingly too short for a worker who wants to establish a good future; and surprisingly too short as compared again to other more developed countries. In terms of the employment status of foreign workers, on the other hand, considering the claim of Japan on their strict policy on limiting, or even preventing, foreign unskilled workers, it is surprising that "entertainers" and "trainees" coming from neighboring Asian countries are categorized under skilled workers."
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Japan's Strengths and Weaknesses in International Trade and Finance, 2002.
The paper analyzes the economic challenges currently facing Japan as a result of the recession that has hit the country following years of extraordinary economic growth.
2,245 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 101.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the major characteristics of the Japanese economy and its most important sectors-- industry and manufacturing. The paper compares the economic structure of Japan to the developed countries of Europe, such as Germany. The paper discusses the high rate of private and public investment in Japan and its lack of openness to foreign trade. The paper looks at the economic woes created as a result of the recession and the uncertainty with which the country is faced.
Table of Contents
About Japan
Economic Overview
Japan's Economic Structure
Japan's Investment Rates
Economic Woes
Japan's Trade Surplus
Japan's International Trading Process
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"While Japan is still very much focused on traditional culture, the country absorbed a great deal of Western technology during the late 19th and early 20th centuries (Bartleby, 2000). After losing World War II, Japan experienced an amazing recovery, which secured its status as the second most powerful economy in the world and a loyal ally of the United States. Although the emperor holds the throne as a symbol of national unity, the actual power falls to a network of powerful politicians, bureaucrats, and business executives. Japan?s economy experienced a major slowdown in the 1990s, following three decades of unprecedented growth, and currently has some serious economic challenges."
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Japan and Southeast Asia, 2005.
An examination of the history of Japan's contemporary relations with Southeast Asia.
3,274 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 136.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how history has had a considerable impact on Japan's relationship with Southeast Asia. The experience of the Japanese colonialism and the atrocities of the WWII participated in a persistent anti-Japanese resentment in the region with the result that Japan's foreign policy has had to deal with serious suspicion and difficulties to rebuild mutual understanding between Japan and Southeast Asia. It also looks at how the experience of the Cold War and Japan's submission to the U.S. economic and security interests have constituted an important obstacle to Japan-Southeast Asia interaction.
Outline
The Legacy of the Japanese Military Expansionism in Southeast Asia Before 1945
A Difficult Japan-Southeast Asia Interaction after 1945: The Japanese Foreign Policy Choices in a Confrontational World Order
Balance: Japan and the Challenge of Reconciling History With the Future of a More Globalised World
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Japanese historical presence in Southeast Asia thus can be considered to have participated in the development of forthcoming antagonisms precisely in this region during the Cold War. In this respect, Takashi Inoguchi's analysis of the impact of the Japanese occupation on Vietnam is particularly relevant. Indeed, he insists on the fact that Japan's colonisation of Vietnam led to a considerable exploitation of the country's resources which resulted in the emergence of nationalist movements and doctrines that would be then appropriated and exploited by confrontational ideologies during the Cold War. "
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The Future of Japan, 2006.
An analysis of the potential growth of Japan over the next 20 years.
3,446 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 23 sources, MLA, AU$ 142.95
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Abstract
Japan is a sound economic power with immense potential. This paper focuses on all potential aspects of Japan's growth over the next twenty years and explains its progress with respect to globalization and the role of China.
Outline
Summary
Introduction
Economic Forecasting
Methodologies of Economic Forecasting
Japan Economy in 20 Years
Demographic Factors
China as an Engine for Japan's Economy
Japan's Debt and Future Development
The Economic Forecast for Next 20 Years
From the Paper
"The demographic dilemma is certainly a cause for concern for Japan's economy but it appears that Japan will be able to cope with the shortage during the next 20 years. Japan has not been very receptive to the 'guest workers' for meeting its manpower requirements but a future shortage may change that situation. Increased productivity, late retirement, more participant of women in work force and possibility of using foreign workers are some of the options that can be used to meet the manpower requirement of the economy. Japan has the highest number of robots in use in the world [CIA Report on Japan Economy, 2005, the automation is another solution to the manpower shortage. "
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History of China and Japan, 2002.
This paper consists ofanswers one question about the status of women in China and Japan, and the other discusses foreign influences on political reform in Japan.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 116.95
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Abstract
This paper consists ofanswers one question about the status of women in China and Japan, and the other discusses foreign influences on political reform in Japan.
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